Three Eras of Human History Era 1: Foraging250,000 – 8,000 BCEMost of human history; small communities; global migrations megafaunal extinctions slow.

Three Eras of Human HistoryEra 1: Foraging 250,000 – 8,000 BCE Most of human history;

small communities; global migrations megafaunal extinctions slow population growth

Era 2: Agrarian 8,000 BCE – 1750 CE Intensification; rapid population growth; cities, states, empires; writing; different histories in different world zones

Era 3: Modern 1750 – Present Single, global system rapid growth in energy use; increasing rate of extinctions; increased life expectancies

Theories on prehistory and Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change early man constantly change as new evidence comes to as new evidence comes to light. light. - Louis Leakey, British - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist paleoanthropologist

Theories on prehistory and Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change early man constantly change as new evidence comes to as new evidence comes to light. light. - Louis Leakey, British - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist paleoanthropologist

““Paleolithic”Paleolithic” --> --> “Old Stone” “Old Stone” AgeAge

““Paleolithic”Paleolithic” --> --> “Old Stone” “Old Stone” AgeAge 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

hunting (hunting (menmen) & gathering () & gathering (womenwomen) ) small bands of 20-30 humans small bands of 20-30 humans hunting (hunting (menmen) & gathering () & gathering (womenwomen) ) small bands of 20-30 humans small bands of 20-30 humans

NOMADICNOMADIC (moving from place to place) (moving from place to place) NOMADICNOMADIC (moving from place to place) (moving from place to place)

Made Made toolstools

Made Made toolstools

Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves.

Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind.

Purpose??Purpose??Purpose??Purpose??

““Neolithic”Neolithic” “New Stone” “New Stone” AgeAge

““Neolithic”Neolithic” “New Stone” “New Stone” AgeAge 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE

Gradual shift from:Gradual shift from: Gradual shift from:Gradual shift from:

Nomadic lifestyleNomadic lifestyle settled, stationery settled, stationery lifestyle.lifestyle.Nomadic lifestyleNomadic lifestyle settled, stationery settled, stationery lifestyle.lifestyle.Hunting/Gathering Hunting/Gathering agricultural agricultural production andproduction and domestication of animals. domestication of animals.

Hunting/Gathering Hunting/Gathering agricultural agricultural production andproduction and domestication of animals. domestication of animals.

8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE

Agriculture developed independently inAgriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. different parts of the world. Agriculture developed independently inAgriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. different parts of the world.

SLASH-AND-BURN FarmingSLASH-AND-BURN Farming SLASH-AND-BURN FarmingSLASH-AND-BURN Farming

Middle East India Central America China Southeast Middle East India Central America China Southeast AsiaAsia

8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

Middle East India Central America China Southeast Middle East India Central America China Southeast AsiaAsia

8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

The Neolithic Era & the Transition to

Agriculture

Origins & Early Spread of Agriculture

Growing crops on a regular basis made possible Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the the support of larger populations. support of larger populations.

Growing crops on a regular basis made possible Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the the support of larger populations. support of larger populations. More permanent, settled communities emerged.More permanent, settled communities emerged. More permanent, settled communities emerged.More permanent, settled communities emerged.

9,000 BCE 9,000 BCE Earliest Agricultural Settlement at Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMOJARMO ( northern Iraq ) ( northern Iraq ) wheatwheat

9,000 BCE 9,000 BCE Earliest Agricultural Settlement at Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMOJARMO ( northern Iraq ) ( northern Iraq ) wheatwheat

8,000 BCE 8,000 BCE Largest Early Settlement at Largest Early Settlement at ÇÇatal atal HHüüyükyük ( Modern Turkey ) ( Modern Turkey ) 6,000 inhabitants 6,000 inhabitants

8,000 BCE 8,000 BCE Largest Early Settlement at Largest Early Settlement at ÇÇatal atal HHüüyükyük ( Modern Turkey ) ( Modern Turkey ) 6,000 inhabitants 6,000 inhabitants

Division of laborDivision of labor Division of laborDivision of labor

Engaged in tradeEngaged in trade Engaged in tradeEngaged in trade

Organized religion Organized religion

Small militarySmall military Small militarySmall military

12 cultivated 12 cultivated cropscrops

12 cultivated 12 cultivated cropscrops

An obsidian daggerAn obsidian dagger

Çatal Çatal HüyükHüyükÇatal Çatal HüyükHüyük

AdvancedAdvanced

CitiesCities

Specialization Specialization OfOf

LaborLabor

FormalizedFormalized

ReligionReligion

Record-Record-Keeping & Keeping &

WritingWriting

Social Social

ClassesClasses

Art &Art &

ArchitectureArchitecture

OrganizedOrganized

GovernmentGovernment

Early Foundational Civilizations