Today is Wednesday, October 23 rd, 2013 Pre-Class What does the Golgi Apparatus do? How about the lysosome? .

Today is Wednesday,October 23rd, 2013

Pre-ClassWhat does the Golgi Apparatus do?

How about the lysosome?

http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/mamstructure/Golgi.GIF

You need a small bit o’ paper towel too. Just sayin’…

In This Lesson:Diversity and

Organization of Life

(Lesson 5 of 5)

Today’s Agenda

• That core assessment thing.• Another way to sort life.• Diversity and classification of life.• Body organization.

• Where is this in my book?– Academic: P. 190 and following…– Honors: P. 6 and following…

Endosymbiosis

• The topic of your coming core assessment is endosymbiosis. What’s that?

• Here’s a simplified picture:

http://endosymbiotichypothesis.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/endosymbiosis_c_la_784.jpg

Prokaryote

Prokaryote (with developing

nucleus)

The first eukaryote

Endosymbiosis

• If you need a reminder, both mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane and their own DNA (which is not used for much) – unusual for an organelle.– They even have their own ribosomes!

• Scientists think this is evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria – living outside the cell.– In other words, mitochondria and chloroplasts were

once free-living prokaryotes (bacteria).

Endosymbiosis

• Then, as other organisms began to photosynthesize, levels of oxygen in the atmosphere rose dramatically.

• As a result, some prokaryotic cells (that could use the excess oxygen to produce energy for the cell) invaded others, later evolving to be mitochondria.

• Meanwhile the same thing occurred with the organisms that were photosynthesizing, with those prokaryotes evolving into chloroplasts.– The biological concept of one thing invading/taking-in

another is called endosymbiosis.

Endosymbiosis

• In short:– There are lots of bacteria on early Earth.– Oxygen levels rise considerably.– Small aerobic bacteria invade larger anaerobic bacteria

(which have nuclei developing) – endosymbiosis.– Together, along with the formation of the nucleus, the

eukaryotic cell evolves.– The smaller aerobic bacteria become today’s

mitochondria (with a similar process leading to chloroplasts).

Endosymbiosis

http://schoolworkhelper.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Endosymbiosis.jpg

Classifying Life

• Remember that classifying life is very difficult.• We went over the eight different

characteristics something must have to be considered alive.– There’s still room for “weirdness.”

• To start with, not even everything uses oxygen.– Aerobic: using oxygen– Anaerobic: not using oxygen

Carl Linnaeus

• Developed the system of classification we use (KPCOFGS) around 1735.

• Has since been revised to include Domain and now all sorts of other levels of classification.

http://gap.entclub.org/taxonomists/Linnaeus/Carolus_Linnaeus.jpg

The Diversity of Life

http://scepticon.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/phylogenetictreeoflife.jpg

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Prokaryotes

• The vast majority of prokaryotes are unicellular.– They only have one cell.– For our purposes we will consider them all to be

unicellular.– And now, a photo gallery of some lovely

prokaryotes!

Bacillus Bacteria

http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16monera.htm

Cocci Bacteria

Spirilla Bacteria

Cyanobacteria (“Blue-Green Algae”)

http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~schauder/cyanos/cylin2_bg.jpg

Eukaryotes

• Eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.– Remember, as long as it has a nucleus it’s a

eukaryote.• Like eu!

– Plants, animals, and fungi are all eukaryotic, along with a BUNCH of other stuff.

– Eukaryotes can look very different from one another.

– Eukaryote photo gallery!

The Diversity of Life

http://scepticon.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/phylogenetictreeoflife.jpg

PROKARYOTES

EUKARYOTES

Paramecium

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Paramecium.jpg

Slime Mold

http://scientopia.org/blogs/scicurious/files/2010/10/slime-mold.jpg

Water Bear (micro-animal!)

http://www.technovelgy.com/graphics/content08/water-bear.jpg


http://starcraftscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/tardigrade1.jpg


http://thecontaminated.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/tardigrade-water-bear.jpg

Algae (True Algae)

http://infranetlab.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/09_02_23_algae_farm04.jpg

Blood-Tooth Fungus

http://bunkstrutts.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/blood_tooth_fungus1.jpg

You

http://cdn.crushable.com/files/2012/09/mama-june-shannon-nope.gif

Baobab Tree

http://www.scottbeaulier.com/BaobabTree.jpg

Ebola Virus (???)

http://mrbarlow.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/ebola.jpg

Tree of Life

• There is an ambitious website called the Tree of Life Project.

• Its aim is to create a virtual tree of life connecting all known forms of life.– Kinda difficult. Just sayin’…

• Right now, you can trace a path from the roots of the tree (the broadest category of life) to the ends of the branches of the tree (the narrowest categories of life).

• You can also go from the roots all the way out to humans, and that’s your job for this little activity.

The Path from Our Roots

• Eukaryotes– Animals• Bilateria (animals with bilateral symmetry)

– Deuterostomia (animals that developed along a certain pattern)» Chordata (animals with backbones)

• Craniata (animals with skulls)• Vertebrata (animals with spines)

• Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws)• Sarcopterygii


• Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish and land vertebrates)– Terrestrial vertebrates (land animals with

backbones)• Amniota (egg-based)

– Synapsida (mammals)» Therapsida (mammals)

• Mammalia (mammals)• Eutheria (placental mammals)

• Primates• Catarrhini (Humans, apes, Old-World

Monkeys)


• Catarrhini– Hominidae (humans, great apes) (brace

yourselves)• Homo (brace yourselves - humans)

– Homo sapiens

Levels of Organization

• In multicellular organisms, cells tend to become specialized as they grow.– They do different jobs.– Stem cells are not yet specialized, but can become

virtually any kind of cell – they can differentiate.• Between the cell and the complete organism

are several levels of organization.• Now it’s your turn to use the BioScale.


• Using your whiteboards (and partners), fill in the missing space in the BioScale below:– (Draw it in your notebooks too)

Organism

CellsOrganelles

Not to scale…

Moving upward from cells…

• A group of cells that has a common job is called a tissue.

• There are four major tissue types in the body:– Epithelial (linings and membranes, barriers)– Connective (structures and holds things)– Muscle– Nerve

Epithelial Tissue

http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/images/10_Simple_Squamous_Apical_Epithelial_Tissue.jpg

Connective Tissue

http://www.carlalbert.edu/dwann/tissue_images/connective%20tissue,%20loose,%20areolar.jpg

Muscular Tissue

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_v2GFIISzHOU/R7lRf2YflXI/AAAAAAAAAC8/V9Qdc86FSrc/s400/Muscular%2BTissue.jpg

Nerve Tissue

http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/Images/Cells_Membranes/nuero.jpg

BioScaleOrganism

??

TissuesCells

OrganellesOrganic Molecules

CompoundsAtoms

Subatomic Particles


• Acting out the levels of organization– Class bonding!

• Some of you will be tissues.

Moving up from tissues…

• A group of at least two or more different types of tissues working together is called an organ.

• Examples of organs include:– Heart– Brain– Liver– Spleen– Stomach

Trivia Question!

• What’s the biggest organ in the body?– The skin.

• Your skin is your largest organ, and it has several different kinds of tissues in it:– Outside of skin (epidermis) – epithelial tissue.– Inside of skin (dermis) – connective tissue.• “Hey, your epidermis is showing!”

BioScaleOrganism

?OrgansTissues

CellsOrganelles

Organic MoleculesCompounds

AtomsSubatomic Particles



• Some of you will be tissues.– Now those of you that were tissues were an organ

– the skin!

Moving up from organs…

• A group of at least two or more different types of organs working together is called…– An organ system!

• Examples of human organ systems include:– Nervous system (nerves)– Endocrine system (hormones)– Circulatory system (arteries, veins, capillaries)– Muscular System (muscles)

Organ Systems

Nervous SystemEndocrine SystemCirculatory SystemMuscular System

Organ SystemsOrganism

BioScaleOrganism

Organ SystemsOrgansTissues

CellsOrganelles

Organic MoleculesCompounds

AtomsSubatomic Particles



• We will all be an organ system.– Some of us are epithelial tissue (epidermis)– Some of us are connective tissue (dermis)– Some of are adipose tissue (subcutaneous layer)

• With our powers combined, we become the integumentary system (your skin, hair, and other stuff).

Let’s have some closure…

• Draw in your notebook a diagram, pyramid, concept map, (whatever you want) that would represent how organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells all relate.– Here’s a start:

Organism

Cell Web-Hunt

• Use your worksheets and try the cell web-hunt.

• There’s lots of cool animations.• Remember, if this stuff looks weird, it’s what

your cells are doing RIGHT NOW!• Linked from my website, but:– http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/

cells/insideacell/

Today is Wednesday, October 23 rd, 2013 Pre-Class What does the Golgi Apparatus do? How about the lysosome? .

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