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9 ALTERNATIVES, 5 INCENTIVES 1NC

A. Interpretations:Incentives in the context of USFG policy is 5 things

Tom, Dedeurwaerdere , Centre for Philosophy of Law , Universit Catholique de Louvain 3- Bioprospection: From theEconomics of Contracts to Reflexive Governance, www.bioecon.ucl.ac.uk/4th_paper/Dedeurwaerdere.doc)

Here I employ the broad definition of incentives used in the OECD handbook on incentive measures , cover ing both direct andindirect incentives: The incentive measures presented can be roughly categorised in the following eight groups: fees , charges andenvironmental taxes; market creation and assignment of well-defined property rights ; reform or removal of adverse subsidies;regulations and access restrictions; environmental funds and public financing; information provision and capacity building; economicvaluation of environmental benefits and costs; and stakeholder involvement and institution building . Only the first five groupsactually comprise incentive measures as traditionally understood, i.e. the implementation or abolition of an administrativeact by an authority, usually the central government, with a legal grounding and the explicit objective to induce a certainbehaviour (OECD, 1999, p. 73). In this discussion, I have included information provision, stakeholder involvement, economicvaluation, and capacity and institution building under the evolutionary approaches to incentive politics, while other approaches mighthave chosen to group them under framework building (OECD, 1999, p. 97) or reflexive implementation processes (Ibid, p. 14; p. 73 ).

2. Alternative energy are 9 things, that exclude fossil and nuclear energyRepublic of Korea, 97 (Act on the Promotion of the Development and Use of Alternative Energy.,http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/kor51024.doc)

1.The term "alternative energy" means other energy resources than petroleum, coal, atomic energy, or natural gas,which fall under one of the following subparagraphs: (a) Solar energy;(b) Bio energy;(c) Wind force;(d) Small hydraulic power;(e) Fuel cells;

(f) Energy from liquefied or gasified coal, and from gasified heavy residual oil;(g) Energy from the ocean;(h) Energy from waste treatment;(i) Geothermal energy

B. Violationthe aff ________________________________________________

C. Vote neg for education, fairness, and jurisdiction1. We allow ample ground on both sidesthe neg has 9 energy links and 5 mechanism links tocover all 45 of plans the aff can choose from

2. Brightline limits; our sources clearly defines what is and is not alternative energy, best forclarity and resolving jurisdiction

3. Our sources are in context of government policies, most relevant to policymaking

4. Topic educationget to the heart of the topic; we advance clash on "alternative energy" and"incentives"

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EXT. UNITED STATES

The United States is areas bounded by current treatiesNational Atlas of the United States , US Dept of Interior, 4-29- 08http://www.nationalatlas.gov/boundaries.html

Boundaries delineate the extent of areas . They define regions as having characteristics that differ from their neighbors. They divideone area from another. Boundaries are devised by humans or they follow natural features. The conterminous United States is dividedfrom Canada by an international boundary that was the result of treaties with Britain. The Pacific Ocean sets a natural boundaryaround Hawaii.Private properties, school districts, counties, Congressional Districts, postal and telephone area codes; these are all examples of regions divided, delineated, and defined by manmade boundaries. The boundaries of the United States were determined as a resultof treaties, purchases , colonial charters, and acts of Congress . A property boundary is defined by a property deed and survey. Localadministrative boundaries are typically decided by local and regional government organizations. Imaginary lines of latitude andlongitude are also frequently used by humans to define boundaries. Of course, any boundary set by men and women can be changed

by them as well.

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Other US Definitions

United States refers to MexicoBritannica, 08 www.britannica.com/bps/search?query=united+states

United Mexican States : see Mexico country of North America and the third largest country in Latin America, after Brazil and Argentina. Although there is little truthto the long-held stereotype of Mexico as a slow-paced land of subsistence farmers, Mexican society is characterized by extremes of wealth and poverty, with a limited middle class wedged between an elite cadre of landowners and investors on the one hand andmasses of rural and urban poor on the other.

The United States refers to the federal governmentWordnet 6 Princeton UniversityUnited States, n.the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States [syn: United Statesgovernment ]

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POSITIVE INCENTIVES 1NC

A. interpretations1. Incentives must be positive rewards

USAID, no date Quality Assurance Project, Healthcare and Workforce improvement, "Glossary of useful terms",

http://www.qaproject.org/methods/resglossary.htmlIncentiveA tangible or intangible reward that is designed to motivate a person or group to behave in a certain way. For example, inan effort to reduce fertility, community health workers may be given a small amount of money for each womanthey refer to the health clinic for family planning services.

2. They must be given before action, not punishment after actionUniversity of Washington, 07 "Glossary of commonly used compensation terms"http://www.washington.edu/admin/hr/ocpsp/prostaff/researchsciengr/glossary.htmlIncentive (pay plans): Pay plans designed to reward the accomplishment of specific results . Awards are usually tied to expectedresults identified at the beginning of the performance cycle. The plans can be individual, group, companywide, or a combination

of any. Incentive plans are "forward" looking; bonus plans look "backward."

B. Violationthe aff doesn't offer a reward, instead they (modify a law, promise punishment, ...)

C. Vote neg for education and fairness.1. Limitsopens the floodgates to doing literally anything to promote alternative energy; they

could bomb Iranian oil fields or shoot the CEOs of major petrol companies to increase development foralternative energy

2. Groundincentives that invest in alternative energy are key to spending and politics3. Predictabilitythere are any number of threats; this moots ability to get links off of the type of

incentive

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EXT: INCENTIVES MUST BE POSITIVE

Incentives even broadly defined must be positive they exclude negative penaltiesD. Knowler, 99 - UN Food and Agricultural Organization Incentive Systems for Natural Resource Management: The Role of Indirect Incentives, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/x2247e/x2247e00.pdf

1.8 Incentives may be broadly defined, as in everything that motivates or stimulates people to act (Giger 1996). Whatis important about such a broad definition is that it allows for incentives to be of either a passive or an active nature. In the former case, wecan think of incentives as signals in the producers environment which influence decision-making about farming practices, whether intended or otherwise. Many macroeconomic policies, being remote from the producer and targeted at objectives other than promotingsustainable farming practices, would fit into this category. In contrast, the notion of active refers to a governments ability to actuallydesign or modify policies with a desire to bring about certain conservation outcomes. McNeely (1988), for example, refers to this conceptof incentive when he defines incentives as any inducement which is specifically intended to incite or motivate governments, local people,and international organizations (p.38-39). We draw this distinction because of the need to consider both active and passive aspects whenassessing the importance of incentives for NRM. While governments may be most concerned with the design of good policies aimed atimproving NRM, they need to be cognizant of the sometimes counterproductive influence exerted by a poor incentive structure, in the

passive sense. 1.9 McNeely (1988) also makes the useful distinction between incentives, disincentives and perverseincentives. In contrast to incentives, which we have described above, disincentives are purposely designed todiscourage particular behaviours and can include taxes, fines and various other penalties or moral suasion.

DEFINITION: INCENTIVES MUST BE A REWARD FOR ACTIONRANDOM HOUSE 2006something that incites or tends to incite to action or greater effort, as a reward offered for increased productivity.

Incentives are positive; distinct from disincentivesE.S. Geller, 1996 . Working Safe: How to Help People Actively Care for Health and SafetyIncentives vs. disincentivesActivators that signal the availability of a consequence are either incentives or disincentives. Anincentive announces to an individual or group, in written or oral form, the availability of areward. This pleasant consequence follows the occurrence of a certain behavior or an outcomeof one or more behaviors. In contrast, a disincentive is an activator announcing or signalingthe possibility of receiving a penalty. This unpleasant consequence is contingent on theoccurrence of a particular undesirable behavior

Incentives are positive benefitsDEPARTMENT OF ENERGY no date www.sustainable.doe.gov/iutil2.htmA benefit or consideration, financial or otherwise, given to induce specific action.

Incentives are beneficial rewards

Brightfield Group for Business Planning, 06 " Supply Chain Glossary"http://www.bridgefieldgroup.com/bridgefieldgroup/glos4.htmincentive- Financial compensation, public recognition or other benefits used to reward higher levels of performance and/or new ideasor contributions.

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INCENTIVES NOT MANDATORY 1NC

A. Interpretation

Incentive are positive inducements this excludes requirementsAnn Turnbull et al, - professor of Special Education and Courtesy Professor of Law, Co-Director of the Beach Center onFamilies and Disability, University of Kansas 01 (30 J.L. & Educ. 445 (2001), IDEA, Positive Behavioral Supports, and SchoolSafety, Hein Online)

The term "incentive" is different from the term "requirement." An incentive is a positive reason for acting; arequirement is a legal duty to act. The difference in meaning is consistent with our argument above that the PBS provisionsdo create a presumption in favor of that technology.

B. Violationthe plan mandates an increase in alternative energy, rather than offering optionalincentives

C. Vote neg for fairness and education

1. Groundthey moot mandate counterplans, mechanism counterplans, and econ and politicsdisads with links off incentivizing the private industry

2. Topic education: mandating the mechanism moots the word "incentives" in the resolution,decreasing unique value of this year's topic

3. limitsthere's only 1 case topical: mandating increases in alternative energy. We'd be debatingone case the entire year, not learning about anything new

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EXT. INCENTIVES NOT MANDATORY

IN POLICYMAKING, INCENTIVES DIFFER FROM COMMAND AND CONTROLHARRINGTON AND MORGENSTERN 2004 http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF_Resources_152_ecoincentives.pdf

RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE , FALL/WINTER Now, decades after the first environmental laws were passed in this country, policymakers face many choices when seeking to solveenvironmental problems. Will taxing polluters for their discharges be more effective than fining them for not meeting certainemissions standards? Will a regulatory agency find it less costly to enforce a ban or oversee a system of tradable permits? Whichstrategy will reduce a pollutant the quickest? Clearly, there are no one-size-fits-all answers. Many factors enter into the decision tofavor either policies that lea n more toward economic incentives (EI) and toward direct regulation, commonly referred to ascommand-and-contro l (CAC) polic y. Underlying determinants include a countrys governmental and regulatory infrastructure, alongwith the nature of the environmental problem itself. Even with these contextual factors to consider, we thought it would be useful tocompare EI and CAC policies and their outcomes in a real-world setting. To do this, we looked at six environmental problems that theUnited States and at least one European country dealt with differently (see box on page 14.) For each problem, one approach was moreof an EI measure, while the other relied more on CAC. For example, to reduce point-source industrial water pollution, the

Netherlands implemented a system of fees for organic pollutants (EI), while the United States established a system of guidelines and permits (CAC). It turned out, in fact, that most policies had at least some elements of both approaches, but we categorized them as EIor CAC based on their dominant features. We then asked researchers who had previously studied these policies on either side of theAtlantic to update or prepare new case studies. We analyzed the 12 case studies (two for each of the six environmental problems)against a list of hypotheses frequently made for or against EI and CAC, such as which instrument is more effective or imposes lessadministrative burden.

Command and control regulations are not incentives

David Driesen , Assistant Professor of Law , Syracuse University College of Law, J.D., Yale University Spring 19 98, Is emissionstrading an economic incentive program?: Replacing the command and control/economic incentive dichotomy, Washington and

Lee Law review http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3655/is_199804/ai_n8791954/print

Rather than define economic incentives, scholars employ a conventional dichotomy that contrasts "command and control"regulations (rules that dictate precisely how a polluter must clean-up) with economic incentives.5 They claim that command andcontrol regulations work inefficiently, discourage innovation, and fail to provide continuous incentives to reduce pollution, butthat emissions trading and other economic incentive programs overcome these problems.

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AFF: INCENTIVES INCLUDE NEGATIVE

Incentives are either financial incentives or regulations

Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, 07 (North Carolina State University,

http://www.dsireusa.org/faq/faq.cfm?&CurrentPageID=9&EE=1&RE=1 )

What types of renewable energy incentives does DSIRE track?The DSIRE project tracks information on state, utility, local, and selected federal incentives that promote the use of renewable energytechnologies. For more information on federal incentives, see What federal incentives does DSIRE track . On the DSIRE website,incentives are grouped into two categories as follows:(1)Financial Incentives: tax incentives, grants, loans, rebates, industry recruitment, bond programs, and production incentives.(2) Rules, Regulations, & Policies: public benefits funds, renewables portfolio standards, net metering, interconnection, extensionanalysis, generation disclosure, contractor licensing, equipment certification, solar/wind access laws, and construction & designstandards (including building energy codes and energy standards for public buildings), required utility green power options, and green

power purchasing/aggregation policies.

Even Congress and courts use incentives to include disincentivesFred Harris, professor of law at the University of Illinois 89 (49 La. L. Rev. 1315 (1988-1989) Automobile EmissionsControl Inspection and Maintenance Program: Making It More Palatable to Coerced Participants, Hein Online)

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TINCENTIVES FINANCIAL 1NC

A. Incentives must be financialEnergy Information Administration, 01 (US Department of Energy, Renewable Energy 2000 :Issues and Trends, February, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/renewables/06282000.pdf)

The term incentive is used instead of subsidy. Incentives include subsidies in addition to other Government actions where the Governments financial assistance is indirect. A subsidy is, generally,financial assistance granted by the Government to firms and individuals.

B. Violationplan gives non-financial incentives

C. Vote negative for education and fairness

1. Predictable limitsthey open the floodgates to allow any kind of incentive; it's our case listtimes infinity

2. Case listwe allow financial incentives for solar, wind, geothermal, or hydropowered energy.They allow giving ponies to companies that use wind power; putting CEOs of gas companies in

jail; shooting people that burn coal in their homes3. Focused topic educationwe get in-depth about alternative energy, rather than useless

mechanism debates4. Unpredictable ground is the same as no groundwe have no links

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RENEWABLE ENERGY 1NC

A. InterpretationAlternative energies must be renewableUS department of interior , 7/16/ 08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Service

http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm

Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewableenergy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

B. Violationx isn't renewable

C. Vote neg for competitive equity and jurisdiction

A. Groundour disads link to switching off from non-renewable energies; their aff moots thesedisads

B. Topic educationrenewable versus nonrenewable is the heart of the topic; aff must affirmrenewable energy

C. Predictable limitsthey allow alternative uses of coal, oil, and gas; not neg burden to indictfossil fuels

D. Case listwe allow 5 cases; they allow oil shale, reprocessing fuel; gas efficiency; synthetichydrocarbons; methane hydrates, and other sketchy things

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY = RENEWABLE

Alternative energies must be renewableUS department of interior , 7/16/ 08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Service

http://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htmAlternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewableenergy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

Alternative energies are renewablePearson Education, 01 " Glossary" http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/2768/2834452/glossary/glossary.html

alternative energy Energy obtained from sources other than fossil fuels or nuclear power. The sources generally have low pollutionimplications and use renewable resources; for example biogas, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power, solar energy, tidal power, andwind power. (Chapter 10)

Alternative energy is renewableNelson Education, no date, Glossary, Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective, 2nd editionhttp://www.environment.nelson.com/0176169040/glossary.html

alternative energy. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass, which create lessenvironmental damage and pollution than fossil fuels, and offer an alternative to nonrenewable resources.

RENEWABLE ENERGY DEFINITIONUS department of interior , 7/16/ 08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Servicehttp://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm

Renewable energy: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration butlimited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. Renewable energy resources include: biomass, hydro, geothermal,solar, wind, ocean thermal, wave action, and tidal action. (EIA Glossary)

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY =\= RENEWABLE

Alternative energy doesn't have to be renewableTorridge district council glossary, no date, http://www.torridge.gov.uk/onlineplan/written/cpt28.htmAlternative EnergyEnergy generated from alternatives to fossil fuel. Need not be renewable

Alternative energy is distinct from renewable energyHasan, no date - President of the Altenews Company (Russell, Introduction to Alternative Energy,http://www.altenews.com/Alternative%20Energy%20Overview.pdf)

An overview of the various kinds of alternative energy follows. At the outset we mustdifferentiate between alternative energy, and renewable energy. Alternative energy refersto any form of energy which is an alternative to the traditional fossil fuels of oil, naturalgas and coal. Renewable energy are the forms of alternative energy that are renewed bythe natural processes of the Earth, such as sunlight from the sun or wind from the air, and

so are environmentally friendly. We cover all alternative energies, but we will begin theoverview with the renewable energy sources.

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EXT. NUCLEAR IS NONRENEWABLE

NUCLEAR IS NONRENEWABLEUS department of interior , 7/16/ 08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Servicehttp://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm

Nonrenewable fuels: Fuels that cannot be easily made or "renewed," such as oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear.

Alternative energy is renewable energy excludes uranium because its a single use resourceABS Alaskan, 08 (Alternative Energy Information, http://www.absak.com/library/alternative-renewable-energy)

The term "alternative energy" (also: renewable energy) encompasses a variety of power generation sources. Generally,it refers to electrical power derived from "renewable" resources such as solar or wind energy, as opposed to "single-use" resources such as coal or uranium. The most common forms of alternative energy available for homeowner usetoday are solar power, wind power and "micro-hydro" power.

Alternative energy isn't renewablethis is from a policy billBrian Lyman, 2-14- 08 , Mobile Register

Alabama Power Lawmakers are considering a bill that would extend tax breaks to alternative energy power plants - particularly thosefavored by Alabama Power Co. - but the head of the state's influential teachers union says he is worried the measure might hurt thecash-strapped Education Trust Fund. The bill, sponsored by state Rep. William Thigpen, D-Tuscaloosa, would give noneducationalsales tax breaks to those building coal gasification, coal liquefaction or hydropower projects started between 2012 and 2018. Thigpensaid Wednesday that the legislation would be a "positive influence" on the state's school budget. "For the last 15 years, Alabama hashad the door open for industrial development," Thigpen told the House Education Appropriations committee. "It's brought a lot of money into the ETF." Committee members delayed action on the bill Wednesday over concerns about its potential impact on theEducation Trust Fund. The bill is part of a larger legislative package from the Joint Legislative Committee on Energy Policy. Itspecifically defines "alternative energy resources" as coal gasification or liquefaction, nuclear and advanced fossil-based generation.Solar, wind, geothermal and other power sources are defined as "renewables" in the legislation and would not qualify for the proposedabatements.

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NUCLEAR ISN'T T 1NC

A. Interpretations ___ A lternative energy excludes nuclear

U.S. Code , 4/25 /08, TITLE 26. INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, 26 USCS 7701(D) Alternative energy facility. For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term 'alternative energy facility' means a facility for

producing electrical or thermal energy if the primary energy source for the facility is not oil, natural gas, coal, or nuclear power.

___ This may seem obvious, but incentives are not DIS-incentivesGeller, E S. Working Safe: How to Help People Actively Care for Health and Safety. CRC P,1996. Google Books. 2 July 2008Incentives vs. disincentives

Activators that signal the availability of a consequence are either incentives or disincentives. Anincentive announces to an individual or group, in written or oral form, the availability of areward . This pleasant consequence follows the occurrence of a certain behavior or an outcomeof one or more behaviors. In contrast, a disincentive is an activator announc ing or signalingthe possibility of receiving a penalty . This unpleasant consequence is contingent on theoccurrence of a particular undesirable behavior

B. Violation the plan __(modifies law, changes tonnage limit, regulates)__ for nuclear energy

C. T is a voter for fairness and jurisdiction

1. All forces fall into either incentive or disincentive, allowing disincentives opens the floodgates.Unpredictable ground is the same as no ground.

2. Real worldour definition is from US Code, it's normal means for policymaking

3. Trade-off and politics disad links are specific to alternative energy; using nuclear moots neg ground

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EXT: NUCLEAR ISN'T ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Alternative energy excludes nuclear energy and all fossil fuels.Bertinelli, 87 - Judge (William, Court of Appeal of California, First Appellate District, Division Four, 195 Cal. App. 3d 982; 241Cal. Rptr. 215; 1987 Cal. App. LEXIS 2255, 10/28, lexis)

Public Resources Code section 26003, subdivision (d), defines alternative energy sources as including geothermalsources of energy and any other source of energy, "the efficient use of which will reduce the use of fossil and nuclearfuels.

Alternative energy doesn't include nuclear energyRepublic of Korea, 97 (Act on the Promotion of the Development and Use of Alternative Energy.,http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/kor51024.doc)

The definition of terms used in this Act shall be as follows:1.The term "alternative energy" means other energy resources than petroleum, coal, atomic energy, or natural gas,which fall under one of the following subparagraphs:(a) Solar energy;(b) Bio energy;(c) Wind force;(d) Small hydraulic power;(e) Fuel cells;(f) Energy from liquefied or gasified coal, and from gasified heavy residual oil;(g) Energy from the ocean;(h) Energy from waste treatment;(i) Geothermal energy

NUCLEAR ISN'T ALT ENPearson Education, 01 "Glossary" http://wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/2768/2834452/glossary/glossary.html

alternative energy Energy obtained from sources other than fossil fuels or nuclear power. The sources generally have low pollutionimplications and use renewable resources; for example biogas, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power, solar energy, tidal power, andwind power. (Chapter 10)

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Aff: NUCLEAR IS AE

The G8 defines alternative energy to include nuclear and hydrogenNationMaster encyclopedia, 06 "32nd g8 summit" http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/32nd-G8-summitBecause the Group of Eight is primarily an economic forum between the global economic powerhouses, the focus of the G8 Summit

is discussion of economic issues. Some of the pressing items on the agenda: [3]

Open trade between Russia and the United States, including discussion of Russian entry into the World Trade Organization Multibillion dollar aircraft manufacturing contracts, in light of strategy shifts at Airbus and Boeing and worsening airline

business performance Free energy markets, especially regarding Russia and former Soviet republics, as well as petroleum from the Middle East

o Nigeria , Venezuela , and the Persian Gulf regions have all had reduced energy exports in the past weeks due tovarious political and technical issues

o Rights for exploration and exploitation of natural gas in Russia and the North Atlantic Ocean / Baltic Seao Alternative energy forms, especially relaxing nuclear power regulations; and development of hydrogen as an

economically viable energy platform

Nuclear is alternative energyRandom House, 06 (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=alternative+energy&r=66alternative energy

nounenergy,as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, as coal, oil, andnatural gas.

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INCREASE MUST BE EXISTING 1NC

A. Increase means increasing pre-existingJeremiah Buckley et al, Attorney, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al, 06 http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/06-84/06-84.mer.ami.mica.pdf)

First, the court said that the ordinary meaning of the word increase is to make something greater, which it believed shouldnot be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual has previously been charged. 435 F.3d at 1091.Yet the definition offered by the Ninth Circuit compels the opposite conclusion. Because increase means to makesomething greater, there must necessarily have be en an existing premium , to which Edos actual premium may becompared, to determine whether an increase occurred. Congress could have provided that adverse action in the insurancecontext means charging an amount greater than the optimal premium, but instead chose to define adverse action in terms of anincrease. That definitional choice must be respected, not ignored. See Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 392-93 n.10(1979) ([ a] definition which declares what a term means . . . excludes any meaning that is not stated ). Next, the NinthCircuit reasoned that because the Insurance Prong includes the words existing or applied for, Congress intended that anincrease in any charge for insurance must apply to all insurance transactions from an initial policy of insurance to arenewal of a long-held policy. 435 F.3d at 1091. This interpretation reads the words existing or applied for in isolation.Other types of adverse action described in the Insurance Prong apply only to situations where a consumer had an existing

policy of insurance, such as a cancellation, reduction, or change in insurance. Each of these forms of adverse action presupposes an already-existing policy, and under usual canons of statutory construction the term increase also should beconstrued to apply to increases of an already-existing policy . See Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101 (2004) (a phrasegathers meaning from the words around it) (citation omitted).

B. Violation: the plan creates a new incentive/ alternative energy

C. Vote neg for education, jurisdiction and fairness1. They open the limits, opening the floodgate to increasing any type of incentive or

alternative energy. There are limited existing incentives/AE, but infinite types of new ones2. Groundwe wouldn't research links to energies that don't exist, or the research burden

would be overwhelming3. Predictable ground is key to clash and debatibility

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SOLAR PANELS / BIOMASS ARE A.E.

SOLAR PANELS ARE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Frontdoor.com , 3-27- 08 "Green terms and tidbits," http://www.frontdoor.com/news/article/1547Alternative Energy -- Energy from sources other than fossil fuels (coal, natural gas), such as renewable sources like wind, sun, or running water. Solar panels are a common way to collect the sun's energy.

BIOMASS IS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

Nelson Education, no date , Glossary, Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective, 2nd editionhttp://www.environment.nelson.com/0176169040/glossary.html

alternative energy. Renewable energy sources, such as wind, flowing water, solar energy and biomass, which create lessenvironmental damage and pollution than fossil fuels, and offer an alternative to nonrenewable resources.

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AE HELPS ENVIRON

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PRODUCES NO EMISSIONSMeredith Christiansen is Product Manager, Neenah Paper. The Greenspeak Glossary is part of Neenah Green, a multiheaded initiative to alleviate climate chang. 4-10- 08 http://s220352448.onlinehome.us/2008/04/10/greenspeak-glossary/Alternative energy: Energy derived from sources that have little or no impact on the environment and produce no net greenhouse gasemissions in generating electricity. Such sources include wind and solar.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY USES UP NO NATURAL RESOURCESWORDNET , at Princeton University, 0 6 http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=alternative%20energy(n) alternative energy (energy derived from sources that do not use up natural resources or harm the environment)

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY MUST HELP ENVIRONMENTBC Science Clusters Directory, Glossary , 11-3- 05 http://www.vpl.ca/bcscienceclusters/glossary.html

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY includes all energy sources and energy technologies that minimize environmental impacts relative toconventional hydrocarbon resources and technology.

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INCENTIVES MUST HAVE OUTCOME

Incentives must have a linked outcomeGrant, 02 - professor of political science at Duke University (Ruth, THE ETHICS OF INCENTIVES: HISTORICAL ORIGINSAND CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDINGS, Economics and Philosophy, 18 (2002) 111, proquest)

We are now in a position to identify a core understanding or adistinctive meaning of the concept of incentives; what we might callincentives `strictly speaking'. Incentives are employed in a particular form of negotiation. An offer is made which is an extrinsic benefit or a

bonus, neither the natural or automatic consequence of an action nor adeserved reward or compensation. The offer is usually made in the context of an authority relationship for example, adult/child, employer/employee, government/citizen or government/organization.The offer is a discrete prompt expected to elicit a particular response. Finally and most importantly, the offer isintentionally designed to alter the status quo by motivating a person to choose differently than he or she would inits absence. If the desired action would result naturally or automatically, no incentive would be necessary. Anincentive is the added element without which the desired action would not occur.

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ALTERNATIVE ENERGY MUST BE NOT MAINSTREAM

Alternative energies aren't mainstreamNatural resources defense council, 08 http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp

alternative energy - energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposedto fossil fuels ).

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AE NOT FOSSIL FUELS

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY IS NOT FOSSIL FUELS

Information Architects, "an Environmental dictionary for beginners" no date http://www.iagreen.com/glossary.htm

Alternative Energy: Energy from a source other than the conventional fossil-fuel sources of oil, natural gas and coal (i.e., wind,running water, the sun). Also referred to as "alternative fuel."

Alternative energy is not fossil fuelsUS department of interior , 7/16/ 08 "Alternative energy programs, definitions" Minerals Management Servicehttp://www.mms.gov/offshore/AlternativeEnergy/Definitions.htm

Alternative energy: Fuel sources that are other than those derived from fossil fuels. Typically used interchangeably for renewableenergy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy.

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RESOLVED DEFINITIONS

Resolved requires a definite course of action

WordNet 06(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, adj.)determined; "she was firmly resolved to be a doctor"; "single-minded in his determination to stop smoking" [syn: single-minded]

Dictionary.com 06(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, adj.)firm in purpose or intent; determined

MSN Encarta 07(http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861700940/resolved.html, adj)determined: determined in purpose

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Online 07(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?dict=CALD&key=67258, adj.)determined

Dictionary.com 06(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, verb)

to come to a definite or earnest decision about ; determine (to do something): I have resolved that I shall live to the full.

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary Online 07(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?dict=CALD&key=67258, verb)to make a decision formally or with determination

American Heritage Dictionary 07(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Resolved, verb)To make a firm decision about.

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THE DEFINITIONS

The implies a particular, definite noun.

Dictionary.com 06(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/The, article)(used, esp. before a noun, with a specifying or particularizing effect, as opposed to the indefinite or generalizing force of the indefinitearticle a or an ): the book you gave me; Come into the house.

American Heritage Dictionary 06(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/The, article)Used before singular or plural nouns and noun phrases that denote particular, specified persons or things: the baby; the dress I wore.

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 06(http://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the)used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is definite or has been previously specified by context or

by circumstance

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SHOULD DEFINITIONS

Should is used to show an obligation

Dictionary.com 06(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/should)must; ought (used to indicate duty, propriety, or expediency): You should not do that.

MSN Encarta 07(http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/should.html)indicating that something is the right thing for somebody to do

Wordsmyth 02(http://www.wordsmyth.net/live/home.php?script=search&matchent=should&matchtype=exact)used to indicate obligation.

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SUBSTANTIALLY DEFINITIONS

Substantially means with material qualificationBlacks Law Dictionary 1990

Substantially means at least 95%Kerry Lavelle JD, Depaul, Virginia Tax Review 89

The origin of section 482 can be traced to Articles 77 and 78 of Regulation 41 of the Revenue Act of 1921 ("1921 Act") whichimposed the requirement that "affiliated" domestic corporations and partnerships file consolidated returns. 9 That Regulation wasratified by section 1331 of the 1921 Act, 10 but was narrowly construed to apply only to entities that bought and sold products amongeach other either above or below the current market price, in effect creating an artificial distribution of profit. The "affiliation"required in the early 1920's between the two businesses that traded goods was either direct ownership or control of substantially all of the stock of the two business entities. While this statute did not define the term "substantially all," Treasury Decision 2662 (March,1918) clarified section 78 of Regulation 41, stating that " substantially all of the stock" meant ninety-five percent .Subsequently , section 1331 of the 1921 Act accepted this definition of the term "substantially ."

Substantially means more than 50%

Anne Dupre Associate Professor of Law, University of Georgia Law 00 Washington law review

In fact, the statute defines "substantial " evidence as "beyond a mere preponderance," or beyond fifty percent . 311 Giventhat definition of "substantial evidence ," it would appear that "substantially likely" means that the school must show thatthere is a more than fifty-percent likelihood that injury will occur before a violent student can be placed in an alternativesetting

Substantially means at least 30%

Joseph Ferraro Partner, Clifford Chance Rogers & Wells , 02 American University Law Review

The Federal Circuit noted that, in this case, the specification defines "substantially increased" as an increase of at least thirtypercent and provides reasonable guidance through the examples of how the increase should be measured. 534 The court also observed that the specification disclosessuggestions for how long a "period sufficient" might be, and the parties agreed that a "period sufficient" could be determined by doing activity checks. 535 The FederalCircuit noted that, "when a word of degree is used the district court must [*691] determine whether the patent's specification provides some standard for measuringthat degree." 536 In this case, the specification provided guidance as to what was meant by "substantial absence" with a reasonable degree of particularity anddefiniteness. 537 Accordingly, the Federal Circuit reversed the summary judgment of invalidity and remanded the case to the Court of Federal Claims. 538

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INCREASE DEFINITIONS

Increase means to make largerRandom House Unabridged Dictionary 2006increase/v. n kris; n. nkris/ [v. in-krees; n. in-krees] Pronunciation Key - Show IPA Pronunciation verb, -creased, -creasing, noun

verb (used with object)1. to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: to increase taxes.

Increase means to continually growThe American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 2006

These verbs mean to make or become greater or larger. Increase sometimes suggests steady growth: The mayor's politicalinfluence rapidly increased. "No machines will increase the possibilities of life. They only increase the possibilities of idleness"(John Ruskin).

- Increase means to become larger in size, amount, number or intensityMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary 2006

Main Entry: 1increase

Pronunciation: \in- krs, in- \ Function: verbInflected Form(s): increased; increasingEtymology: Middle English encresen, from Anglo-French encreistre, from Latin increscere, from in- + crescere to grow more at crescentDate: 14th century1: to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity)

- Increase means to make a set amount biggerWorldweb Online 2006

Verb: increase in'kreesBecome bigger or greater in amount"The amount of work increased"Make bigger or more

"The boss finally increased her salary"; "The university increased the number of students it admitted"

- increase means to become larger in number or valueOxford University Press 2005

increase verb, nounverb /nkris/ ~ (sth) (from A) (to B)| ~ (sth) (by sth) to become or to make sth greater in amount, number, value, etc.: [v] The

population has increased from 1.2 million to 1.8 million.

- Increase means a process to become greater larger in importanceWordNet 2001

Increase

3. A process of becoming larger or more numerous or more important; "the increase in unemployment"; "the growth of population".

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IN DEFINITIONS

In: part of somethingCambridge University Press, 2006

(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=54475&dict=CALD)

prepositionforming a part of something:

In: involved withCambridge University Press, 2006

(http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=54475&dict=CALD)

prepositioninvolved or connected with a particular subject or activity:

In: inclusion within limitsMerriam Websters Online Dictionary, 06 . (http://www.m-w.com/cgi-

bin/dictionary)

used as a function word to indicate inclusion, location, or position withinlimits