GEO-REF Information Sharing National workshop on Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Development in Nepal Shangri-La Hotel, Kathmandu 15-16 October 2014 Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities Toward Sustainable Urban Water Management in Nepal Sustainable urban Development Section, Environment and Development Division, ESCAP
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Toward sustainable urban water management in Nepal ... · Toward sustainable urban water management in Nepal ... 4 National Water Plan (NWP) ... - Political commitment and leadership
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GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Toward sustainable urban water management in Nepal
National workshop on Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Development in Nepal
Shangri-La Hotel, Kathmandu 15-16 October 2014
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Toward Sustainable Urban Water Management in Nepal
Sustainable urban Development Section, Environment and Development Division, ESCAP
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 2/
Contents
1. Challenge 1: Urbanization progress and prospect in Nepal
2. Challenge 2: Resource consumption and GHG emission in Nepal
3. Challenge 3: Water access and sanitation in Nepal
4. Challenge 4: Current national policies for water infrastructure
5. Opportunities 1: Integrating eco-efficiency into urban infrastructure
6. Opportunities 2: Development of eco-efficient urban water infrastructure
7. Opportunities 3: Cases of eco-efficient urban water infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
15-16 October 2014
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 3/
Challenges for Sustainable Urban Development in Nepal:
Urbanization and Resource Constraints
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 4/
Economic Growth in Nepal
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
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Urbanization in Nepal
Source: UNDESA, World Urbanization Prospects 2014
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Urbanization in Global Context
Source: UNDESA, World Urbanization Prospects 2014
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Urbanization in Nepal
The fast-paced population growth in Kathmandu Valley:
- annual average growth rate: 4.3% (1991-2011)
Among the total population of Kathmandu Valley ( 2.5 million in
2011), urban population in the valley accounted for 60% (about
1.5 million in 2011).
While rural population has decreased, urban population has
constantly increased.
- rural population: 97% -> 81% (1950 - 2015)
- urban population : 3% -> 19% (1950 -2015)
Although proportion of urban population is smaller than global
average, urbanization rate is much higher than global average.
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
World Nepal
Urban Proportion (%) 54 13
Urbanization Rate (%) 0.9 2.03
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
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Energy Consumption in Nepal
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
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Greenhouse Gas Emission in Nepal
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission has been constantly increased (1990 – 2010):
- 25 -> 33 (million tons of CO2 equivalent)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Availability in Nepal
- Availability of renewable water resource has been extremely decreased for last 20
years: 11,034 -> 7,740 (m³ per capita per annum)
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
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Water Consumption in Nepal
- As a result, water use has been also
decreased (for last 20 years):
12.3 -> 5.8 (m³ per capita per
annum)
- Most field of water consumption has
been from Agriculture
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Domestic use 1.6%
Agriculture 98.1%
Industry 0.4%
Water Consumption (%)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
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Water Access in Nepal
Water access and sanitation in Nepal has been lower than other countries in the
Asia and the Pacific region.
- Water access in Urban area:
AP region: 97%
Nepal: 91%
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Sanitation in Nepal
- Most serious problem in Nepal is lack of
sanitation infrastructures:
- Access to improved sanitation in Nepal has
been much lower than other Asia and Pacific
countries.
- Sanitation in Asia and Pacific : 59%
- Sanitation in Nepal: 35%
- This is main cause of water pollution in Nepal.
Source: UNESCAP (2013)
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Source: UN Water website
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
GEO-REF Information Sharing Platform for Disaster Management
Water Related Natural Disasters in Nepal
Nepal is mostly vulnerable to flood, storm and drought, and eco-efficient water management can relieve damages from these water related natural disasters.
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Unplanned rapid urbanization
Increased resource demand / consumption
Increased GHG emission / environmental
degradation
Climate Change and natural disasters
Negative impacts of resource availability
Constraints for sustainable urban
development
Urbanization, resource consumption, and climate change
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 17/
National Policies on Urban Water Infrastructures in Nepal
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Water related policies in Nepal Arears addressed
1 Water Resource Act 1992 (2049 BS)
- The umbrella Act governing water resource
management.
- Declares the order of priority of water use.
- Vests ownership of water in the State.
- Provides for the formation of water user
associations and establishes a system of licensing
- Prohibits water pollution.
2 Water Resource Regulation 1993
(2050 BS)
- The umbrella Regulation governing water resource
management.
- Sets out the procedure to register a Water User
Association and to obtain a license.
- Establishes the District Water Resource Committee.
- Sets out the rights and obligations of Water User
Associations and licence holders.
- Deals with the acquisition of house and land and
compensation.
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 18/
National Policies on Urban Water Infrastructures in Nepal
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Water related policies in Nepal Arears addressed
3 Drinking Water Regulation 1998
(2055 BS)
- Regulates the use of drinking water.
- Provides for the formation of Drinking Water User
Associations and sets out the procedure for registration
- Deals with licensing of use drinking water.
- Deals with the control of water pollution and
maintenance of quality standards for drinking water.
- Sets out the conditions of service utilization by
consumers.
- Provides for the acquisition of house and land and
compensation.
4 National Water Plan (NWP) - Outlies the actions related to:
(1) Management of major types of water-induced disaster.
(2) Improvement of water quality and watersheds.
(3) Provision of safe drinking water and irrigation facilities
(4) Development of hydropower
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 19/
Opportunities of for Sustainable Urban Development in
Nepal:
Eco-efficiency of Urban Water Infrastructure
Eco-Efficient Urban Infrastructure, and Green & Livable Cities
Seoul, 11-13 May 2011 Slide 20/
Integrating Eco-efficiency into Urban Infrastructure
Eco-efficiency
“The concept of eco-efficiency seeks to develop synergies between the economy and the environment rather than just balance the trade-offs. An eco-efficient approach to urban infrastructure development can help governments save precious financial resources. Eco-efficiency can drive green growth and green economy.