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rbdgcols y prcfalmbs jla híkbjc hbstb dâodlr jl jgilrlo-
tls pcs.
Lo Dcacmfgb, jurbotl acs þamcs bòcs y dchlrlotls dco
ab cab bmfglotba, bakuobs lmprlsbs jljgdbjbs b ibfrgdbr
prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb pbrb ogòcs sl hbo mcstrbjc slo-
sgfals ba tlmb, sustuylojc sus pgoturbs y bjhlsgvcs
trbjgdgcobals, pcr ctrcs slkurcs l godausc pctlodgbamlo-
tl mâs rlotbfals, pcr dubotc hbo lodcotrbjc qul susvlotbnbs lo mbtlrgb jl slkurgjbj sl trbjudlo lo vbacrls
bkrlkbjcs qul sl sumbo ba mulfal u cfnltc, uob vlz sl
dcmlrdgbagzb.
Lstl ls la dbsc jl Nukultls Jgjâddcs Pgocdhc, lmprl-
sb fckctbob qul uagzb y bpagdb fbnc uo lstrgdtc dcotrca,
pgkmlotcs bprcfbjcs pcr ab IJB, rldufrgmglotcs dglo pcr
dglotc lxlotcs jl dcotbmgobotls plagkrcscs pbrb la bgrl,
HBP (pcr sus sgkabs lo gokaçs Hbzbrjcus Bgr Pcaautbots) ydco fbnc DCY, hldhcs qul als hb plrmgjc, bjlmâs jlprctlklr ab vgjb jl sus daglotls, lxpcrtbr b vbrgbs pbrtls
jla muojc dco dglrtbs vlotbnbs dcmplvbs irlotl b
ctrcs ibfrgdbotls jl nukultls acdbals.
Labjgc Pçrlz, klrlotl jl Jgjâddcs Pgocdhc, brmb qulacs prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb jgrgkgjcs ba pþfagdc goiboa,mâs baaâ jl slr dcacrgjcs, btrbdvcs y iuodgcobals, jl-
flo slr tctbamlotl slkurcs, bspldtc qul, slòbab, ls uodcodlptc bnloc lo abs lmprlsbs plqulòbs, dbrpgotlrcsy brtlsbocs.
‑Buoqul lo Dcacmfgb oc slbo jl dcocdgmglotc y bpagdb-
dgôo mbsgvb, lo la muojc lxgstlo ocrmbs jl dbagjbj qullolo qul vlr dco la jgslòc jl prcjudtcs goiboals, dcola pc jl mbtlrgbs prgmbs qul sl uagzb, la tbmbòc gjlba
jla brduac y ab icrmb pbrb qul oc rlvgstbo plagkrc, dco -jgdgcols tcjbs qul abs lmprlsbs dcacmfgbobs jlflríbodumpagr pcr slr vgtbals pbrb ab vgjb y ab slkurgjbj jla daglo-
tl, sgo lmfbrkc, sl jlsdcocdlo”, boctb Pçrlz.
Lo lildtc, lo Dcacmfgb lxgstlo bakuobs ocrmbs fâsgdbs y
klolrbals scfrl mulfals y nukultls lo mbjlrb pbrb ogòcs,
—dcmc ab OZD ;22, ;6 y ;4 jl Gdcotld qul hbdlo rlilrlodgb
ba jgslòc, acs pcs jl mbtlrgbals, sustbodgbs y acs krbjcs jl
Acs nukultls jlflo slr jgslòbjcs y ibfrgdbjcs jl icrmb qul su goklsôo, gohbabdgôo, dcotbdtc dcoab pgla, abs mudcsbs c acs cncs oc prlslotlo rglskcs pbrb ab sbauj. Acs nukultls jlflo dumpagr abs al-
kgsabdgcols plrolotls rlabvbs b jltlrmgobjbs dbtlkcríbs jl prcjudtcs c qul lstbfalzdbo ab prc-
hgfgdgôo, ab agmgtbdgôo jla usc c la lqultbjc jl jltlrmgobjbs sustbodgbs y prlpbrbjcs plagkrcscs
Lo pbrduabr, pbrb prctlklr ab sbauj jl acs ogòcs, ab fgcjgspcogfgagjbj jgbrgb rlsuatbotl jl dcotbdtcdco nukultls y c mulfals lo mbjlrb, oc jlfl lxdljlr acs sgkuglotls aímgtls>
• 0,6 uk jl bomcogc
• 0,2 uk jl brsçogdc
• 6<,0 uk jl fbrgc
• 0,9 uk jl dbjmgc
• 0,4 uk jl drcmc
• 0,; uk jl pacmc
• 0,< uk jl mlrdurgc
• <,0 uk jl slalogc
Jl hldhc, lo bakuocs pbísls, abs ml-
jgjbs rlabdgcobjbs dco la tlmb jl ab
prcjuddgôo jl nukultls y mulfals
goiboals, hbo godaugjc tbmfgço ab
lsdcklodgb dugjbjcsb jl ab mbjlrb,scfrl ac duba, abs bklodgbs bmfglo-
tbals lurcplbs rldcmglojbo, pcr
lnlmpac, labfcrbr duobs c dbmbs
pbrb flfç, b pbrr jl mbjlrb sôagjb
lxdausgvbmlotl.
Pcr trbtbrsl jl uo prcfalmb jl sbauj
pþfagdb, qul bmlobzb dbaabjbmlotl
ab sbauj y la fglolstbr jl acs usubrgcs
jl prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb y la jl acs
ogòcs, lo pbrduabr, y pcrqul b jgil-
rlodgb jl ctrcs pbísls qul hbo bj-
vlrjc lo çstl, uo rglskc jl urklotldcotrca, sl bjvglrtl ab oldlsgjbj jl
nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs, l godlotgvbr ab kçolsgs jl uob dcodglodgb lotrl acsprcilsgcobals jl ab sbauj, pbrb icmlotbr ab scspldhb daíogdb jl pbtcackíbs slduojbrgbsb gotcxgdbdgôo pcr la usc jl nukultls y þtgals lsdcabrls.Mltcjcackíb> sl lxbmgobrco brtíduacs jl rlvgsgcols jl tlmbs, dbscs daíogdcs yrlsuatbjcs jl dcosloscs, qul dcotlmpabrco pbdglotls pljgâtrgdcs jl bmfcs slxcs, loacs dubals sl lstujgô ab rlabdgôo lotrl sustbodgbs prlslotls lo nukultls y mbtlrgbalsljudbtgvcs, dco prcdlscs pbtcaôkgdcs jl tgpc tôxgdc. Tl rlbagzô fþsquljb laldtrôogdblo abs fbsls jl jbtcs VGMB, MLJAGOL, P\F-MLJ y MLTDBPL jla bòc 6004 ba 6007.Zbmfgço sl rlbagzô fþsquljb lo ab rlj vgrtuba pbrb tcmbr lalmlotcs prlslotls lopufagdbdgcols lo prlosb crjgobrgb.Vlsuatbjcs>sl lodcotrbrco ;8 pufagdbdgcols, godaugjbs pâkgobs wlf jl prlosb crjgobrgb.42 dumpaglrco dco acs drgtlrgcs jl godausgôo y tcjbs iulrco tcmbjbs lo dcosgjlrbdgôo.Abs sustbodgbs mâs irldulotlmlotl gmpagdbjbs sco> la pacmc, la dbjmgc, acs itbabtcsy la frcodl, acs dubals sl hbo rlabdgcobjc dco mbogilstbdgcols sutgals c dco pbtcackíbs
dco pctlodgba rglskc jl alsgcols y batlrbdgcols slvlrbs. Lxgstl babrmb lo ab dcmuogjbjklolrba pcr ab icrmb dcmc sl ibfrgdbo y lxplojlo prcjudtcs aþjgdcs pbrb ogòcs.Dcodausgcols> lxgstlo lalmlotcs tôxgdcs lo acs mbtlrgbals aþjgdcs y ljudbtgvcsutgagzbjcs lo ab goibodgb. Jlfl rlbagzbrsl bjldubjc dcotrca jl dbagjbj. La plrscobajl sbauj lodbrkbjc jl ab btlodgôo jl acs goibotls, jlfl prcmcvlr lo ab dcmuogjbj
lo klolrba ab kçolsgs jl uob dcodglodgb, pbrb prlvlogr acs pctlodgbals rglskcs. Vlv.dglod.fgcmlj. 602654(2)>70-78
ZCXGDGJBJ JL LALMLOZCT AÞJGDCT W
MBZLVGBALT LJ\DBZGYCT. \OB GOYGZBDGÔO B ABDCODGLODGBDGÔO
obdgmglotc y dcotgoþb jurbotl tcjb ab ogòlz.La bdlrdbmglotc b acs nukultls y ab icrmbjl usbracs vbrgbrâ dco ab ljbj, ab ibsl jlajlsbrrcaac, la gotlaldtc y ab hbfgagjbj iísgdb.Acs nukultls jlflo slr slkurcs, fglojgslòbjcs, dcrrlspcojlr b ab ljbj jl acsusubrgcs, slr jurbjlrcs y oc tôxgdcs (2).
Ab Dcmgsgôo scfrl Tlkurgjbj jl Prcjudtcspbrb la Dcosumc jl acs Lstbjcs \ogjcs(http>//www.dpsd.kcv/ ) cfslrvô qul lo labòc 6006, jl 2::6:0 alsgcols bscdgbjbsb nukultls qul sl btlojglrco lo sbabs jl
lmlrklodgb jl hcspgtbals, la 76.<% tuvccrgklo mldâogdc, 2% químgdc, mlocs jla2% laçdtrgdcs c rlabdgcobjcs dco iulkc y9.:% oc tloíbo dbusb lspldídb. La :9%jl acs dbscs sudljgô lo ogòcs mlocrls jldgodc bòcs, la 66% lo goibotls dco ljbjlsdcmprlojgjbs lotrl dgodc y oulvl bòcs, la8% lo la rbokc jl jglz b dbtcrdl bòcs y la 6:% lo ogòcs jl qugodl c mâs bòcs.
Ls gmpcrtbotl lxbmgobr la dcotlxtc jl acslvlotubals rglskcs químgdcs jl acs nukultlsy acs mbtlrgbals jl bpcyc ljudbtgvc (6,4). Ablxpcsgdgôo b sustbodgbs químgdbs prlslotlslo lscs lalmlotcs y acs lildtcs pctlodgbals
qul laacs klolrlo scfrl ab sbauj goibotga,jlflo slr bjldubjbmlotl gotlrrckbjcs yvbacrbjcs lo ab btlodgôo daíogdb (:).
CFNLZGYC
Vlbagzbr rlvgsgôo tlmâtgdb scfrl la rglskc jltcxgdgjbj jl acs lalmlotcs prlslotls lo acs nukultls y lo acs mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs jlusc irldulotl lo ogòcs.
Zcxgdgjbj jl lalmlotcs aþjgdcs y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs. \ob govgtbdgôo b ab dcodglodgbdgôo
sustbodgbs prlslotls lo nukultls y mbtlrgbalsljudbtgvcs, dco prcdlscs pbtcaôkgdcs jl tgpctôxgdc. Pâkgobs jl prlosb jgspcogfal lo abrlj vgrtuba.
Lstrbtlkgb jl fþsquljb> sl rlbagzô fþs-quljb laldtrôogdb lo ab fbsl jl jbtcs VGMB,MLJAGOL, P\F-MLJ y MLTDBPL, jla bòc6004 ba 6007. Zbmfgço lo Dcdhrbol DlotrbaVlkgstlr ci Dcotrcaalj Zrgbas (DLOZVBA). Lo acsfusdbjcrls klolrbals pbrb bddljlr b ab prlosbcrjgobrgb. Abs fþsquljbs sl rlbagzbrco lo acsgjgcmbs lspbòca l gokaçs.
Zçrmgocs lo ab fþsquljb> abs pbabfrbsdabvls utgagzbjbs pbrb ab fþsquljb y suklrgjbspcr la Mlsh iulrco> tcxgdgty, pljgbtrgds,ljudbtgcoba mbtlrgbas, tcys y pcgsco.
Tl lodcotrbrco ;8 pufagdbdgcols, godaugjcsbrtíduacs dglotídcs y pâkgobs wlf jl prlosbcrjgobrgb. Oc sl lodcotrô ogokþo lstujgc cdbsc daíogdc lo ab agtlrbturb dcacmfgbob. 42pufagdbdgcols dumpaglrco dco acs drgtlrgcs jlgodausgôo y tcjcs iulrco dcosgjlrbjcs.
T\TZBODGBT PCZLODGBAMLOZL
ZÔXGDBT
Jgilrlotls prcjudtcs químgdcs qul lstâoprlslotls lo acs mbtlrgbals aþjgdcs y þtgalslsdcabrls, puljlo tlolr lildtcs ocdgvcs pbrbab sbauj. Bsí ls dabrbmlotl prlslotbjc lo abprlosb klolrba y lxgstl lstbjc jl babrmbscfrl acs rglskcs pctlodgbals. Lotrl acsprcjudtcs mâs lstujgbjcs y scfrl acs qullxgstl bmpagb prlcdupbdgôo sco>
PACMC> sl lodulotrb lo mudhcs nukultls,vgtrbals, ncybs (fgsutlríb goibotga), fbrogzbjcjl dlrâmgdbs, kurbs jl pacmc lo mgogbturb,pgoturbs (tçmplrbs), dcsmçtgdcs goibotgals y looumlrcscs bddlscrgcs jl brtl qul sl scagdgtbob acs ogòcs jlotrc jl acs þtgals lsdcabrls (2-20). Zbmfgço lo tuflríb, krgics y fbabs. Lapacmc puljl agflrbrsl jlsjl lscs lalmlotcsl gokrlsbr pcr víbs rlspgrbtcrgbs, jgklstgvbc pgla. Acs ogòcs puljlo bfscrflr hbstb la<0% jla pacmc goklrgjc. Abs mbogilstbdgcolsdaíogdbs jl tcxgdgjbj paþmfgdb jlplojlojl ab víb jl lotrbjb (gohbabdgôo, dcotbdtc cgoklstb), ab dbotgjbj goklrgjb, la tglmpc jllxpcsgdgôo y la ogvla outrgdgcoba jla ogòc. Lapacmc rllmpabzb la dbadgc y sl dcmpcrtbdcmc uo slkuojc mlosbnlrc gotrbdlauabr,batlrbojc ab jgstrgfudgôo jla dbadgc lo acsdcmpbrtgmglotcs jlotrc jl ab dçauab. Bjlmâs
sl uol b ab dbamcjuagob mâs âvgjbmlotlqul la dbadgc, batlrbojc ab rlkuabdgôo jl çstllalmlotc l gohgfl ab fcmfb jl Ob-E-BZPbsb,ac qul bumlotb la dbadgc gotrbdlauabr. Botlfbncs ogvlals jl dbadgc lo la ogòc, sl bumlotbla mltbfcagsmc paþmfgdc (22).
Ab gotcxgdbdgôo dco pacmc puljl slr bkujbc drôogdb. Lo ab prgmlrb abs mbogilstbdgcolspuljlo slr> batlrbdgcols jgklstgvbs (jcacrbfjcmgoba, vômgtcs, hlmcrrbkgb jl víbs jgkls-tgvbs, lstrlògmglotc), hlmbtcaôkgdbs (bolmgbhlmcaítgdb), rlobals (gosudglodgb rloba bku-
jb) y olurcaôkgdbs (dcovuasgcols, dcmb). Abgotcxgdbdgôo drôogdb sl mboglstb tbmfgçodco trbstcrocs jgklstgvcs (jcacr bfjcmgobagotloscs y jgiusc, vômgtcs, dcostgpbdgôol godausc hlpbtgtgs tôxgdb), hlmbtcaôkgdcs(hlmcagsgs y bolmgb pcr ab batlrbdgôo jl absíotlsgs jl ab hlmckacfgob, slduojbrgb b abgohgfgdgôo jl abs lozgmbs jlatb-bmgocalvuaíogdcjlhgjrbsb y ilrrcqulabtbsb), olurcaôkgdcs (dl-ibalbs, goscmogc, jçdgt lo ab btlodgôo y abmlmcrgb, dco jgsmgoudgôo lo la rlojgmglotclsdcabr, batlrbdgcols lo la dcmpcrtbmglotcy pcagolurcpbtíb), rlobals (tufuacpbtíb pcr
jlstruddgôo jl abs dçauabs tufuabrls dcopcstlrgcr frcsgs) y kcobjbals (lo vbrcols>gmpctlodgb, hgpcsplrmgb, tlrbtcsplrmgb ybstlocsplrmgb, lo munlrls> mbycr godgjlodgbjl lstlrgagjbj y bfcrtcs lspcotâolcs (22). Abcrkbogzbdgôo Krlloplbdl (26) hb mbogilstbjcsu prlcdupbdgôo pcr ab slkurgjbj qul puljlocirldlr acs jgilrlotls bjgtgvcs químgdcs qullstâo prlslotls lo jgilrlotls dabsls jl
tglolo gkuba pctlodgbagjbj b gojudgr bdtgvgjbjdbodlríklob, la JLHP ls la qul tglol mlocrbdtgvgjbj. Bjlmâs sl hbo rlabdgcobjc b acsitbabtcs y b sus mltbfôagdcs dco jgsrupdgôoslxuba mbsduagob, yb qul sl dcmpcrtbo dcmcsustbodgbs botgbojrckçogdbs. Twbo (27)lo uo lstujgc rlbagzbjc lo la bòc 600< lovbrcols lotrl jcs y trlgotb y slgs mlsls jlljbj, lodcotrô rlabdgôo lotrl ab lxpcsgdgôogo þtlrc b acs itbabtcs y bdcrtbmglotc jl abjgstbodgb bocklogtba.
Acs ibfrgdbotls tglolo ab mâs gmpcrtbotlrlspcosbfgagjbj ba rlspldtc y jlflo slalddgcobracs mbtlrgbals pcr su slkurgjbj tôxgdb botlsqul pcr ctrcs gotlrlsls prlslotls lo ab dbjlobjl prcjuddgôo. Acs lotls jl dcotrca y vgkgabodgbbsí dcmc abs bklodgbs jl dcotrca bmfglotba yjl sbogjbj, jlflo jgspcolr jl acs abfcrbtcrgcs
y jl abs tldocackíbs sudglotls pbrb rlbagzbrabs mâs lstrgdtbs mljgdgcols tbotc b ab mbtl-rgb prgmb dcmc b acs prcjudtcs lo ibsl jllabfcrbdgôo y acs obagzbjcs. Vlvgsgcols jldcotrca jl dbagjbj rlbagzbjb pcr prcilsgcobalsjgagklotls, jlflo rlbagzbrsl botls qul acsprcjudtcs slbo lxplojgjcs ba pþfagdc (4, :,2:,2<, 60).
BAR\GAILOCALT W BAR\GAILOCALT LZC-XGABJCT> sco botgcxgjbotls qul puljlolstbr prlslotls lo mbtlrgbals rlbagzbjcs dcoPYD. Lstâo godaugjcs lo nukultls, pgnbmbs
y prcjudtcs pbrb ab agmpglzb jla hckbr.Tco dcosgjlrbjcs jgsruptcrls lojcdrgocs,ls jldgr sustbodgbs químgdbs qul puljlobatlrbr ab síotlsgs, iuodgôo y jlkrbjbdgôo jlabs hcrmcobs y sus rldlptcrls dlauabrls.Lo vbrcols puljlo prcjudgr drgptcrqugjgb,batlrbdgcols lo ab dbotgjbj y dbagjbj jlaslmlo, lspldgbamlotl lalvbdgôo lo la rl-dulotc jl lsplrmbtczcgjls bocrmbals. Tlhbo rlabdgcobjc dco hgpckcobjgsmc. Lomunlrls sl hb cfslrvbjc puflrtbj prldcz,cvbrgc pcagquístgdc y lojcmltrgcsgs (<, 2;,28).
FGTILOCA> utgagzbjc lo ab prcjuddgôo jlrlsgobs dcmc la pcagdbrfcobtc paâstgdc, mbtl-rgb prgmb pbrb ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl bakuocs tgpcsjl fgflrcols, usubamlotl acs jl fbnb dbagjbjc fbnc dcstc. Lotrl acs lildtcs tôxgdcs slhbo slòbabjc hgplrbdtgvgjbj, jçdgt jl abbtlodgôo y ab mlmcrgb, bkrlsgvgjbj, bumlotclo ab rlsgstlodgb b ab gosuagob, puflrtbj prl-
dlrcs, fcrrbjcrls y ctrcs þtgals qul tglolo cacriulrtl y sbfcr juadl (2;), ac duba puljl slrbtrbdtgvc pbrb ogòcs, scfrl tcjc acs jl mlocrljbj. Lo la bòc 600; la Jgltgalo kagdca sl slòbaôdcmc rlspcosbfal jl acs lpgscjgcs dcovuasgvcsqul prlslotbrco plrscobs qul utgagzbrco uobdrlmb jlotba ibfrgdbjb lo Dhgob (66). Abgoklstb lo krbojls dbotgjbjls puljl klolrbrbatlrbdgcols olurcaôkgdbs (jlscrglotbdgôol godausc dcovuasgcols), oldrcsgs tufuabrbkujb y bdgjcsgs mltbfôagdb. Ab jcsgs altbapbrb humbocs sl lstgmb lotrl 0.02: b 0.2;0mks/Ek jl plsc jla gojgvgjuc. Ogvlals sçrgdcssuplrgcrls b <0 mk/jA sco usubamlotlbscdgbjcs b gotcxgdbdgôo slrgb (60).
CFNLZCT AÞJGDCT ZÔXGDCT
\oc jl acs cfnltcs batbmlotl tôxgdc y
prlslotl lo dbjb vlz mâs nukultls goibotgalssco abs fbtlríbs c pgabs sldbs. Tco lalmlotcsiuojbmlotbals y oldlsbrgcs lo ab nukultlríbtldogdbjb qul ls ab qul jcmgob la mlrdbjcjl hcy. Oc cfstbotl, abs fbtlríbs badbagobsc oc badbagobs y abs fbtlríbs jl rlacn,puljlo slr pctlodgbamlotl tôxgdbs (64,6:).Dcotglolo mlrdurgc, dgod, ôxgjc jl pabtb,agtgc, hgjrôxgjc sôjgdc c pctâsgdc. Jl slrgoklrgjbs puljlo agflrbr mbtlrgba dcrrcsgvc,dbusbojc gotcxgdbdgôo dâustgdb dco alsgôo jlab mudcsb kbstrcgotlstgoba. Tl hbo jlsdrgtcdbscs jl plricrbdgôo kâstrgdb y lsciâkgdb.
Pcr ab jgvlrsgjbj jl dcmpcolotls prlslotls loabs fbtlríbs c pgabs sldbs sl puljlo prlslotbruob mgsdlaâolb jl mbogilstbdgcols daíogdbs.La mlrdurgc puljl dbusbr alsgcols dlrlfrbalsqul sl lxprlsbo dco rltbrjc lo la jlsbrrcaacpsgdcmctcr, trbstcrocs jla alokubnl y mbrdhb,dlkulrb y dcovuasgcols. Zbmfgço abs fbtlríbssco olirctôxgdbs, puljlo dbusbr jlprlsgôo jlab bdtgvgjbj dcotrâdtga jla mgcdbrjgc y aalvbr bljlmb puamcobr.
Abs fbtlríbs jl agtgc sco olurctôxgdbs, olirc-tôxgdbs y tbmfgço dbusbo jlprlsgôo jl abdcotrbddgôo jla mgcdbrjgc y sufsgkuglotlljlmb puamcobr. Abs jl dbjmgc klolrboolumcogtgs y oldrcsgs tufuabr rloba. Absfbtlríbs ogqulabjbs prcjudlo jlrmbtgtgs. Abgohbabdgôo c goklstb dbusb frcoqugtgs drôogdb,alsgôo jl slocs pbrbobsbals l godausc sl alhb btrgfugjc lildtc dbodlríkloc lo puamôo(64,6:).
Mudhcs nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcsbmlrgtbo uob pctlotl y/c jurbjlrb iulotljl lolrkíb, pbrb su dcrrldtc iuodgcobmglotc,l godausc la btrbdtgvc lstâ jbjc pcr abjgoâmgdb klolrbjb pcr ab lolrkíb. Tgolmfbrkc mudhcs nukultls oc hbo sgjcdugjbjcsbmlotl jgslòbjcs pbrb klolrbrab oldlsbrgb slkurgjbj, laac jlflo tlolracprlslotl acs pbjrls ba bjqugrgracs. Puljlodbrldlr jl dcmpbrtgmglotcs bjldubjcsqul bacnlo lstcs lalmlotcs dco bfscautbslkurgjbj, pbrb lvgtbr ab mbogpuabdgôo y abgoklstb bddgjlotba.
Nukultls prlslotls lo la dcmlrdgc puljlodcotlolr mbtlrgba qul cirlzdb rglskcs pbrb absbauj y ab gotlkrgjbj jla ogòc. Ls gmpcrtbotlla lalmlotc químgdc, dcmc su dcodlotrbdgôoy ab pctlodgbagjbj jl agflrbdgôo (6<-6;).
Oc tcjcs acs nukultls sco bjldubjcspbrb tcjbs abs ljbjls y oc scabmlotlla tbmbòc c la dcmpcolotl baçrkgdc,jlfglslo slr dcosgjlrbjcs. Tlrâ gmpcrtbotltcmbr prldbudgcols lo acs abdtbotls qulocrmbamlotl sl aalvbo acs cfnltcs b ab fcdb.Pbrb klolrbr dcodglodgb jl ab dbotgjbj jlmbtlrgbals jgspcogfals qul puljlo tlolrdcmpcolotls qul bildtlo ab sbauj jla ogòcy acs nôvlols, sl prlslotb uo agstbjc lo abtbfab O¾ 2. Ls iuojbmlotba botls jl cirldlruo nukultl c uo mbtlrgba jgjâdtgdc b uoogòc, sl tlokb ab slkurgjbj jl su dbagjbj,
lmprlsb c gojustrgb qul ac hb ibfrgdbjc y lapbís qul jlfl hbflr rlkuabjc y suplrvgsbjcsu ibfrgdbdgôo.
Acs ogòcs pcr ab gombjurlz puljlo slrmâs susdlptgfals b ab tcxgdgjbj jl bakuobssustbodgbs. Tl jlfl loslòbr la bjldubjcusc jl nukultls y þtgals lsdcabrls pbrbrljudgr acs rglskcs, lvgtbr acs bddgjlotls yab lxpcsgdgôo b acs dcmpcolotls químgdcs.Jlfl loslòbrsl b acs ogòcs b lvgtbr dhupbrc jlkautgr prcjudtcs qul oc jlflo lstbrlo dcotbdtc la trbdtc jgklstgvc, oc qulmbr
acs qul puljlo agflrbr sustbodgbs vcaâtgalstôxgdbs y tlolr prlslotl acs dubjrcs jçr-mgdcs qul sl prlslotlo b dcosldulodgbs jladcotbdtc c mbogpuabdgôo jl acs nukultls.
Acs kcfglrocs jlflo alkgsabr y prcmcvlrbddgcols jl vgkgabodgb y dcotrca scfrl ab dbagjbj,ab purlzb y ab slkurgjbj jl ab mbtlrgb prgmbdco ab duba sl ibfrgdbo acs nukultls, scfrl acs
Zcxgdgjbj jl lalmlotcs aþjgdcs y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs. \ob govgtbdgôo b ab dcodglodgbdgôo
jgstgotcs dcmpcolotls, sus dcodlotrbdgcolsy rglskcs jlmcstrbjcs. Acs ibfrgdbotls jl-flo cirldlr prcjudtcs qul slbo tctbamlotlslkurcs y dco fbncs rglskc jl gotcxgdbdgôoc jbòc b ab sbauj jl acs goibotls, dco bjl-dubjc dcotrca jl dbagjbj lo la prcdlsc jlibfrgdbdgôo, ac duba govcaudrb uo dcmprcmgscçtgdc. Tgo lmfbrkc, lo cdbsgcols lstcs jcsdrgtlrgcs oc sl dumpalo dco la rgkcr lsplrbjc.Ls iuojbmlotba rlvgsbr ab mbouibdturb jla nukultl c mbtlrgba ljudbtgvc. Ab scagjlz jlsus dcmpcolotls, acs jltbaals lo dubotc bab ibfrgdbdgôo, abs mljgjbs tcmbjbs pbrbcduatbr lalmlotcs plqulòcs c prcpgbmlotljl rgls-kcs dcmc pgabs, dbfals, mbtlrgbalspuozbotls, plqulòcs lalmlotcs, aíqugjcs,pcavcs, ltd. Gjlotgdbr la ibfrgdbotl, la pbís
jl ibfrgdbdgôo y su pctlodgba dcmprcmgscdco ab slkurgjbj lo klolrba, bmfglotba ydco ab prlvlodgôo jl ab gotcxgdbdgôo. Pbjrls,jcdlotls y bjuatcs lo klolrba, jlflo lotrlkbrb uo ogòc uo nukultl qul slb bjldubjc b suljbj y jlsbrrcaac psgdcmctrgz, dcosgjlrbojctbmbòc, dcmpcolotls, bdbfbjcs, ltd. Jlfllvgtbrsl nukultls jl críklols oc dabrbmlotllstbfaldgjcs, jl ibfrgdbotls jlsdcocdgjcs yoc fglo dcotrbmbrdbjcs.
MLJGJBT ALKBALT LO DCACMFGB
Lo Dcacmfgb hbo sgjc lxpljgjbs, ab rlscaudgôo42<8 jla 600; pcr pbrtl jla Mgogstlrgc jl abPrctlddgôo Tcdgba> (http>//www.badbajgbfckctb.kcv.dc/sgsnur/ocrmbs/Ocrmb2.nsp3g=40;<:) y
ab dgrduabr lxtlrob 70:7 qul lmgtl ab rlscaudgôo4997 jla 600;>(https>//www.mgodcmlrdgc.kcv.dc/jlsdbrkbr.php3gjIgal=678), abs dubalslstbfaldlo dcojgdgcols lo dubotc b slkurgjbjpbrb nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs, qulpuljlo sgotltgzbrsl jl ab sgkuglotl mbolrb>
B) Acs nukultls y sus pbrtls, bsí dcmcsus uogcols, pbrb la dbsc jl nukultlsjlsmcotbfals, jlflrâo tlolr ab rlsgstlodgbmldâogdb y ab lstbfgagjbj sudglotl pbrbscpcrtbr abs tlosgcols jlfgjbs ba usc,sgo rcturbs c jlicrmbdgcols qul puljbo
D) Acs nukultls jlflrâo dcodlfgrsl y ibfrg-dbrsl jl icrmb qul sl rljuzdbo ba míogmcacs rglskcs jl hlrgjbs qul puljbo slrprcvcdbjcs pcr la mcvgmglotc jl suspbrtls.
J) Acs nukultls, sus dcmpcolotls y suspbrtls rlmcvgfals, jlstgobjcs b ogòcsjl ljbj goilrgcr b trlgotb y slgs mlsls,jlflrâo slr jl jgmlosgcols sudglotlspbrb qul oc puljbo slr trbkbjcs y/cgohbabjcs.
L) Acs nukultls, sus pbrtls y acs lmfbabnlslo qul sl prlslotlo pbrb su vlotb ba pcrmlocr, oc jlflrâo prlslotbr rglskc jllstrbokuabmglotc c bsxgb.
I) Acs nukultls pbrb usc lo la bkub cpbrb aalvbr uo ogòc b trbvçs jla bkub,jlflrâo dcodlfgrsl y ibfrgdbrsl jl icrmbqul sl rljuzdb ba míogmc, la rglskc jlhuojgmglotc jla nukultl y ab pçrjgjb jlbpcyc pbrb la ogòc.
K) Acs nukultls lo ac qul sl puljb lotrbr yqul dcostgtuybo pcr ac tbotc uo lspbdgc
H) Acs nukultls qul dcolrbo mcvgagjbj bsus usubrgcs jlflrâo lo ab mljgjb jl acpcsgfal, aalvbr godcrpcrbjc uo sgstlmb jlirloc bjbptbjc ba tgpc jl nukultl y qullstç lo rlabdgôo dco ab lolrkíb dgoçtgdbjlsbrrcaabjb pcr la mgsmc. Jgdhc sgstlmbjlflrâ slr jl iâdga utgagzbdgôo pcr sususubrgcs, sgo plagkrc jl prcylddgôo c jlhlrgjbs pbrb acs mgsmcs c pbrb tlrdlrcs.
G) Acs nukultls jlflrâo slr jgslòbjcs yibfrgdbjcs jl icrmb qul su goklstgôogohbabdgôo, dcotbdtc dco ab pgla, absmudcsbs c acs cncs, oc prlslotlo rglskcpbrb ab sbauj c plagkrcs jl hlrgjbs, lodbsc jl su utgagzbdgôo.
N) Ab fgcjgspcogfgagjbj jgbrgb rlsuatbotl jlausc jl acs nukultls oc jlflrâ lxdljlr jl>0.6 α k jl botgmcogc,0.2α k jl brsçogdc,6<α k jl fbrgc,0.9 α k jl dbjmgc,0.4 α kjl drcmc,0.; α k jl pacmc,0.< α k jlmlrdurgc,<.0α k jl slalogc.
O) Acs nukultls qul dcotlokbo itbabtcs,jlstgobjcs b slr gotrcjudgjcs lo ab fcdbpcr ogòcs mlocrls jl trls bòcs, ocpcjrâo slr ibfrgdbjcs, gmpcrtbjcs ogdcmlrdgbagzbjcs lo la tlrrgtcrgc obdgcoba.
Plsl b lstbs jgspcsgdgcols ls irldulotlcfslrvbr nukultls qul oc dumpalo abslxgklodgbs iísgdbs c jl lmfbabnl prlslotlslo ab ocrmbtgvgjbj. Prcjudtcs trbíjcs jldcotrbfbojc, oc scmltgjcs b dcotrca jldbagjbj c sgo slr lstujgbjcs jlsjl la puotcjl vgstb iísgdc-químgdc puljlo slr uo brmbaltba (bkujb c drôogdb) y oc uo nukultl pbrbogòcs. Ab flaalzb jla nukultl sulal lstbr jbjbpcr su jgslòc y ab mbkogtuj jl prlslodgbjl sus dcmpcolotls. Zlolr prlslotl quluo prcjudtc químgdc puljl slr tôxgdc jlbdulrjc b ab vuaolrbfgagjbj jl abs plrscobs,ba tglmpc jl lxpcsgdgôo y b ab dcodlotrbdgôojla prcjudtc (2;).
DCODA\TGCOLT
Lo ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl acs nukultls y acs
mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs pbrb usc dcmc þtgalslsdcabrls, sl sulalo utgagzbr mbtlrgbalsquímgdcs qul pctlodgbamlotl puljlo slrtôxgdcs c dbusbr prcfalmbs jl sbauj. Tl jlflklolrbagzbr dcodglodgb jl jgdhb sgtubdgôodcmc uob rlbagjbj bdtuba. Ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs jlfl aalvbrgmpaídgtc uo bjldubjc dcmpcrtbmglotc çtgdcjl acs ibfrgdbotls. Acs lotls kuflrobmlotbalsjlflo vgkgabr ab ibfrgdbdgôo, gokrlsc jlsjlctrcs pbísls y ab dcmlrdgbagzbdgôo jl prcjudtcsaþjgdcs y ljudbtgvcs. Acs prcilsgcobals jl absbauj qul btglojlo goibotls jlflo rlbagzbr
uo dcrrldtc bjcdtrgobmglotc b acs pbjrlsy lo ab hgstcrgb daíogdb rlbagzbr prlkuotbsrlilrlotls b acs lalmlotcs jl jgstrbddgôo yicrmbdgôo. Ls gmpcrtbotl slr bdudgcscs lo abfþsquljb jl abs mbogilstbdgcols daíogdbs qulsl prlslotbo lo abs gotcxgdbdgcols bkujbs ydrôogdbs. Acs bjuatcs jlflo slr rlspcosbfalsba bjqugrgr acs prcjudtcs qul al vbo b lotrlkbrb acs ogòcs dcmc nukultls. Abs gostgtudgcolsjl ljudbdgôo jlflo slr lstrgdtcs lo acsþtgals lsdcabrls scagdgtbjcs y b trbvçs jl acsjcdlotls, vgkgabr la dcrrldtc usc jla mbtlrgbapbrb lvgtbr lxpcsgdgcols rglskcsbs.
Zcxgdgjbj jl lalmlotcs aþjgdcs y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs. \ob govgtbdgôo b ab dcodglodgbdgôo
FGFAGCKVBIÍB
2. Hbaalr D. Mbjl go Dhgob. N ci Mljgdba Zcxgdcacky. 60085:(6)>2:2-2:6.6. Eumbr B, Pbstcrl P. Albj boj dbjmgum go scit pabstgd tcys. Durrlot Tdglodl. 600;574(9)>828-66.4. Fustbmbotl-Mcotls P. Oldlsgjbjls rlkuabtcrgbs scfrl acs lildtcs jl acs pabstgdbotls lo ab
Jl> Ttrgoklr V, Nchosco P, Lrry F. Zcxgd dhlmgdbas go b dhgaj‗s wcraj> bo govlstgkbtgco ci gotc PYDpabstgds prcjudts. Jgspcogfal lo> http>//www.krlloplbdl.tc/pufagdbtgcos/pvddhgajswcraj.pji.
7. Fldelr M. Zcxgd Dhlmgdbas go Zcys boj Dhgajrlo‗s Prcjudts> Agmgtbtgcos ci Durrlot Vlspcoslsboj Vldcmmlojbtgcos icr Kcvlromlot boj Gojustry. Lovgrcomlotba Tdglodl & Zldhocacky.60075:4(22)>:600—:609.
24. Ttrgoklr V, Abfuoseb G, Tbotgaac J, Nchosco P, Tgjjcro N, Ttlphloslo B. Dcodlotrbtgco ci phthbabtllstlrs boj gjlotgdbtgco ci thlsl bjjgtgvls go PYD dhgajrlo‗s tcys. Lovgrcomlotba Tdg Pcaautgco Vls.6000>;(2)56;-49.
27. Twbo T, Aug I, Hgols M, Erusl V, [bok, D, Vljmco F, [lgss F. Prlobtba phthbabtl lxpcsurl bojrljudlj mbsduagol paby go fcys. Got. N. Bojrca. 6020544(6)>6<7-697.
60. Kuoobr O. Mltbals> Prcpgljbjls químgdbs y tcxgdgjbj. Lo> Tbauj goibotga y mljgc bmfglotl loBmçrgdb jla Ocrtl> uo prgmlr goicrml scfrl gojgdbjcrls y mljgdgcols jgspcogfals. 6009. p 94.
62. Pbsdbal B, Flaac C , Ilroâojlz T , LaaºBdqub D .Lxpcsgdgôo bddgjlotba ba pcavc jl crc. Brdh. Pljgbtr.\ruk. 60045;:(6)>227-266.
66. Vlutlrs. \TB. 600; Ubddlsc la 4 jl bfrga jl 6022]. \.T. slgzls tbgotlj tccthpbstl mbjl go Dhgob.Jgspcogfal lo>http>//www.rlutlrs.dcm/brtgdal/tcpOlws/gj\T[BZ00;9::600;09023illjZypl=VTT.
64. Fbolrnll V, Vbc K, Trgrbm P, Pbvbo E, Vljjy J. Futtco fbttlry goklstgco. Gojgbo N Pljgbtr.600<5;6(6)>2;4-2;:.
6<. Crtmboo A, Nblklr M, Nbmls A, Tdhlxobyjlr T. Dcmb go b 60-mcoth-caj dhgaj ircm bo goklstgcoci b tcy dcotbgogok 2,:-futboljgca, b prldurscr cii-hyjrcxyfutyrbtl. Pljgbtrgd Lmlrklody Dbrl.600756<(22)>;<8-;90.
69. Hlrrboz M, Dalrgkuç O. Gotcxgdbdgôo lo ogòcs> mltbhlmckacfgolmgb. Bobals. 6004569(2)>607-66:.6;. Dhbvls E. Gotcxgdbdgôo pcr boís jl lstrlaab. Bdtb Pljgâtrgdb Dcstbrrgdlosl. 6007562(2)>90-92.
Lildtcs tôxgdcs jl abs pgoturbsAbs pgoturbs qul hbfgtubamlotlutgagzbmcs pcsllo bklotlsdcotbmgobotls, acs dubals puljlobildtbr tbotc la mljgc bmfglotl dcmcab sbauj. Ab tcxgdgjbj jl lstbs pgoturbsrbjgdb lo acs pgkmlotcs c scavlotlsqul sl utgagzbo lo labfcrbdgôo, c yb slblo abs mgsmbs icrmbs jl labfcrbdgôo.
B su vlz, tbmfgço goiauyl abhlrrbmglotb qul utgagzbmcs pbrb pgotbr.Acs blrcscals y ab pgstcabs pbrb pgotbr bildtbo ba mljgc bmfglotl, mglotrbsqul acs rcjgaacs, abs frcdhbs y acs pgodlal oc ac hbdlo. Pcr ctrc abjc, la aukbr jljlsldhc jl ab pgoturb scfrbotl tbmfgço ls uo bspldtc b tlolr lo dulotb. Lstcsrlsgjucs jlflo tgrbrsl lo sgtgcs bptcs pbrb laac. Ouodb lo la sulac og la jlsbkñls.
Jlsjl hbdl yb uo tglmpc dcmlozô b ibfrgdbrsl ab pgoturb ldcaôkgdb. Çstb, sg fglooc badbozb acs rlsuatbjcs y ab dbagjbj jl abs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals, sl jlfllvbaubr y pcolr lo ab fbabozb abs vgrtujls y acs lildtcs oc dcotbmgobotls jl absmgsmbs.
utgagdl, abs hlrrbmglotbs qul sl uslo lo ab tbrlb jl pgoturb tbmfgço goiauylo. Acsblrcscals y abs pgstcabs klolrbo dcotbmgobdgôo, lo tbotc acs rcjgaacs, abs frcdhbs yacs pgodlals oc ac hbdlo.
B, su vlz, jlsldhbr lstl tgpc jl pgoturb tbmfgço ls bakc hb tlolrsl lo dulotb5jlfl hbdlrsl lo sgtgcs jlstgobjcs b lsl tgpc jl sustbodgb. Ouodb lo la sulac c abtglrrb, bsí dcmc tbmpcdc lo jlsbkñls.
Pgoturbs mgolrbals y vlkltbals
Lo dubotc b abs pgoturbs ldcaôkgdbs, ac jlstbdbfal sl mbogiglstb lo la prcdlsc jl
ibfrgdbdgôo y ac mbtlrgbals dco qul sl ac hbdl. Zcjbs mbtlrgbs prgmbs rlocvbfals,qul ba mcmlotc jl labfcrbdgôo oc sl lxpcolo b ogokuob tcxgdgjbj.