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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning1
By- Jitendra Bhangale
Assistant Professor & Head,
Department of Pharmacology,
Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College,
Ahmedabad
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning2
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cells are specialized for particular functions
Tissues
Groups of cells with similar structure and function
Four primary types
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning3
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Found in different areas
Body coverings
Body linings
Glandular tissue
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning4
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cells fit closely together
Tissue layer always has one free surface
The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
Avascular (have no blood supply)
Regenerate easily if well nourished
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning5
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Number of cell layers
Simple – one layer
Stratified – more than
one layer
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning6
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Shape of cells
Squamous – flattened
Cuboidal – cube-
shaped
Columnar – column-
like
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning7
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Simple squamous
Single layer of flat
cells
Usually forms
membranes
Lines body cavities
Lines lungs and
capillaries
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning8
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cube-
like cells
Common in glands
and their ducts
Forms walls
of kidney tubules
Covers the ovaries
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning9
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall
cells
Often includes goblet
cells, which produce
mucus
Lines digestive tract
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning10
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Pseudostratified
Single layer, butsome cells are shorterthan others
Often looks like adouble cell layer
Sometimes ciliated,such as in therespiratory tract
May function inabsorption orsecretion
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning11
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Stratified squamous
Cells at the free edge are flattened
Found as a protective covering where friction is common
Locations
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning12
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Stratified cuboidal
Two layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified columnar
Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in
size and shape
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
Rare in human body
Found mainly in ducts of large glands
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning13
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Transitional epithelium
Shape of cells
depends upon the
amount of stretching
Lines organs of the
urinary system
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning14
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product
Two major gland types
Endocrine gland
Ductless
Secretions are hormones
Exocrine gland
Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
Include sweat and oil glands
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning15
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely distributed
tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning16
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Variations in blood supply
Some tissue types are well vascularized
Some have poor blood supply or are avascular
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living cells
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning17
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Two main elements
Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
Fibers
Produced by the cells
Three types
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning18
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Bone (osseous tissue)
Composed of:
Bone cells inlacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix ofcalcium salts
Large numbers ofcollagen fibers
Used to protect andsupport the body
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning19
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Hyaline cartilage
Most commoncartilage
Composed of:
Abundant collagenfibers
Rubbery matrix
Entire fetal skeletonis hyaline cartilage
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning20
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Elastic cartilage
Provides elasticity
Example: supports the external ear
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning21
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible
Example: forms
cushion-like discs
between vertebrae
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning22
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Dense connective tissue
Main matrix element
is collagen fibers
Cells are fibroblasts
Examples
Tendon – attach
muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach
bone to bone
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning23
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Areolar connective tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Soft, pliable tissue
Contains all fiber types
Can soak up excess fluid
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning24
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Adipose tissue
Matrix is an areolartissue in which fat globules predominate
Many cells contain large lipid deposits
Functions
Insulates the body
Protects some organs
Serves as a site of fuel storage
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning25
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Reticular connective tissue
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Forms stroma(internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning26
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Blood
Blood cells
surrounded by fluid
matrix
Fibers are visible
during clotting
Functions as the
transport vehicle for
materials
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning27
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Function is to produce movement
Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning28
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Skeletal muscle
Can be controlled
voluntarily
Cells attach to
connective tissue
Cells are striated
Cells have more than
one nucleus
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning29
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart
Function is to pump blood (involuntary)
Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
Cells are striated
One nucleus per cell
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning30
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow
organs
Attached to other
smooth muscle cells
No visible striations
One nucleus per cell
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning31
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Neurons and nerve
support cells
Function is to send
impulses to other areas
of the body
Irritability
Conductivity
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning32
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Regeneration
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
Determination of method
Type of tissue damaged
Severity of the injury
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning33
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Capillaries become very permeable
Introduce clotting proteins
Wall off injured area
Formation of granulation tissue
Regeneration of surface epithelium
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning34
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Tissues that regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Fibrous connective tissue and bone
Tissues that regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
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© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning35
By J. O. Bhangale, Head, Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, A’bad
Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ
layers
Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm
Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
With old age there is a decrease in mass and viabililty
in most tissues
© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning36
By Jitendra BhangaleAsst. Prof. Dept of Pharmacology, Smt N. M. Padalia Pharmacy College, Ahmedabad