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Prenatal tes*ng in Norway Torbjørn Moe Eggebø Na/onal center for fetal medicine
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Prenatal  tes*ng  in  Norway      

Torbjørn  Moe  Eggebø  Na/onal  center  for  fetal  medicine  

 

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Norwegian  Biotechnology  Act    

•  Approved  in  2003  – Revision  should  be  performed  a@er  5  years  

•  Evalua*on  2009-­‐2011  •  New  evalua*on  2015  

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Norwegian  Biotechnology  Act    

•  First  trimester  scan  (11  to  13+6  week  scan)  is  regulated  by  the  law  

•  The  rou*ne  second  trimester  scan  is  not      

?  

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Indica*ons  for  prenatal  tes*ng    (including  KUB  test)  

•  >38  years  at  es*mated  day  of  delivery  •  Previous  fetus  or  child  with  malforma*ons  •  Using  drugs  associated  to  malforma*ons  •  Suspected  malforma*on  in  an  ordinary  ultrasound  examina*on  

•  Special  situa*ons  when  the  parents  are  not  able  to  take  care  of  at  sick  child  

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KUB-­‐test  Combined  ultrasound  and  biochemistry  

•  Age,  NT,  HCG  and  PAPP-­‐A  •  90  %  sensi*vity    •  3-­‐5  %  false  posi*ve  rate  for  trisomy  21  in  an  unselected  popula*on  

•  10-­‐12%  in  the  selected  Norwegian  popula*on  

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Autonomous  choices  

 ”  It  is  only  when  choices  are  though[ul  and  informed  that  it  is  reasonable  to  call  them  autonomous  and  self-­‐determined.  This  is  important  in  expression  of  values  ��of  a  liberal  society.  

       Berge  Solberg  

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Choice  

 ”  Most  parents  would  like  to  have  a  perfect  and  healthy  child  if  possible.  But  if  you  have  a  child  with  Downs  syndrome,  you  will  of  course  love  it.  If  you  can  choose,  you  would  prefer  a  normal  child”      Ann  Tabor  

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Age  38  

•  Women  >38  years  can  choose  themselves  •  Women  <38  years  cannot  

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1000  respondents  in  2010    (from  the  general  popula/on)  

0   10   20   30   40   50   60  

Vet  ikke  Alle  

Ingen  Klarer  ikke  sykt  barn  Foreldre  med  genfeil  Tidligere  syke  barn  Vite  om  trisomi  21  

Uro  Medisinbruk  

38  år  

The  majority  agreed  in  the  approved  indica*ons  

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Educa*on  of  sonographers  

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High  quality  is  necessary  

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The  first  trimester  scan  is  more  than  measuring  NT  

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Anxiety  

•  No  indica*on  for  fetal  diagnos*c  examina*on  •  Indica*on  for  an  ordinary  scan  •  Referral  to  fetal  medicine  center  is  allowed  whenever  a  malforma*on  is  suspected  

•  Results  in  varia*on  in  clinical  prac*se  

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Fetal  diagnos*c  examina*ons  related  to  numbers  of  women  >38  years  in  the  

popula*on  2006   2009  

Sør-­‐Trøndelag   211   240  

Oslo   157   176  

Troms   101   184  

Hordaland   120   135  

Rogaland   95   114  

Aust-­‐Agder   64   62  

Huge  differences  in  different  regions  

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KUB  tests  2014  

•   3696  biochemical  tests  (PAPP-­‐A  +  lhCG=  1  test)    – Oslo  2019  – Bergen  614  – Stavanger  287  – Trondheim  544  – Tromsø  232  

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Insidens  trisomy  21  

•  Stable  from  1967  –  1990  •  Therea@er  increasing  (older  women)  •  Stable  rates  of  born  children  with  trisomy  21  (around  60-­‐70/year)  

•  Increasing  rate  of  termina*ons  

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Fetal  diagnos*c  examina*ons  

•  60  000  deliveries  in  Norway  annually  •  Fetal  diagnos*c  examina*ons  offered  to  <10%  

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Age  

•  Median  38.7  years  based  on  13  441  analyzes  from  2006-­‐1014  

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NT/CRL  

02

46

8N

T (m

m)

40 50 60 70 80CRL (mm)

TrondheimOslo

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050

010

0015

00Tr

21 b

ackg

roun

d ris

k

20 30 40 50Alder

TrondheimOslo

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Non  invasiv  prenatal  tes*ng  (NIPT)  

•  Sex  •  Trisomies  •  Fetal  Rhesus  status  •  Gene*c  diseases  

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NIPT  

•  Sensi*vity  and  specificity  >99%  • NIPT  cannot  replace  ultrasound  •  Posi*ve  test  should  be  confirmed  with  invasive  tes*ng  

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NIPT  in  Norway  

•  Rhesus  nega*ve  women  will  be  offered  NIPT  in  pregnancy  week  25  

•  Tes*ng  for  aneuploidy  could  be  offered  women  at  median  risk  (1/100  –  1/1000?)  

•  NIPT  is  regulated  by  the    Norwegian  Biotechnology  Act  and  will  probably  not  be  approved  in  Norway  in  the  near  future  

•  Women  will  send  tests  abroad  

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Do  the  doctors  comply  with  the  law?  

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Survey  in  2012  

•  Aim:  To  inves*gate  whether  the  gynaecologists  obey  the  law  

•  Method:  ques*oner  with  constructed  clinical  cases  

 •  Popula*on:  – Doctors  with  fetal  medicine  centers    – Gynaecologists  in  private  prac*ce  – Lawyers  a  Directory  of  Health      

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Case  1  -­‐  age  

•  The  woman  is  pregnant  in  week  8  of  gesta/on.  She  will  give  birth  for  the  third  /me,  is  previously  healthy  and  with  no  par/cular  diseases  in  her  family  history.  She  turned  37  two  months  ago,  and  because  of  her  age,  she  wishes  fetal  examina/on  to  exclude  aneuploidy  

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Results  

•  50%  of  the  doctors  would  offer  a  diagnos*c  fetal  examina*on  

•  The  lawyers  said  “not  allowed”    

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Almost  38  

Only  35%  of  the  doctors  followed  the  38  year  limit  strictly  

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Case  2  -­‐  colleague  

The  woman  is  pregnant  in  week  8  of  gesta/on.  She  is  a  trainee  doctor  in  the  Department  of  Gynaecology,  pregnant  for  the  first  /me  and  has  no  par/cular  risk  factors  associated  with  her  pregnancy    

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Results  

•  60%  of  the  doctors  would  offer  a  diagnos*c  fetal  examina*on  

•  The  lawyers  said  “not  allowed”  

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Conclusions  

•  The  Norwegian  guidelines  are  unclear  and  difficult  to  follow  in  clinical  prac*ce  

 •  The  majority  of  the  doctors  in  this  survey  did  not  follow  the  Biotechnology  Act    

•  The  law  will  be  revised,  but….  

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Poli*cal  discussion