TOEFL Grammar _ Essential Grammar for TOEFL

8/8/2019 TOEFL Grammar _ Essential Grammar for TOEFL

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Grammar Vocabulary

GRAMMAR VOCABULARY......................................................................................................................................1

1. SENTENCES ............................................................................................................................................. ......... .......4

1.1 Sentence patterns ........................................................................................................ .......................4

1.1.1 Subject............................................................................................................................. ........4

1.1.2 Object............................................................................................................. .........................4

1.1.3 Complement ................................................................................................ ...........................5

1.2 Subordinate clause ......................................................................................................................... ......51.2.1 Reduced clause ..................................................................................................... .................5

1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng: o ng t chnh / o tr ng t ..............................................5

2. VERBS ................................................................................................................................................................... ....7

2.1 Tenses .................................................................................................................................. ...............7

2.1.1 Past ....................................................................................................................................... ..7

2.1.2 Present .......................................................................................................... .........................7

2.1.3 Future ............................................................................................................ .........................7

2.2 Verb patterns ......................................................................................................................... ...............8

2.2.1 Intransitive V ........................................................................................................... ................8

2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv) ................................................. .................82.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) ........................................................................................ .........9

2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth) ...................................................................... ..........10

2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form .................................................11

2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 ang tip tin .....................11

2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf....................................................... ..11

2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement) ....................................... .11

2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) han thnh cng vic, qua, passive ............................13

2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing) ......................................................................................... .14

2.2.11 S + V + to + V .................................................................................................................. .....15

2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing .................................................................................................... ........16

2.2.13 Series of V ..................................................................................................... ......................17

2.3 Modal verbs ng t hnh thi ............................................................................................. ...........18

2.4 Condition ........................................................................................................................ ....................19

2.4.1 Tense ............................................................................................................. ......................19

2.4.2 Conditional conjunction ................................................................................................ .........19

2.4.3 Unreal expression .................................................................................................... .............20

2.4.4 To Wish ................................................................................................................ .................20

2.5 Active - Passive voice ............................................................................................................... ........21

2.5.1 Active form ............................................................................................................. ................21

2.5.2 Passive form ........................................................................................................ .................21

2.6 Reported speech ............................................................................................................... .................22

2.7 Verb + prepositions ........................................................................................................................ ....23

2.8 Verbal phrases ...................................................................................................... ............................24

2.8.1 Clichs ................................................................................................................... ...............26

3. NOUNS ...................................................................................................................................................................26

3.1 Nouns agree with V .......................................................................................................... ..................26

3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns ......................................................................................... ............27

3.2.1 countable nouns ................................................................................................................... .27

3.2.2 Uncountable nouns .................................................................................................. .............27

3.2.3 Countable nouns ............................................................................................................ .......28

3.2.4 Uncountable nouns .................................................................................................. .............28

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3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meanings .................................................................. ...................28

3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural Verbs ............................................................. .................29

3.2.7 Patterns ...................................................................................................... ..........................29

3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun ...................................................................................... ....29

3.2.9 Noun clauses ....................................................................................................... .................30

3.2.10 Article ..................................................................................................................... ..............30

3.3 N + Verb ..................................................................................................................... .......................30

3.4 Preposition ............................................................................................................. ...........................31

3.4.1 Pronouns ................................................................................................... ...........................313.4.2 Noun phrases ............................................................................................ ............................31

3.4.3 N Idioms .......................................................................................................................... ....32

4. ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................................ ..33

4.1 Position of adj. in clause ........................................................................................................... .........33

4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM .......................................................................................... ...33

4.3 Patterns .............................................................................................................................. ...............33

4.3.1 Sentences ................................................................................................................... ..........33

4.3.2 Adjective clause .................................................................................................... .................34

4.4 Comparison ......................................................................................................................... ...............34

4.4.1 Equal comparision ........................................................................................ ........................344.4.2 Comparative ............................................................................................. ............................35

4.4.3 Supperlative ................................................................................................................ ...........35

4.5 Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................................... ....35

4.5.1 Descriptive adj ............................................................................................... .......................35

4.5.2 Limiting adj......................................................................................................................... ....35

4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives ............................................................... ...............36

4.6 Preposition ............................................................................................................... ..........................37

5. ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................................................ ...38

5.1 Definition ................................................................................................................. ..........................38

5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + Time ................................................. .........................385.3 Building words .................................................................................................................... ................38

5.4 Vocabulary ..................................................................................................................................... ....38

5.4.1 Frequency .................................................................................................................... ..........38

5.4.2 Degree ..................................................................................................................... ..............39

5.4.3 Quality/manner tnh cht, cch thc ............................................................... ...................39

5.4.4 Place .............................................................................................................................. ........39

5.4.5 Time - thi gian ........................................................................................................ .............40

5.4.6 Purpose mc ch ................................................................................................. .............40

5.4.7 Reason nguyn nhn ................................................................................................ .........40

5.4.8 Concession nhng b .......................................................................... ...........................405.4.9 Contrast i lp ........................................................................................................... .......40

5.4.10 Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... ................40

6. CONJUNCTIONS ............................................................................................................................... ........ ......... ....41

6.1 Vocabulary ...................................................................................................................................... ....41

6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction ............................................................................ ..........................41

6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction ................................................................................................ ....41

7. PREPOSITIONS ...................................................................................................................................... ......... .......43

7.1 Meaning ........................................................................................................................................... ...43

7.2 Phrases .......................................................................................................................... ....................44

LISTENING.................................................................................................................................................................49TOEFL........................................................................................................................................................................50

8. CONFUSED WORDS .............................................................................................................................. ......... .......50



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9. NUMBERS ..................................................................................................................................................... ........ ..54

9.1 Ordinal numbers s th t .................................................................................. ...........................54

9.2 Cardinal number s m ........................................................................................... .....................54

9.3 Time, ................................................................................................................................................ ..54

9.4 Age .................................................................................................................................. ..................55

9.5 Measurement units ............................................................................................................ .............55

9.6 Comparative ...................................................................................................................... ................56

9.7 Maths .............................................................................................................................................. ...56

10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES ............................................................................................................................. ...56



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1. SENTENCESMain clause + subordinate clause

1.1 Sentence patternsIntroductory

modifier

S Adv V O Adv

N, + definiting relative clause V O , V-ing + OAdj, + , Appositive (N phrase),

non-definite relative clause(V-ing, V-ed) ,

V O and V + O

Adv, V O ,, and V + O Adv

modifies

clauseAdv Ving

+ O

V O Adv

modifies VPrep. + V-ing + O, Ved + V OV-ing + O, activeV-ed + O, passive

To inf+ O,

purposeAdverbial clause, Main clauseMain clause Adverbial

clause

SPECIAL

It / there + be + adj + to-inf/ that + clause.

It / there + be + N + adj - clause.

It is likely that + clause

That + clause + V + O

It is the first (sb) to inf

(Sb) + first + V-ed

It was 1973 that + clause

It was I/she/he/we/they/you (=subject compplement)who

It is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention

It was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention

Ex.

Astronomernow believe them.

To influence farmers the most.

The very mistakes they make show that + clause.The committee members resented the presidents not Oinforming them of meeting.

S V adj N N O

The American dancer Maria Tellchieffirst became prominet in Europe.

1.1.1 Subject

Noun, N phrase, N clause, Pronoun, Gerund,

Ex. That clause + V + O

1.1.2 Object

DO = sth IO = sb

Patern: S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)

S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)



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1.1.3 ComplementN, Adj.

Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)

Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).

1.2 Subordinate clauseNoun clause

Adjective clause

Adverbial clause

Reduced adj-clause; appositive.

1.2.1 Reduced clause

If, unless,

whether,

although, though

When, after, before, since, while V-ing ActiveOnce, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, as V- ed Passive

Though While adj

Main clause

(S+V+O)

Ex. Take the medicine as prescribed

The man took the medicine as having to.

After / ifpermitted, the student will be absent from class.

1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng: o ng t chnh / o tr ng t

Pattern: adv + aux/defective V + S Strong form

Weak form: emphasize

Ex. Money you shall have if you go and get me a magazine.

Negative word: not only, not until, not once, at no tim, by no mean, nowhere, never, seldom, rarely,scarely, hardly, no longer, barely, no sooner, nowhere, not, at no time, nore, neither, on no account, by no

means, little, evenless, so, such

Ex. Never will I smoke again.

Ex. In no circumstances must a soldier leave his cambat position.

= A soldier must not leave his cambat position in any circumstances .

Only, so, such: only after, only once, only them, only by chance , only today, only yesterday, only onrare occational, only with dificulty, only by luck

Ex. So beautiful is she that = such a beautiful girl is she that

Only + subordinate clause, + main clause

Preposition phrase + V + S: in front of, in the corner of, in, outside o ng t

Ex. On the desk lies a spider

Here / there + V + S

ch t gi

o ng tEx. Here comes my taxi!

Except: Here you are!

If clause: unreal in the past/present; real in the present

Ex. Had I met you 10 years ago, I wouldnt have married her.

Were I you, I would marry

Should she come, Ill tell.

Did you study har, you might pass the exam.

Comparision o ng t

Ex. Helium is not inflamable, and is therefore safer than hydrogen.New York Citys Central Park is nearly twice as large as is the second smallest country, Monaco.



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{long subject}



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2.2 Verb patternsS + Auxilary V + Main V +

Modal V = can, could, may, might, will,

would, shall, should, must, ought to,had better, would rather

Modal verb + (not) bare inf.

Intransitive V + Modifier = adv

Primary V = be, have, do Transitive V + IO + DO = Sb + SthLinking V + Complement = N, adj, advTo be

2.2.1 Intransitive V

Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive form

Swap run ry,

Collape, run, walk, wait+ modifier = adv

2.2.2 Linking verbs: S + Linking V + C (noun / adj / adv)

Linking verbs:

Be = Become

Become * tr nn

Go

Grow

Get

TurnRemain vn cn

StayAppear *

Look * trng nh

Seem * dng nh

Sound nghe nh

Prove t raFeel

Smell

Taste

+ complement = N, adj, adv

Ex. To look ordinary lying on the bed



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2.2.3 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb)

2.2.3.1 Subjunctive bng thi cch: S + Vt + DO (sb) + to-inf.

Meaning an order or a request 2 Subj.

Transitive V: can make passive forms

Formular:

S1 + V + DO(sb) + (not) to inf.

S1 + V + that S2 + (not) bare inf present subjuctiveVerbs:

Advise + V-ing

Allow * + V-ing + to-inf,

= permit

Ask + to-inf

Cause *

Command

Convince = persuade thuyt

phc

Challenge = Defy thch thcDecree ban hnh

Demand

Desire + V-ing desire + to-inf

mun

Enable

Encourage (*) + V-ing

= encourage * that (bare-inf)- khuyn khch, ng h

Expect + to-infForce + to-inf

Help + V-ing = + to-

Help + (sb) + to-inf / bare-inf

Hire + to-inf

Insist * + that = on + V-ing /

Know + V-ing = + to-inf.

Instruct

Invite *

Move

Need + to-inf +V-ing (= need to

be V-ed active)

Order * + to-inf

Permit * = allow + to-inf +V-ing

Prefer +to-inf V-ingPropose + to-inf +V-ing

Recommend * + V-ing

= +(as)+to-inf

Remind

Request * + to-inf

Require *

Stipulate quy nh.

Suggest *

Teach

Tell + (sth) *Train

Urge thc gic.

Wish + to-inf

+ (sb) + (not) to inf.

Demand, insistance, preference, proposal, recommendation, request,requirement, suggestion

+ that + clause (bare-inf) +main V

To ask, demand, insist, prefer, propose, order, recommend, require,

request, suggestIts

Recommended*, suggested*, proposed*, required*, urgent khan

Mandatory, obligatory bt buc

Assential*, nessessary*, important*, vital*- very important, imperative *-cp bch, bt buc (a).

+ that + clause (bareinf)

Or

+ to inf active.

2.2.3.2 S + V + to + be + pp passive

Ex. There is (sth) to be passive



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2.2.4 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + IO (sth)

List of verbs:

Write

Read

Sing

Tell

PaintDraw

Pass

Hand

Give

Send

Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb)

Lend * (sth) to (sb)

Mail

BringFind

Get

Leave

Promise

Offer

Throw

Sell

Buy

Loan

Owe n

Advance t trc

Teach

Show

Make

Feed

Cut

Build

+ (sb) + (sth)

S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb)

Explain

Describe

Introduction

Lend

Say

Report

Repeat

+ (sth) + to/for (sb)



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2.2.5 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Bare Inf. causative form

2.2.5.1 Active

To have/get + (sb) + bare inf

To have/get + (sth) + pp. passive

To help + (sb) + bare-inf. / to inf

To make + (sb)/(sth) + bare-inf = force (sb) + toinf. bt buc.

To let + (sb)/(sth) + bareinfWould you please * + (not) + bare-inf.

Please* + (dont) + bare-inf.To say/ tell + (sb)

To think / believe

+ that + clause (bare-inf)

2.2.5.2 Passive: S + Vt + IO (sth) + pp. / Adj

Have / get/ make + (sth) + pp. nh (ai) lm

Ex. To have my hair cut

To have the floor cleanedLet us do (sth) = lets do (sth)

2.2.6 Transitive V: S + Vt + DO (sb) + V-ing (present participle) V2 ang tip tin

List of verbs:

Catch

Find

Keep

Leave

Set Start

+ (sb) + V-ing (present participle)

V2 ang tip tin

2.2.7 Perception verbs: S + Vt + DO (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.

Perception verbs: sense of humor/community: hearing,seeing, touch, smell, taste

Observe

See *

Look at

Watch *

Hear *

Listen to

Notice *

Feel *

Smell

Taste

+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.

2.2.8 Transitive V: S + Vt + O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC (complement)

List of verbs:



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Call

Name

Make

Consider * (sb) (as) N = regard * (sb) + as + N xem nh

Appoint * b nhim

Assign phn cng, ch nh

Designate (ch nh)

Choose

Select

Pick out

+ O (sb/sth) + (as / to be) + OC



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2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) han thnh cng vic, qua, passive

Tense:

Past action: V + having + pp.

Passive: V + being + pp.

List of verbs:

Admit * tha nhn passive.

Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-infAnticipate * n trc

Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing

Avoid *

Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-inf.

Complete

Consider * xem nh.

Control *

Defend

Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing tr hon

Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to / until +Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. ph nhn

Desire * passive.

Detest

Discuss

Dislike

Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf

Enjoy *

Escape

Excuse

Fancy tng tngFear

Finish *

Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-inf.

Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) + to-inf.

Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf.

Imagine

Involve * lin quan

Keep (*)

Like (**) + V-ing like + to-infLove (**)+ V-ing love + to-inf

Mention

Mind * would you mind / do you mind

Miss

Need (*) + V-ing passive.

Pardon

Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-inf.

Practise

Prevent

Quit *Remember (**) + V-ing remember + to-inf

Recall

Recollect

Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) +

to-inf

Regret + V-ing regret + to-inf tic

Report

Resent * phn n, ni gin, ghen

Resist khng c

Resume

Risk liu

Suggest passive.

Top, End (**)

Tolerate tha th, chu ng

Try (**) + V-ing try + to-inf

Understand

Want (*) + V-ing want + to-inf = want (sb) to-

inf.

S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.

Advise

Recommend

Encourage khuyn khch, ng h

Allow

Permit

Forbid * cm

+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf



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2.2.10 S + expression + Gerund (V-ing)

2.2.10.1 Expression / phrasal verb

Cant help

Cant bear = cant stand khng th chu ng

have a hard time

have fun trouble

spend time

go ( sport / hobby)be worth passive.

Give up = abandon t b, u hng

Get through = use up; finish + V-ing

Go on = continue, work on

Keep on

Put off= postpone (hon)

+ V-ing

2.2.10.2 Prep. + Ving

Approve of

Be letteroff

Count on

Think about / of

Forget about

To object to

To look forward to

To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + V- ing

used to + inf.

To go ( sport / hobby)

Accustom to

+ V-ing



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2.2.11 S + V + to + V

2.2.11.1 S + V + (not) to inf. (khng c ngha mc ch)

hng ti tng lai: mong mun, bt buc

Afford (p ng)

Agree* + to-inf refuse + to-inf

Aim

Appear*

Arrange

Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf.

Attempt

Beg

Care

Choose

Claim tuyn b.

Consent tn thnh, ong y.

Dare

Decide

Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) =demand (sb) + to-inf

Deserve* xng ng.

Desire (*) + V-ing/To-inf.

Determine

Expect*

Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf

Fail*

Forget (**) + to-inf forget + V-ing

Happen

Hate

Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf.

Hesitate

Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage

Hope*

Intend*

Learn nghe tin

Like / dislike (**) + to-inf + V-ing

Love (**) + to-inf + V-ing

Manage

Mean

Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf + V-ing

Offer

Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf

Plan

Prefer

Prepare

Pretend gi v

Promise*

Refuse *Request

Seem

Strive phn u, c gng = try + to-inf

Struggle

Swear

Tend

Threaten e do

Undertake m nhn

Warn cnh bo

Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf.

want + V-ing =want to be + V-ed.

Wait

Wish

Volunteer

Vote * bu c.

Would like + to inf invitation, want

To be likely + to inf c l.

There is to be + to inf passive

+ to-inf

S + V + Wh-question + toinf.



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Ask

Tell

Show

Advise

Teach

Learn

Know

Remember

Forget

Explain

Understand

Wonder

Decide

+ Wh-question + to-inf

Ex.

I want to know how to prepare a lecture.

2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing

Dont change meaning

BeginStart

Intend

Continue

Bother

Help

Know

+ toinf / Ving

Change meaning:



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Remenber

Forget

Regret

Love

Like /dislike (would you like)

Hate

Want

Prefer

Try + to-inf c gng

Try + V-ing th

Need* + to-inf active

Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp. passive

Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on (sth)

Agree

Allow

Permit

AttemptLeave

Mean

Neglect

Dread s hi

Study

Stop

Propose

Go on

Cant helpCant bear

+ V-ing qua, b ng (c lm), cng vic;

meaning: tinh thn, tnh cm

+ to-inf s lm, kt qu meaning: vt cht,

2.2.13 Series of V

2.2.13.1 S + V + to + V

Purpose nhm, .

2.2.13.2 S + V and V

Consecutive cc hnh ng lin tip.

2.2.13.3 S + V (,) present participle

Simultaneous

cc hnh ng cng mt lc.



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2.3 Modal verbs ng t hnh thi

Present tense: Modal verb + (not) bare inf.

Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, had better, would rather,

1. Request Yu cu lch s

Will you + inf. have (sb) do (sth)

Would you + inf. invite

2. Permission Xin php

May, can + inf.

3. Ability kh nng

Can + inf = to be able to + inf. c th

4. Guess, posibility Phn n

50%: may*, might* (unreal), could + inf c th

90%: should*, ought* + inf expect mong mun c l l

95%: must + inf chc l

5. Advisibility khuyn bo

Should*, had better*, ought to + inf nn, tt hn l

Should* have + pp l ra nn ( past)

6. Necessary / obligation / logical conclusion cn thit, yu cu

Must + (not) inf = (dont) have to + inf(past tense: had to) = be to + inf.

= have got to + inf= be supposed to + inf.

Past tense: Must* + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.

7. Logical conclusion

Must + have + pp. logical conclusion in the past.

Must + be + V-ing / adj logical conclusion in the present.

Must + bare inf every day, often logical conclusion events that repeat.

8. Preference ngh

Present / Future: Would rather / would sooner + (not) inf. (present subjunctive inf.)

Would rather than S2 + past subj. = S1 + wish + S2 + past subj.

Present contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + present subjunctive (inf.)

Past contrary to fact: S1 + wish + S2 + past perfect subjunctive (had + past sub.)

9. Past habit Thi quen trong qu kh

Would + inf. = used to + inf.

To be used to + V-ing to be accustomed to

To get used to + V-ing to become accustomed to

10. Would rather thnh thc m ni

Would rather+ (not) bare-inf = Prefer+ to-inf

Would rather* + S + (didnt) + inf unreal thnh thc m ni.

Ex. Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being.



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11. Spectation about the past - c on hnh ng trong qu kh - chc hn l

Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle

Should + have + pp l ra nn

Must + have + pp. certain chc chn.

May + have + pp. possible c th.

Could + have + pp. possible c th.

Might + have + pp. less possible it kh nng.Cant + have + pp. impossible, almost impossible hu nh khng th.

Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didnt do (sth).

2.4 Condition

2.4.1 Tense

If- clause Main clauseReal in the present / future Present simple

Do *

Future simple

Will + inf.Unreal in the present / future Past subjunctive

V-ed (were) **

Conditional simple

Would + inf.Unreal in the past Past perfect subjunctive

Had + past subj. *

Inversion of had + omit if

Conditional perfect

Would + have + pp.

Mixed time

Result of the action in the past

Past perfect subjunctive

Had + pp.

(unreal in the past)

Conditional simple

Would + inf.

(unreal in the present)

Tense

Conditional tense: would + inf expresion action in the future

Past subjunctive: V-ed (were) expresion action in the present

Past perfect sub.: had + past sub. expresion action in the past

Could = would be able to

Might = may be would

Inversion o ng ***

Ex 1. If I had a car I would go to class on time.

Had I a car I would go to class on time.

Ex 2. If he should be here he would see her

a little chance to happen nu tnh c.

an opportunity nu c c hi.Reduce form dng rt gn *

V-ing / Ved + S + V + O

2.4.2 Conditional conjunction

If, only if nu, ch khi.

In case = in the event that trong trng hp.

Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase min l, vi iu kin.

Unless = If not nu khng.

Or else = otherwise = or nu khng.



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2.4.3 Unreal expression

c

Wish = If only c m, gi m, gi m.

Would to God = would rather that c g

+ clause (unreal past)

Would + have + pp.

V-ed

Might / could / would + inf future

Might / could / would + past sub. presentMight / could / would + past perfect sub. (had pp) past

Nh th l

Main clause + as if / as though + clause = Would + have + pp.

Present simple past sub.

Past simple past perfect sub.

n lc

Its (high / about) time + for (sb) + to - inf punctual present n lc.

Its time + clause (V-ed = past sub.) qua l ra complaining / criticizing: phn nn, chng i, ch trch.

Unfulfilled desires in the past **

Had hoped + that + would + (not) + bare inf.

Ex. She had hoped that he would stay longer.

2.4.4 To Wish

Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf want

Wish + would + bare infWish + V-ed (past subjuctive)

Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)

unreal in the future / present / past

Wish + (sb) + N

Wish + (sb) + adj

Wish + for + N

Ex. I wish you luck.

We wish you a Merry Christmas

He wished himself dead.

He wishes for money.



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2.5 Active - Passive voice

2.5.1 Active form

Meaning: Express habitual, natural, realy actions

Compare these cases:

Active: If the sake bakes much longer, it will burn.

Active: Brick exposed

Active: Mecury expand in direct proporttion to temp.Active: the sale ends

Active: City lies in

Passive: City is locatied in

2.5.2 Passive form

S + V + DO (sth) + IO (sb)

DO (sth) + be + pp. + IO + by + S

IO (sb) + be + pp. + to + DO + by + S

S + get + pp sth happen unplanned, unexpected.

S is said that + clause = S is said + to inf. ngi ta ni rng

S is supposed + to + inf. = It is planned / arranged / expected

There is / are + sth + to be + pp. dn c lm

Be + to be + present/ pp. intention d tnh.Its believed

Its hypothesized

Its known

Its said

Its thought

Its true

Its written

+ that + clause (simple present)

expresses, knowledge

Ex.

Fish have been found to contain a particular type of fat that helps lower blood cholesterol levels



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2.6 Reported speech

Verbs:

ask, believe, forget, knowm remember, report, say, think, tell + that + clause.

Change:

Pronoun, possessive pronoun he, she, they, him her

Time:

Today that dayYesterday the day before.

The day before yesterday two days before

Tomorrow the next day, the following day.

The day after tomorrow in two days time .

A year ago the previous year, a year before.

Khng i theo bng khi c thi gian c th.

Ex, On Monday Jack said to Tom: Im leaving the day after tomorrow.

On Tuesday Jack said to Tom he was leaving tomorrow.

Adjective:

This, that the, it

These, those them

Next the following

Last the previous

Wh question

Wh word + S + V + O

Cu mnh lnh 2 i t lin tc

Verbs: beg, remind, warn, advice, recommend, ask

S + O + to inf.

Mnh din t mt s tht, chn l

Khng i trt t ca i t: simple present, simple past

iu kin khng tht khng i th ca ng t.



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2.7 Verb + prepositionsAccede to tn thnh

Accommodate to sp xp

Accommodate (sb) with (sth) cung cp

Accompany by (sb) with (sth) theo

Account for = as of (prep?) tnh n

Add (sth) to (sth)

Adjust toAdmit to nhn vo .

Advise on (sth)

Appeal for ku gi

Apply to (place) for(position) xin vo

Appose to + V-ing

Approve of

Arive at place, in country, in city, home

Attach to

Attribute to

Believe in, belief(s) in (n)Belong to (sth)

Confess to th nhn

Confine to giam cm , hn ch.

Contribute to ng gp

Consist of = compose of gm = include =incompass.

Delicate (sth) to (v-ing)

Devide into

Devote (sth) to (sth) cng hin

Differentiate between + in khc nhau gia + ch

Enter + (place) enterinto (problem)Expose to

Face + with (sth)

Feed on = eat

Fight for.

Forget about (sth)

Infuse A into B / B with A thm, ngm

Interfere with tr ngi, cn tr

Introduce into (sth)

Lead to

Object to (sth/ ones V-ing)Referto

Regard to

Relate to (sb)

Remind (sb) of(sth/sb)

Search for tm kim

Serve as position

Succeed in successful success thnh cng

Succeed to successive succession k tha, ktc

Worry aboutTalk + to (sb) about (sth)

Talk with (sb)(sth) trnh by .

Be noted forwork

Be well-known forwork + as person/position

Be respected forwork

Be appreciated forwork

Win prize / award forwork thng cho cng trnh

Receive prize / award forwork

Reward (sb) for(sth)

Pay for(sth)

Buy / sell / purchase + (sth) + for(money)

Gain prominence for c ch y v

Mistaken for(sth) b nhm vi

Pay for(sth) with cash

Spend (money) for(sth)

Qualify for

Register (sb) for(course)To cast off= to give up t b, u hng

To get rid of+ V -ing = do away - r b

Associate with lin kt vi

Connect with (sb) to (sth)

Deal with

Depute with tranh ci vi

Compare with

Compete with cnh tranh.

Comply with (sth) tun theo.

Mingle with = mix with = blend with trn ln= sthBlend into trn ln voCome from = stem from = derive from

Detach from tho ra

Detract from ly i, lm gim

Differfrom (sth) in (sth)/ that clause

Emerge from ni ln, hin ln

Escape from

Forbid (sb) + from + V-ing be forbidden + to inf

Obtain from

Prevent (sb/sth) fromProfit from

Sufferfrom

Remove from

Result from l do

= Result in dn n kt qu = the result ofWithdraw from rt ra khi.



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To catch (sb) in + V-ed bt gp

To be caught in + V-ed

To be opposited + to

To be betteroff+ V-ing

Confide in gii by vi

Engage in tin hnh, ha hn

Observe in (light, flame)Participate in

Rank in (value) xp hng theo

Range in (size) phn loi theo

Succeed in

Vary in (sth)

Advise (sb) on (sth)/ of(sth)

advise (sb) agaisnt doing sth

Aggree with / on

Concentrate on tp trung

Count on (sb/sth)

Decide on *

Depend on *

Design on *

Focus on *

Insist on /that (inf) khn khon i, nht nh *

Plan on (V-ing) *

Rely on: to be dependent tin vo.

Spend (time) on (sth) = spend (time) doing (sth) *

Spend (money) for(sth) *

Vote on (sth) *

Ex.

I forgot about our asking them

V prep.-Adj-Gerund-Obj

2.8 Verbal phrases

To make

To make means to produce, creat contruct.

Ex:Make an advances in

make an attempt

make choice

make a comparision

make a contribution

make an exception

make a decision

make a discovery

make a distinction

Make a forcast

Make a law

Make a mistake

Make a point

Make an investment

Make a plan

Make a prediction

Make a profit

Make a promise

Make an offer

Make a suggestion

Make a sound / noise

Make use of

To make a grant to (sb) = to grant (sb) (sth) ban, cp.

To make + Obj (short form) + adj + to inf. = To make + adj + Obj (noun phrase).

Ex. Make it possible for people to live

Make possible the first settlment

To do

To do means to perform, act, accomplish

Do an assignment

Do bussiness with

Do a job (errand, chore vic vt)

Do ones duty

Do ones work

Do homework

Do research

Do someone a favor

Do ones best c gng ht sc

Do manufacture

Do contribution to

Do damage

Do wonder

Do a service

Do kindness

Do harm

Do wrong

Do justice to nh gi ng

To Advise

Advise (sb) not to do (sth)

Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth)

Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth)



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2.8.1 Clichs

To put in your diary = remember to do.

To give me a hand = help, aid, assisst,

3. NOUNS

3.1 Nouns agree with VHere / there + be (S) + S

Great quantities of+ N

Lot of = a lot of

None + of the

No, half, any

Almost of the, almost all, Most, all, some,majority

+

(Of the)

All but tt c, ngoi tr

Of many things, trong s

Fractions / percentages

The rest

+ N + V (N)

Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2

Either/ Neither+ N1 + or/nor+ N2

+ V (N2)

S1 + as well as + S2 (cng nh)

S1 + along with + S2 i theo

S1 + accompanied by + S2 thp tng bi

S1 + together with + S2

S1 + in addition to + S2

All ofS1 but S2 tt c, ngoi tr

+ V(S1)

Ex. Of all the law suits, 95 percents of them are

Singular V Plural VSingular count noun, non-count noun

Anything, nothing, something, every, A pair of, each,

everyone, someone, anyone, no one

Neither of, either

What, whatever, whoever

Plural count noun

Both + S1 + and + S2 = both of the + N= both+ N

A few, several, various, many, some,

numerous

One, a, an, one of the + N

Quantities of time/ money/ value/ distance

Two, three

The number of + plural N s lng

A great / large / big/ increasing amount of + noncount N

A number of + plural N nhiu

A great / large / big / increasing number of

The adj = adj + people = NVietnamese language Vietnamese people

Ex.

A Flock of birds, sheep

A Herd of cattle

A Pack of dogs

A School of fish

A Pride of lions

Eye glasses

Jeans - qun jean

Pants - qun di

Shorts - qun sooc

Trousers - qun ty

Pliers - km



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Tweezers - nhp

Scissors - keo

Tongs - kep

500 dollars a year

a large supply ofpensOlympic series

Most of the + N = most + N

Most ofthem = almost allBoth of the + N = both + N

A few of us girls = a few girls vi trong

s bn con gi chng ti.

The young, the woulded, the deaf, the blind, thedead, the living

Olympic gamesSingular nounsMumps - bnh quai b . Meases si. Arthritis vimkhp. Appendicitis vim rut tha. Rickets ci xng.

Herpes -

Economics. Mathematics. Statistics. Physics. Politics.Civis cng dn. Ethics o c. Genetics.

News

Learning, shopping working

3.2 Countable and uncountable nouns

3.2.1 countable nouns 3.2.2 Uncountable nounsT i kmThe, this, that, these, those, (a) few, pieces of

A, all, each, one, two, none

Some, any, many, A lot of, severalA great number(s) of, The number of(sing. V), Anumber of(plural V), fewer than , more than

Few = not many a few = some 3 + plural count

N, Only a few of

The, this, that, these, those, (a) little, piece of

Some, any, much, a lot of

A large/ big/ great/ increase numberof, Theamount of, less than , more than, less

Little = not much a little = some = a small

amount of sth



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Vocabulary

3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.4 Uncountable nounsSingular Plural

Alga algae to

Nucleus Nuclei nhn TB

Bacterium Bacteria

Fish Fish

Fungus Fungi / fungusesMouse Mice

Wolf Wolves ch si

Man Men

Child Children

Person People

Alumnus Alumni

Foot Feet

Thought - Thoughs

Feeling Feelings

Byssinosis Byssinoses - bnh bi phi do bng

Datum - Data

Basis Bases

Criss Crises

Criterion Criteria

Stimulus Stimuli - tc nhn kch thch

Phenomenon Phenomena

Dialysis Dialyses tham tch

Medium media

Radius RadiiIndex Indices

Appendix Appendices

Food (s) Fruit, Apple, Bread (s), Butter, Cheese,

Coffee, Pepper (s), Salt, Sugar (s), Tea (s), Milk, Rice(s) oil

Clothing, Jewelry

General Ns:

Equipment, Furniture, MachineryMaterials: wood, iron, glass

Traffic, Transportation

Homework, Housework, Information, Knowledge,Music, training, movie

Sunshine

Evidence (bng chng), Intelligence, Violence,

Air, steam, smoke, water, ice, Soil, Silver (s)

Advice

CourageDamage

Fun, Luck, Honesty (s thnh tht), Happiness,Sadness, beauty, peace,

Luggage, Postage

Money

Pottery, Poverty, Progress, Scenery

Abstract Ns:

Significance, ignorance

Singular nouns (plural):

Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s),

regulation(s), mural(s) tranh tng; vegetable(s),collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s)

3.2.5 Count and noncount noun meaningsAgreement(s)

Bone(s)

Business(es)Cloth(s)

Damage s thit hi; damage(s) tin boi

thng.

Decision(s)

Education(s)

Fire(s)

Glass(es)

History(ies)

Honor(s)



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3.2.6 Collective nouns + singular / plural VerbsArmy (on qun)

Assembly

Audience

Band, Team

Class

Client khch hng ca lut s

Club

Chorus dn ong ca.

Committee + singular V

Congress

Crowd

Crew

Faculty

Family

Government

Group

Jury (boi tham on)

Majority *

Minority

Orchestra ban nhc.

Organization

Public

Police

Series

Staff

Variety

2,3,4 dolars

2,3,4 miles

Ex. Eat plenty fruit and vegetables.

Ordinary: + sing VThe majority believes him to inocent.

The majority of students believe him to inocent (v ti).

Most of the caris

No remain are

Many a student knows this

N1 N2, they d nhm ln vit r ra.

N = V + post position

Ex. A drop out. A sit in. a look out. A break out. A lift out

3.2.7 PatternsPosition

N, apposition, V + O

N + Prep. + N

N + prepositional phrase + V

Ex.

Training program

It was they who + clause emphasize

3.2.8 Noun phrase = Adv + Adj + Noun

Compound Noun: N (name, as an adj) N

Position / function + N. Ex. Inventor John Hollan

N V-ing/ V-ed + N Ex.Wheat producing country

V-ing + N = Printing paper, making blacksmiths,

Adj + Adj + N. Ex.direct physical experience; efficient flying capabilities

Such + (a/an) + adj + N

So + adj + (a) + N. Ex. So far north

Noun phrases

Sch gio khoa biology book compound nounSch ni chung book of biology



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No single alphabet = not a single alphabet

Frances Independence Day

His first / last years ofoffice as President of us

N, so called, N

N, both of which + V

Those people who = those who

The other ngi cn li trong 2 ngi

Another ngi kia, (ngi khc)

Vietnam (n) nation. Vietnamese (n) nationality. Vietnamese (n) vietnamese language

A vietnamese (n) a person. The Vietnamese (n) viet nam people

Number + N

Ex. Most students = most of the students = almost all of the students

The more most student in ___

We girls some / few of us girls - mt s trong bn con gi chng ti

Only a few nations = some nations only few nations negative meaning

First act of

Half an hourMany a mile = many miles

3.2.9 Noun clauses

1. Statement:

That clause + V + O

S + V + that clause

Verbs: hope, think, say, believe

2. Wh-question:

S + V + Wh-question clause

Wh question: what, where, when, why, how

Verbs: ask, know

3. Y/N question:

whether / if + N phrase / clause

Ifcannot begin a sentence as a subject

Ex. That the rest of the universe does not circle around the earth was proven by Gallieo.

3.2.10 Article

Ngha chung land

Vng t c th the land

Ex. The Mecican Government

The only means of land transportation was the horse

The worlds most extensive ranges

Rich people = the rich

Talented people = the talented

3.3 N + Verb



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3.4 PrepositionCause of

Choice of

Conponent of

Content of

Cost of

Dangerof

Effect of(cause) + on (receiver)Equivalent of

Evidence of

Example of

Form of

Group of

Instance of trng hp

Intention of

Method of / for

Native of , native to (adj)

Origin ofPossibility of / for

Price of

Probability of

Quality of

Result of

Supply of

Use of

Approach to

Attention to

Beliefin

Contribution to

Cure for

Decrease in

Demand forException to

Excuse for

Experience with

Expert on

Improvement in

Increase in

Influence on

Interest in

Need for

In Opposition toReason for

Reliance on tin cy, tn nhim

Requirement for(V-ing)

Solution to

3.4.1 Pronouns

Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. + The + N

Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their.

Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Infinitive pronouns + singular verb

Everybody somebody anybody nobody

Everyone someone anyone no one + Singlular Verb

Everything something anything nothing

3.4.2 Noun phrases

To give me a hand = help, assist, aid

On the other hand

On hand = in present possession or readily available

In stock out of stock

On sale.

On view: open to public inspection : on exhibition

On pins and needles



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In advance

3.4.3 N Idioms

A piece of cake very easy

A piece of her mind

Out load

On the double

In her own good time

On schedule

Thats that.

In bad taste ?



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4. ADJECTIVES

4.1 Position of adj. in clause

Adj + N

N + adj (+ prep.) + obj (adj clause)

Linking verb + adj:

Linking verb: be, become, remain, feel, look, see, smell, state, sound, stay, appear.

Indefinite proN + adj

N + adj

Adj [//] = available, alive, aflont, asleep, above

N = something, anything, nothing

Ex. Something new

To make it possible for (sb) to do (sth) = to make possiple + long N

4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOMOpinion how big how old color where from made of + N

Sng ti:

Pale

Light

Bright

Dark

Color:

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

Pattern:

Check

Stripped

Plain

Flowered

Splot

4.3 Patterns

4.3.1 SentencesIts + adj + of + sb + to inf.

Adj + V-ing

Busy + V-ing

Eager - hm h

Foolish - in ro

Fortunate may mn

Happy

Lucky

Prepared = Ready sn sng

Please

Sorry

Worth

Adj + to-inf

Anxious bn khon.Boring

Dangerous

Difficult

Easy

GoodHard

Pleased

Prepared

Ready

StrangleUsual

Patterns

It is + (much) too + adj. + a day + for + sb + to + inf (khng dng vi that)

It is + (much) so + hot + a day + that + clause. Except: busy + Ving

It is + such + a hot day + that + clause

It is + quite + a hot day

N + adj/adv + enough + to + inf. = sufficiently + adj. = enough + N = N enough (*)

Enough + N + to inf. = N + enough + to inf. (*)



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However / No matter how + adj + S + V

Whatever / No matter what + N + S + V

Ex. (*) Much too cold to = much so cold that.

Much too much for (sb) = excess d tha.

Much too hot a day

too much days

As far as is known,

4.3.2 Adjective clause

Markers

Which, whom, where, when, that, whereby nh + clause (S + V)

Who, which + V

Of which, Whose + N + V

That

Prep. + which/who never use prep + that

That the best

That hn hp : person + thing

Ex. The racket with which she is palying was offerd her on her birthday.

The racket that she is palying with was offerd her on her birthday.

Reduced adjective clause

Khng th b relative pronoun khi n l subject, whose, of which, where, whereby

Restrictive clause

V-ing (active); V-ed (passive)

As an object omit relative pronoun: whom, which, thatEx. Thats the book which I bought 2 days ago.

Standing overthere, the girl smile with me.

The girl standing overthere is clever.

While I was young, I = while being young, I = while young, I

Built in 1976, capital is still in use.

The man I saw was a Native American.

Non-restrictive clause

That cannot be used

Which, whom as a object cannot be omitted

Ex. Heres her book, which you borrowed to her 2 days ago.

Active, passive

Symptions, ranking from mild to severe,

4.4 Comparison

4.4.1 Equal comparision

(Not) + so + adj / adv + as +

(number) as + adj / adv + as +

The same + noun + as +

Vocabulary: Heavy / light weight



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Wide / narrow width Deep / shallow depth

Long / short length Big / small size

Ex. Five times as fast as comparable areas during the industrial revolution

As far as is known

It costs twice as much as

4.4.2 Comparative

(far / much) + (less / more) + adj / adv - ER + than + clause.S + V + the + adj-ER + of the two + N = of the two + N + S + V + the + adj-ER

Number multiple + as + many/much + N + as Multiple number comparative

The more + S + V + the more + S + V + Double comparatives so snh kep Cng Cng

Ex. Herry is the smarter of the two boys.

This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

The hotter it is, the more miserable I fell.

The more you study, the smarter you will be.

Has a longer history than any region of North America.

Much too much for(sb) = excess = d

Much more quickly

Much too fast

4.4.3 Supperlative

(Much) + the (most / least) + adj / adv EST + in / of + N

One of the + (most / least) + adj / adv EST + plural N + single V +

The first + adj / adv + S + to inf

Ex. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Bjorn Borg.

4.4.3.1 VocabularyShort adj/adv = 1 syllable

Single vowel single consonant double the consonant

Ex. Bigger, redder, hotter,

Long adj/adv 2 syllables: -ed, -ful, - ish, - ous.

Ex. More useful, more boring, more stylish, more cautious

Short/ Long adj/adv: -some, - y, er, - el, - ow, -le.

4.5 Vocabulary

4.5.1 Descriptive adjColor: white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet

Size: large, tiny,

Quality of person: find, kind, nice, cute

Quality of thing: beatiful, intersted , important, colorful

4.5.2 Limiting adj

Article: a, an, the.

Cardinal number: one, two, three,

Ordinal number: first, second, third, fourth

Possession: my, your, his

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those



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Quantity: few, many, much

4.5.3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives

Far Farther

Further

Farthest

Furthest

Xa

Little Less Least tMany / Much More Most NhiuGood / Well Better Best TtBad / Badly Worse Worst Xu

Late (adv) Later Last TrOld (adj) Older

Elder

Oldest

Eldest

Gi

V-ing = adj Animal / thing

V-ed = adj people



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4.6 PrepositionAcceptable to

Adquate for

Afraid of

Amenable to chu trch nhim.

Analogous to tng t.

Aware of / that nhn thc.

Capable ofCharactersistic of

Close to

Concern with (sth) about (sth)

Contrary to

Dependent on Independent of

Different from differently than (sb/sth) in (sth)

Eligible for

Equal to

Equivalent to tng ng.

Essential to / for= vital to / for(sth)Except for

Expert at

(sb) is Familiarwith (sb)

(sth) is Familiarto (sth)

Fond of

Free from

Good at

Guily of-

Important to (sb) = importance of

Inferiorto kem hn, di.Jelous of(sth/sb) ghen t, ganh ghet vi.

Native to (a), native of(n)

Necessary for/ to

Next to = Near + (obj)

Perfect for

Popularwith (sb) in / on (sth)

Possible for

Preferable to thch hp

Regard to Regardless of

Relevant to thch hpResponsible to (sb) for(sth)

Rich in fat

Sensitive to

Similarto

Successful in

Shy of / about (sb/sth)

Thanks to

Typical of

Unusual in (sth) bt thng ch.

pp. form

Accustomed to

Adapted to

Applied to

Appreciated for

Based on

Bored withCompared to

Composed of

Disappointed in /with

Divorced from

Engaged in

Equipped with

Interested in

Isolated from

Married to

Opposed to i lpOpposited of i din Related to

Satisfied for

Suprised at / by

Related to

Tired of

To be famous for

To be granted for

To be known for

To be noted forTo be respected for



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5. ADVERBS

5.1 DefinitionAdverbs modify verbs, except linking verbs.

Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs.

5.2 Adverbial phrases = MPT = Manner + Place + TimeS + (be) + adv +

Ex. Corn is usually grown

Adv +

V-ing (present participle)

V-ed (past participle)

Adj

Prep.

Conjunction

Ex.

Long before

Almost all (adv + adj)

Almost exactly (adv + adv)

5.3 Building wordsAdverb = adjective + ly

5.4 Vocabulary

5.4.1 Frequency

Vocab.

Always, usually, frequently, often, generally thng.

Sometimes, occasionally, random thnh thong.

Seldom, rarely, barely, hardly kh m, him khi.

Never, scarely khng.

Seldom, rarely, hardly ever almost never , almost not at all kh m, him khi.

Hardly, barely, scarely almost nothing khng.

Negative + inversion

Ex. Never did she work.



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5.4.2 Degree

Vocab.

Extremely, cc k.

Very, so, too, quite, rt.

Fairly, rather, pretty kh.

Quite = fairly = kh; = complete = rt, hon ton, thc s.

Very rt; ngay.

Patterns

It is + too + a day + for + sb + to + inf (khng c dng vi that)

It is + so + hot + a day + that + clause

It is + such + a hot day + that + clause

It is + quite + a hot day

N + adj + enough + to + inf.

Enough + N + to inf. = N + enough + to inf.

It is + enough + adj + a + N + that5.4.3 Quality/manner tnh cht, cch thc

Vocab.

Good well

Fast fast

Late late

Hard hard

Joyful joyfully vui v.

Ill ill ni xu.Ex. Speak ill.

Like (prep.)

As (conj.) + clause.

5.4.4 Place

Here there + Pronoun + V

Back, straight ahead

Home

Away, far



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5.4.5 Time - thi gian

The day after

The day later

Again, once agai

Every day

Then

Soon

Early, late

Before, after, duringBy the end of this year + fulture perfect (will + have + pp.)

Prior to

During period of time

When point of time

5.4.6 Purpose mc ch

Vocab

To, in order to, so as to

Patterns: can reverse

5.4.7 Reason nguyn nhn

Due to, thanks to, owing to, because of

5.4.8 Concession nhng b

Despite, In spite of d .

5.4.9 Contrast i lp

However = no matter how

In contrast to

5.4.10 Vocabulary

Somehow (adv) khng hiu v sao, cch ny hay cch khc.

Somewhat (adv) = slightly mt cht, hi.

In addition to = besides = moreover

According to

Well and trylly

Honestly speaking,


Now

Today

Tomorrow In two days

= the day after tomorrow

YesterdayTwo days ago

= The day before

Next weekLast week

Now

TodayAt the endof this year

By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will have +


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6. CONJUNCTIONS

6.1 Vocabulary

6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction

6.1.1.1 And

Both + S1 + and + S2 (c v ) Plural Verb

S1 + as well as + S2 (cng nh) Verb (S1)

Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 (khng nhng m cn) Verb (S2)

Ex. Can not only receive messages from sense organs, but it can also transmit messages throughout the

body.

6.1.1.2 But (contrast) oposite meaning

However = no matter how (adv)

Yet

Nevertheless

Still

Whereas (ngc li trong khi )6.1.1.3 Or

Either+ S1 + or+ S2 V (S2)

Neither+ S1 + nor+ S2 (khng cng khng) V (S2)

Nor ph nh mnh sau V (S2)

Whether or

6.1.1.4 So

Therefore,

SoThats why

Clue: Lead become

6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction

6.1.2.1 Place

Where, wherever

6.1.2.2 Time

Before

After

When (chc chn)

If (khng chc chn)

While + N / clause

As

Since: from that time to present

t khi

Once

As soon as

As long as, So long as: from

beginning to end

Every time = when ever (bt c

khi no)

The next time

The last time

The first time

By the time (cho n khi)

Partterns

When + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp, was/were + V-ing)

When + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)

While + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)

While + clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) Clause (V-ed, was/were + V-ing)

+ clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) When + clause (V-ed = simple past)

Before + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp)



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7. PREPOSITIONS

7.1 MeaningAbout

Xung quanh

Khp ni

Khong chng

V vn gAbove

Trn

Hn

After

Sau (place / time)

Against

Chng li, tri li

ng phi

Da vo

i vi, snh vi

Chuan b, d tr (ng u)

At

Ti (place)

Vo lc (time)

Trng thi

Chiu hng

S lng

By K bn

Cho n khi

Ch thi gian ni chung

Ngang qua

Bi, do

Nh, theo

ch

o lng

For

V, cho (mc ch)

Nguyn do

Ch thi gian

Ch chiu hng (ni n, mc ch) Trao i (tr tin cho)

From

Ngun gc, t (place)

Ch thi gian

S khc bit

Nguyn nhn, ly do

In

Ch ni chn (place)

Ch thi gian

Ch trng thi

Of

S hu

Ngun gc

Khong cch

V vn

Nguyn nhn

Thnh phn, ni dung ch ng

On Ch ni chn

Ch thi gian

V vn

V s l thuc

To

Ch ni chn

Ch s di chuyn n

Gii thiu IO (sb)

Ch thi gian

With

Ch s thp tng

Ch s s hu

Ch th cch

Ch phng tin.



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As

As soon as possible

As far back as

As faras know

As a consequence of

At

At best / worst

At first = initially at lastAt least

At once = immediately

At times = occationally

At the peak of

At birth

At death

At random

At home / work / school

At the age of20 = 20 years ofage = 20 years old

At some + future timeAt night

At the same time as

At times

At the moment

At the greatly reduced price

At no charge

At the core of

By

By means ofBy way of= via

By hand

By chance tnh c

By accident = on pupose

By far = considerably ng k.By contrast ngc li

By day, by night

By then cho n sau .

By making + V-ing

For

Forinstance

Forexample

Forfree

For(sb) i vi

Fornow

Forthe first time

Foran injection to be effective agaist tettanus, it must be admistered

From

Part from

Of

The probability of

Rather than = instead of

The same of

Instead of(adv)

as result of= Resulting from = to result in

OffOffthe coast of ngoi khi

Within

Within 72 hours ofthe injury



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In

In advance = Ahead of= before

In vain = without success tht bi

In the wrong direction

In the large multilevel structures

In effect, In use ang lu hnh

In existence

In detail

on the wholeIn general

In common

In part = partly

In practice, In theory

In line, in a row

In style

In popularity

In luck

In motion

In the street obstructing tc nghn.In conflict tri vi

In greater number

In charge of

In dangerof

In favorof thin v, ng h .

In spite of

In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in themorning, in the evening)

In the forth century

In the century BC

In the mid-1980s

In the future, in the past

In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.

In the world = All overthe world

In the house = domestic

In the night sky

In the front / middle / back

In army/ air force / wavy

In a book/ magazine/newspaper

In bills

The first stage in the manufacturing of

In some culture

In a/an adj (hnh thc adv) + manner

Rich in fat

In need of

In search of

In consideration of

In term ofIn the process of

In view of

In parnership with cng tc vi

In particularwith

(get) In contact with = in touch with

In common withIn addition to = besides

In opposition to

On

On diet

On fire

On the other hand

On hand available ?

On radio / television / the telephone

On the whole = in general

On saleOn the average

On purpse

On the clear night

On time = punctual

On account of

On behalfof

On the basis of

On top of the world

On place

On land

On Earth

On the frontier

On long sea voyagesOn the slope trn sn dc .

On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk,

On the way = enroute,

On the right / left

On the 5th floor,

On train



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Out of

Out oftown away

Out ofdate old

Out offashion ??

Out ofwork jobless, unemployed

Out ofquestion impossible

Out oforder not fuctioning, broken

OverAll overthe world

To

To some degree mt chng mc no Priorto

According to theo.

Under

Underconsideration for a job

Upper

Uppermiddle class

With

With regard to

With the exception of

With the purpose of

With + instrument

Togetherwith

In parnership with cng tc vi

In particularwith

In contact with

In common with



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Listening

Agreement

Neither do I.

So do I.

I dont either.

I do, too.

I do also.



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TOEFL

8. CONFUSED WORDS

Percent percentage

Percent (n v) + singular verb

Percentage (con s)

Kind typeKind + count noun

Type + noncount noun

Not only but also not but

Not only but also c hai

not N1 but N2 khng N1 m N2.

But = except

I am but a fool only - ch l ngi kh di

No not none

No (a) + noun

Not (adv) + verb/ adj

None (pronoun)

Besides beside

Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover hn na, ngoi ra.

Beside (prep) = near, next to bn cnh.

Instead of instead

Instead of + N/ adj/ adv

Instead (adv.). at the end of a sentence.

Most (a) Almost (adv)

Almost all (of the) = most (of the)

After (prep) Afterward (adv)

After (prep) + phrase sau.

Afterward (adv) + clause sau .

Around (prep) Round (a)

Around (prep) - vng quanh .

Round (a) trn.

Somewhere (adv) = slightly

Direct directly

High highly

Fast fastly

Hard

Hard (a) = difficult kh khn;

Hardy (a) = rigid - cng, chc.

Hard (adv) = with great effort kh m. = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously (work)Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never khc nghit, kh m, hu nh khng.



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Hardly = never negative meaning khong dng not

Considerate

Considerate = throughtful, polite (a) chu o.

Considerable (a), rather lager amount or degree ng k.

Real

Real (slang) = very great (t lng)

Whole Wholly

Wholly = completely hon ton .

As a whole = generally tng qut, ni chung.

Effect (n) to affect (v)

Alive (a) to live (v)

As high as as soon as

As high as = (cost)

As soon as (adv) (time) + clause ng du cu

No longer = not any more (when) khng na .

Can nolonger see

Sometime sometimes

Sometime at some time in the indefinite future (when) mt lc no .

Sometimes = occationally (how often) thnh thong.

Earliest (a) Soonest (adv):

Once one time in the past

Like as

As (conj) + clause sameness

As (prep) + phrase sameness (job, robe, fuction, task) vi chc nng l.

Like / unlike (prep) + phrase similarity ging nh.

Like (a)

Alike (a) at the end of clause;

Unlike (a) + N, clause

Like (v) + V-ing like + to-inf Dislike (v)Do you like ? question.

Would you like + to-inf invitation - mi.

Likely (a) c kh nng.

Ex. Like A, S + V

As a policeman, I want you to I am a policeman

Like a policeman, I I am not a policeman

A is like B. A and B are alike.

Its likely that + clause

Late

Late (a,adv) no longer living, not punctual,

Later (adv) sau.Latter former (a) last of 2 things mentioned.


Earliest (adj) Sooniest (adv)


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Lately (adv) = recently

Last = final (a)

Lastest = renewest, most recent

Near nearly

Near (prep, adv) = gn (distance)

Nearly (adv) = almost hu nh.

May be - perhap

It may be + phrase

Perhap (adv) + clause

Raise rise

Raise raised raised (tv) + (obj)

Rise rose risen (iv)

Lend - Borrow

Lend lent lent lend (sb)(sth) = lend (sth) to (sb) cho mn.

Borrow borrowed borrowed borrow (sb)(sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb) i mn.

Let Leave

Let let let (tv) let (sb) + bare inf yn, hy.

Leave left left (iv) leave (sb/sth) + place b li

Tell say

Tell told told (tv) tell (sb) (sth) ni.

Say said said (iv) say (sth)

Ex. To tell joke

To tell the truth.

Set sit

Set set set set (sb/sth) + place t, ti.

Sit sat sat sit + place ngi xung

Lay lie

Lay laid laid (tv) lay (sb/sth) t, xung .

Lie lay lain (iv) lie + place nm xung

To used to

Used to + inf discontinue habit thi quen trong qu kh.

Be used to + inf passive

Be used to + V-ing quen vi.

Get used to + V-ing = be accustomed to + V-ing tr nn quen vi .

Mind object to phn i.A. do you mind + V-ing? Would you mind + V-ing? c phin khng?

B. No, I dont mind at all

B. Not at all

Please

Would you please / Please + bare-inf.



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The mecican government



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9. NUMBERS

9.1 Ordinal numbers s th tA third ofall students = 1/3 of + are +

One of the first educations

The second gate = gate two

The forth volume of = Volume fourofN

Cotton used to rank first among alabamas cropsThe First Act of

TIME

The second yearofproduction

Forthe first time ln u tin.

I first came here ln u n y past

The first / the last+ to-inf.ln u tinThe first person to getngi u tin

It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect)

ln u tinIs + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention

Was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention

9.2 Cardinal number s mHalf an hour

About halfthe total output

Culmulative grade point average GPA = 3.0 on a 4.0 scale = 3.0 out of 4.0.

My 2 children

You two

2 bedroom appartment compound noun

17 in 100 business calls

Hundreds of thousands of toursits

A few of us girls = a few girls vi a trong s bn con gi chng ti.

Large in propotion

PRICE

It was priced at $ 850.

Millions ofdollars worth of property = sth (which is) worth a sum of money ngi.

To rise by 100 USD CLASS

Subject : Boiology 457, Chemistry 101

Book: Biology book (SGK); book of biology

The second lesson = lesson 2

The forth chapter = chapter four

The forth volume of = Volume fourofN

9.3 Time,

Date

30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30th Dec = Dec 30th = Dec the 30th = the 30th of Dec (formal)

On the 12th dayof each month



55/56

Forthe 12th of June

In: century, decade, year, season, month, part ofday

On: days of a week (date)

At: time of day

On time kp gi, (before, sm hn)

In time : punctual, in a nick of time - va kp lc.

At some + future timeIt takes (sb) + (time) + to-inf.

It was in 1761 that she came to Bostom.

Ex.

In the early / mid / late 1980s/nineteenth century.

In the next few years. (a number - N)

In the morning, in the evening

On the second of Sep. = on Sep second

On Wednesday,

On Newyears morning

At 6 pm, at noon; at night

At the time ofthe revolutionary warAs early as 1937

Only 10 years ago+ Clause (V-ed = simple past)

Over the past few years (time not definite)

For 3 years + + Clause (perfect)

For 3 years + now c 3 nm nay

For the last 3 years trong 3 nm cui.

For the past 3 years trong 3 nm va qua.Since 2000

Since 3 years ago cch y 3 nm.

+ Clause (have been V-ing = present perfect cont.)

3 years ago today ngy ny cch y 3 nm.

Ex. Train is a hour late

It was a waste time writing that letter.

It was during the Industrial Revolution that the US was able to increase productivity throughmechanization.

In the last 10 years, the Mexican govement has reduced the number of its state-owned Companies toabout half.

9.4 AgeReach the forties nhng nm 40.

Reach forties tui 40.

At the age of20 = 20 years ofage = 20 years old

To change with age thay i theo tui tc.

9.5 Measurement unitsA large pecentage ofemployees

At 43 percent interst

At 43 percent of all murdersHas a membership of some 10,000

To be measured by light-years

To be measrued in units = express in unit

To increas in size overtime

3 inches in length 1 kilo ofweigth = 12 inches in diameter

30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh

a heigh ofover 30 feet

At the speed of90 miles an hour

At about 17,000 feet persecond / a second

An earthquake of magnitude eight on the Richter scale



56/56

To cover area of 120 square miles.

Half a degree Celsiuse, One degree centigrade, 90 degrees Celsuse, 55 degrees Farenhei

the lowest temperature possible is -273.16 degrees centigrade

9.6 Comparative5 times/ twice as faras comparable

More/less than 200 nation states = over200 nation states

Cost me 3 times as much as the last pair

Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are more thantimes as many now.

9.7 MathsA third = 1/3; 2 fifth = 2/5.

To rise on half a degree Celcuise

To be reduced by 400 meters

To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent.

To reduce (sth) to about a half gim xung .

10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES

Nouns

Once a busy city

Skin(s) Improvement(s)

uncount noun: sunshine

on foot, by canoe, on houseback

by car, in cars, in a car

from one to another

Of all the lawsuits, 95% of them are filed

To be second only to

Ones ability to inf

Nassau hall is the oldest building now standing on the campus of Princeton University.

Wage rates depend in part on the general properity ofthe economy.

On pins and nedles

The sales figures con s doanh thu

Each and every word

Adverbs

Already not yet

Near = next to = close to + place

Trickly speaking, thng thn m ni.

Many a time = many times - nhiu ln

Just as much as we do

By no meas = not at all

TOEFL Grammar _ Essential Grammar for TOEFL

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