Topicalization as a prominent device in Chinese: TANG Zhengda Associate Professor of Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing, China 10 Dec 2013, Research Institute of Linguistics, HAS, Budapest, Hungary With reference to relativizatio n and complementati on
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Topicalization as a prominent device in Chinese: TANG Zhengda Associate Professor of Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing,
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Topicalization as a prominent device in Chinese:
TANG Zhengda
Associate Professor of Institute of Linguistics,
Chinese Academy of
Social SciencesBeijing, China
10 Dec 2013, Research Institute of Linguistics, HAS, Budapest, Hungary
With reference to relativization and complementation
2
Outlines
• Iconicity
• Topicalization & Complimentation as Subject
• Topicality & Relativization Accessibility
in Chinese
• Topic within Nominal Phrases
• Conclusion
3
Iconicity :differing from similarity
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Iconicity: Model & Icon
Amilyen az anya, olyan a lánya有其父,必有其子
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Iconicity: Imitation
Model Icon The world Language Conceptual Constr. Linguistic form(Haiman 1985)
Lang-external Lang.-internal
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Iconicity in simplest ways • Onomatopoeia, Interjections, etc. Cat meowing
– In Arabic, miao – In Chinese, Mandarin, miāo miāo– In Hungarian miaú, nyau – In English, meow [miˈaʊ], miaow (UK), or mew [mjuː] – In Estonian, mjäu , njäu – In Filipino, ngyaw – In Greek, niau , (νιάου)
• Source of Noun: ya (duck), e (google), wuya (crow) • Source of Verbs: flap, flip, chirp, cuckoo, roar, zip, zig-zag• Implosives for collecting flocks, Qu (go) for shouting away• Negation ( nasal/labial )—— close to deny• Demonstratives and person prons (Sonority, length, height, backness)
Every human language has a common clause type with bipartite structure in which the constituents can reasonably be termed ‘topic’ and ‘comment’
Every language has syntactic topic constructions in which an expression which refers to the topic of the sentence is adjoined to the left of a full sentence comment.
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Typological ‘Exceptionals’ in Chinese
• Topic-prominent(L&T1981): Topic markers, but SVO• Prenominal Relative Clauses• Do not (strictly) follow Accessibility Hierarchy (K.C
1977)• Pre-verbal Prep. phrase• Topic-Comment WITHIN NPs• Defected subject complementation
Interacted? Correlated?
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Topic-Prominent but SVO
• Topic prominent : Chao(1968), Tai(1973), Huang(1973), Li & Thompson (1976), Xu & Liu (1998), etc.
• Other T-Prom. Languages :Korean, Japanese
Lisu Chinese, Lahu
Philippine Malagasy
English,French,Twi,Indonesian
QiangSangkong
Yi(Lolo)Zaiwa….
SVO
Li & Thompson (1976)
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Topicalization & Complementation as Subject
Another case for
Language Internal Iconicity
Two strategies in world langugages
• clausal subject– That he did it shocked him.
• clausal complement– shocked him that he did it.
Rare
Common
Hungarian , Szabolcsi 200916
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Rare Common Clausal subject Clausal complement
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Chinese: Clausal Subject only
• Clausal Subject
他 打 小孩 激怒 - 了 围观者。 he beat kid infuriate-PST onlooker‘That he beat the kid make the onlookers angry.’
杀人者 死, 伤人 及 盗 抵罪。Kill-man-NOM/TOP die injure-man and steal be-held-guilty‘One who murders be put to death, and who injures and steals be held guilty’
Three for one: Nominalization, Complementation = topicalization
Two strategies for complemantation, as one: Nominalizer( 者 ), Clausal reduction = topicalization
Topic-Comment as the Model
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Differing and Similar
S-complementation strategies in
Tibeto-Burman Languages
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Nominalization: Thangmi
gă-ye ah-u-n -du- be ma-lo. I-erg say-3p-1s→3-npt-top neg-doLit. what I say, he dosen’t follow.‘He doesn’t follow whatever I say.’ (universal quantification)
(Turin1973:265)Nominalization
Topicalization
complementation
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Sangkong: 2 strategies ( Li 2002 )
• a33 tɕa55 qha55 mb31 ʑe33. here stay most good MOOD ‘Staying here is best (for me)’
• mbja31a55mba33 ta33 e55 a31 mb31 nge55. much drink- NOM NOT good MOOD ‘Drinking too much is not good.’
Clause reduction Nominalization
Both Topicalization
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Eastern Kayan (SVO, Tibeto-B? Mon-Khmer?)
Solnit 1986• [a sí trē] se o k ū tcɤ to 3 ashamed useful COM 3 one-CLF NEG Being ashamed isn’t any use to him!
Clause reduction
全量性、类指性话题
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Lahu in Bangdo : T-B
• Li ( 2012 )
Nominalization Shared Topic marking
Exercise NOM/TOP goodpoint have
Tracter one-CL buy NOM/TOP 2000 yuan need MOOD
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Yi (Lolo): T-BHu 2001 、 2004
Topicalization for complementation and Subjunctive clause
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Zaiwa : T-BZhu 2012
Complentatation
Topicalization
SubjuctiveTopicalizato
n
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Common absence of Complementizer
a. That he came is true.
b. It is true that he came.
Topic promimece: Only in SOV languages
Topicalization: de-clausalization
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Common tendency: Pre- vs. Post-
a. His having come is true. (Reduced, compact)
b. It is true that he came. (full-fledged, finite)
a'. The boy who is running is my son.
b‘. The running boy who came is my son.
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Relative clause: pre- and post-Reduced and full-fledged
Hungarian (Hidasi 1988)
az angol nyelvtanár húgomART English language-teacher sister-mine‘my sister who (is) an English teacher’
az ember aki beszél / beszél-t-em / beszél-getART man REL say-PRE /say-PAST-1sg /say-ITER
‘the man who is speaking/I used to mention/keep talking’
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Topicalityand
Relativization Accessibility in Chinese
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Accessibility Hierarchy of NP Positions (Keenan & Comrie 1977)
• The higher, • the more likely to be relativized
• the more typologically attested• the more frequently occurred• the earlier to be acquired
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English: accessible to all
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Another extreme : certain AustranesiansOnly subject / focus / pivot accessible
• Robust voice and/or focus system, so to ‘subjectivize’
• What about Chinese?
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Malagasy: Subj. by passivization
• ny vehivavy [izay nividy ny vary] the woman REL buy.ACT the rice ‘the woman who bought the rice’
• ny vary [izay novidin’ ny vehivavy]
the rice REL buy.PASS the woman‘the rice that was bought by the woman’
dog, sharp de sense of smellLeft-Mod Adj-Mod Rel Head-N
狗 灵敏 的 嗅觉
狗 嗅觉 灵敏。dog sense of smell sharp TOPIC Sub-TOP Adj-Pred.
NPIcon
T-P Model
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A case for Language Internal Iconicity
Topic within NP
Topic- Comment
Icon
Model
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话题 结构
范畴 扩张
形式 扩张
受事、工具、旁格等提取
主语补足
语从句
其他状语从
句、介词短语
等
NP内部类话
题结构
条件句
关系化 提取
跨层次、韵律
错配:我认为
……呢
TOPIC-COMMENT as the MODEL for
ICONS
T-PT-C
Categorical assimilationCategorical assimilation
OBL Subju-ctive
Subj-Comp.
Adverbials,Comparative
TOPWithinNPs
Relativization
FormalAssimilation
Prosodicmismatch
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Proverbs
A nagy hal megeszi a kis halat
大鱼吃小鱼,小鱼吃虾米Big fish eats small fish, small fish eats prawns
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