1 Wk10 Monday, Nov 25 Today Intro to Mahābhārata & Bhagavad Gītā – Miller’s The Bhagavad Gītā, Introduction, Translator's Note, pp. 1-xx – Highlighted entries in Fitzgerald, James L. 2004. "Appendix 4: Certain Difficult Sanskrit Words and Their Usual Translations; Glossary of Sanskrit Words." In The Mahabharata. Vol. 7, Book 11 – Brockington, J. L. 1998. "The Bhagavadgītā." In The Sanskrit epics, 267-77 2
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Wk10 Monday, Nov 25
Today
Intro to Mahābhārata & Bhagavad Gītā– Miller’s The Bhagavad Gītā, Introduction,
Translator's Note, pp. 1-xx– Highlighted entries in Fitzgerald, James L.
2004. "Appendix 4: Certain Difficult Sanskrit Words and Their Usual Translations; Glossary of Sanskrit Words." In The Mahabharata. Vol. 7, Book 11
– Brockington, J. L. 1998. "The Bhagavadgītā." In The Sanskrit epics, 267-77
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Wednesday Bhagavad Gītā, Chs 1-6 Dalmiya, “Moral Philosophy of the
Bhagavad Gītā.” Hiltebeitel, "Dharma in the Bhagavad Gītā.“
Newer heterodox systems (Jaina, Buddhist, folk) – Karma → endless rebirths– Renunciation, asceticism– Rejection of caste hierarchy– Royal patrons: Aśoka, Chandragupta Maurya– Direct worship & intercession of gods → bhakti
Need to counter destabilization of ordered world & society…
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Kṛṣṇa to the rescue!
Critical of śruti – BG 4.1 Reveals to kṣatriya-s – 3.20, Arjuna
– non-Brahmin = new
Expounds new ideas disguised as old:– 4.2-3: lost tradition of ancient Yoga
Personal revelation – 7.25-26, 9.1-2, 10.1, 11 Upholder of dharma – 4.7-8 God of bhakti – 11.54-5, 18.66
Dharma is contextual varṇa & āśrama determine one’s dharma
– specific, viśeṣa-dharma– common to all, sāmānya-dharma
varṇa, caste →↓ āśrama, stage
Brahminpriest
Kṣatriyawarrior
Vaiṣyafarmer
Śūdralaborer
Brahmacaryastudent phase
Gṛhastahouseholder phase
Vānaprasthaforest-dwelling
Sannyāsarenunciation
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Human Pursuits, puruṣārtha-s
1. Dharma2. Artha, material wealth3. Kāma, sensory pleasures4. Mokṣa, liberation
Alt. ranking: kāma, artha, dharma, mokṣa
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Dharma1. Merit2. Sacred Duty (Miller)3. Law4. Virtue5. Morality6. Social order7. Right8. Nature, property/characteristic (in YS, e.g.)9. Yudhiṣṭhira!10. Religion
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Karma
Vedic, Brahminical karma = rituals– mediated by Brahmins, greed
Dilemma:– Good/bad karma → saṃskāra-s → rebirth– Rejection of Brahminical authority– Trend towards renunciation – asocial
Kṛṣṇa’s resolution:– karma is necessary, in accordance with dharma– If done ‘properly,’ karma is non-binding
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Yoga
In BG, “yoga” different from YS More than “discipline” (Miller) Yoga implies
1. the process of a difficult effort2. agent committed to the effort3. an instrument of effort, usu. buddhi4. a chosen course of action5. done for a purpose, to achieve a goal
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Karma-yoga
1. Performance of karma without attachment – 2.47-8– attachment is to results
2. Action as “surrender to me,” 3.30; as renunciation 5.11-13; as worship, 12.6-12
3. Identity, 6.29-32
Genius!!– Upholds social structure– Redefines renunciation– Mokṣa is still feasible
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Knowledge, jñāna vs. karma
Yoga of knowledge, jñāna-yoga, 4.18– Knowing that:
1. There is no karmic consequence in action2. There is karmic consequence in inaction
Nature of supreme deity7. Theistic Sāṅkhya8. Meditation9. The Sublime Mystery10. God’s powers11. Theophany12. Bhakti-yoga
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BG Outline, cont’d
Relation between ātman & supreme deity13. The field & knower14. The three guṇa-s15. Puruṣa(-s?)16. The divine & demoniac within17. Three-fold faith18. Recap, conclusion