Uterine Myoma
Nov 16, 2014
Uterine Myoma
Presented by:Abu, Camile
Granada, Glyde PebblesLandicho, Katrina
Linatoc, Jeanne LynLuza, Ailen
Maralit, Ma. KrishnaSim, Khay
Ulan, DarleneUmali, Marianne LynAvena, Gaudencio
Dimaculangan, Argenald JosephHernandez, Michael Franklin
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
Our group aims to be formulate a comprehensive case analysis that would provide essential knowledge and skills in delivering quality health care to patient’s diagnosis with uterine myoma.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
To be able to:
> know the disease ,its clinical manifestations, risk factors, pathophysiology and diagnostic procedures for the disease.> Identify different medical and surgical management of a patient diagnosed with uterine myoma.> Enhance our skills in caring a patient with uterine myoma.> Familiarized us with the medications used to managed the disease.> Recognized appropriate nursing care and management.> Help the patient realized her role in maintaining and improving health.
INTRODUCTION
Uterine myoma is the most common tumors of the female genitalia tract. Myoma commonly called
fibroid. It is the benign tumor of the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus. Hysterectomy has been a
common therapy in patients who have completed reproduction. Total hysterectomy plus bilateral
salphingo oophorectomy TAHBSO- this procedure removes the uterus, cervix, both ovary and both
fallopian tube.
Fibroids can be present and be apparent. However they are clinically apparent in up to 25 % of the women. Although, myoma is generally considered to be slowly growing tumor in 20-40% of women at the age of 35 and more have uterine fibroids of significant sizes with severe clinical symptoms. Moreover, myoma can be relapse in 7-28% of patient after surgical treatment and in certain case it may even turn to malignant tumor, this could causes significant morbidity including prolonged or heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pleasure and pain and in rare cases reproductive dysfunction. Myoma affects one of every four women ¾ of woman with this condition,however, experience no symptoms.
Uterine myoma is developing on the background of hyper estrogen, progesterone, deficits in hyper gonodotrophine. The majority of the researches say that the growth of myoma depends on concentration of cystosolic receptors to the sex hormones and their interactions, with the endrogen or extrogen hormones. In accordance to clinical observations, it can be admitted that both growth and regressions of myoma are estrogen-dependent, is the tumor size gets increased during pregnancy and is regressed after menopause. The only that needs to clear is to find out whether it is decreased in receptors numbers of estrogen, progesterone and androgen- hormones quantities which lead to regression in myoma size ( regarding androgen there is an hypothesis that myoma is sensitive to androgen ) for growth that formed tumors, the need to be further supported by negative factors.
Abortions, long term used of inadequate contraceptive pills, chronic sub-acute and acute inflammation of uterus or its appendices, stress, ultraviolet radiation, cystic formation of ovary etc. for example, the woman who had ten abortions by the age of thirty have double to developed uterine myoma at fourty years old. In fact, uterine myoma = account for 20% of 650,000 hysterectomies performed annually in the U.S interest in the uterine preservation and organ preserving surgery through techniques minimally invasive surgery has increased the first reports of laparoscopic myomectomy.
PATIENT’S PROFILE
PATIENT’S NAME: Lady L.AGE: 48 years oldGENDER: Female
PERMANENT ADDRESS: Inosluban, Lipa CityBIRTHDATE: August 26, 1960
BIRTHPLACE: Lipa City, Batangas CIVIL STATUS: MarriedCITIZENSHIP: Filipino
RELIGION: Roman CatholicADMISSION DATE: August 22, 2008
ADMISSION DIAGNOSIS: Uterine MyomaATTENDING PHYSICIAN: Dra. Lovely Cacho
Dra. Alice Lojo
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESSS
Present condition started about 6 years prior to admission. When patient noted heavy vaginal bleeding and body weakness every menstrual period that last almost a week. Due to that instance, she went to the hospital for check-up and she found out that she has a myoma. Her
attending physician said that she need to undergo surgery but they didn’t have enough money that time, they would need to save for the hospitalization and operation that will undergo. Until August 22, 2008, when her relative noted
her to be pale, having dizziness and body weakness bought her to the hospital. After a series of examination,
she was scheduled and prepared her to surgery.
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
She has never been hospitalized except when she had two breech presentations with her two sons. Other than that, she usually experiences
cough, cold, fever and buys over the counter drugs to treat the said illnesses. Prior to that, sometimes
she consults the said quack doctors or faith healers if she thinks that it’s just that a simple
illness.
SOCIO – CULTURAL
She is a friendly person. She is closed with her four sons and loves them so much. She admitted that few years ago, she used to smoke when she is defecating
and after eating. She said that she loves to eat vegetables and she exercises regularly. She cooks in a
canteen in Lipa bus stop which sustains their basic needs.
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
ACTUAL VITAL SIGNS
NORMAL VALUES
INTERPRETATION
RR- 24 12-20 beats/min.
Normal
PR- 80 60-100 beats/min.
Normal
BP- 120/70 90/60- 130/90 mmHg
Normal
Height = 5’1’’ Weight = 57 Kg.
Body Parts
Technique used
Normal findings
Actual findings
Significance
Head InspectionPalpation
NormocephalicNo abnormal mass
Normocephalic No abnormal mass
NormalNormal
Hair and scalp
Inspection Evenly distributed,Thick hair,no infection and infestation
Even distribution of hair , no infection and infestation
Normal
Eyes Inspection Symmetric to the face, both eyes coordinated with parallel alignment.
Sunken eyeball
Not Normal.Due to dehydration
External eye StructureEyebrows
Inspection Hair evenly distributed, Skin intact
Evenly distributed with skin intact
Normal
Eyelashes Inspection Equally distributed,Curled slightly outward
Equally distributed,Curled slightly outward
Normal
Eyelids Inspection Skin intact,No discharge, Nodiscoloration,Lids close symmetrically
Skin intact, no discharge, no discoloration, lids are symmetrical.
Normal
Lacrimal gland
Inspection No edema or tearing.
No edema and tearing
Normal
Pupils (color , shape and symmetry of size)
Inspection Black in color, equal in size normally 3-7 mm in diameter, round smooth border , iris flat and round.
Black in color, equal in size 4mm in diameter
Normal
Ears Inspection Symmetrically aligned to the face, firm and not tender with no discharged noted.
Positioned symmetrically to the face,No notable ear discharge, clean and dry,.
Normal
Nose Inspection Symmetric and straight, no discharges or flaring
Symmetric and straight , no nasal discharges noted, no flaring noted
Normal
Mouth Lips
Inspection Uniform pink in color, soft and moist and smooth
Uniform dark color dry
Not Normal due to chemical content of cigarette such as nicotine.
Tongue Inspection Tongue at midline without lesion
Dry and free of lesion
Normal
Teeth Inspection Complete, white, shiny tooth enamel, free of debris
Incomplete, missing teeth, ill fitting dentures
Not normal.Aging is a factor affecting loss of teeth and also insufficient calcium and fluoride.
Neck Inspection Palpation
Coordinated , smooth movement with no discomfortNo masses, tenderness
Coordinated movement with no discomfortNo masses, tenderness
NormalNormal
Upper Extremities Skin
Inspection Pinkish in color
Pallor Not normal.It is a manifestation of in adequate circulating blood or hemoglobin.
Palpation Slightly moist
Poor skin turgor
Not normal due to dehydration
Palpation Normothermia
Not warm, not cold to touch, T=36
Normal
Arms InspectionPalpation
Normally firm, no contracture, no swelling, equal size on both sides of bodyPulse Rate: 60-100
Normally firm, no contracture, no swelling, equal size on both sides of bodyPulse rate: 80
NormalNormal
Nails InspectionPalpation
Smooth, highly vascular and intact epidermis Capillary Refill of 1-2 seconds
Pink, smooth texture, convex curvatureCapillary refill: 2 seconds
NormalNormal
Chest and Lungs
Inspection Symmetric chest expansion, quiet, rhythmic and effortless respiration
Symmetric chest expansion, quiet, rhythmic and effortless respiration
Normal
Palpation No retraction, no tenderness, no masses
No retraction, no tenderness, no masses
Normal
Auscultation
Quiet, rhythmic
Adventitious breath sounds
Presence of secretion
Heart Auscultation
Normal heart rate 60-100bpm
Cardiac rate of 80
Normal
Abdominal Inspection Unblemished skin, uniform in color
Lesions noted on the surgical site
Not normal because of post procedure done
Auscultation Average normal bowel sounds 5-25 per minute
Audible bowel sound of 8 per minute
Normal
External genitalia
Lower extremities Skin
Inspection
InspectionPalpation
No dischargesNo lesions
No lesion, can move freelyCapillary refill: 1-2 seconds
No dischargeNo lesion
No edema, no deformities and can move freelyCapillary refill: 2 seconds
Normal
NormalNormal
STRUCTURELOCATION & DESCRIPTION
FUNCTION
CervixThe lower narrower portion of the uterus.
During childbirth, contractions of the uterus will dilate the cervix up to 10 cm in diameter to allow the child to pass through. During orgasm, the cervix convulses and the external is dilates
Fallopian tubes
Extending upper part of the uterus on either side.
Egg transportation from ovary to uterus (fertilization usually takes place here).
Ovaries (female gonads)
Pelvic region on either side of the uterus.
Provides an environment for maturation of oocyte. Synthesizes and secretes sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
Vagina
Canal about 10-8 cm long going from the cervix to the outside of the body.
Receives penis during mating. Pathway through a woman’s body for the baby to take during childbirth. Provides the route for the menstrual blood (menses) from the uterus, to leave the body. May hold forms of birth control, such as an IUD, diaphragm, neva ring, or female condom
Uterus EndometriumMyometriumPerimetrium
Located in the center of the pelvic cavityThe innermost layer of uterine wall.Smooth muscle in the uterine wall.Outer layer of the uterus
House and nourishes the fetus.Contains glands that secrete fluids that bathe the uterine lining.Contract to help expel the baby.Covers the uterus
Uterus EndometriumMyometriumPerimetrium
Located in the center of the pelvic cavityThe innermost layer of uterine wall.Smooth muscle in the uterine wall.Outer layer of the uterus
House and nourishes the fetus.Contains glands that secrete fluids that bathe the uterine lining.Contract to help expel the baby.Covers the uterus
ESTROGENIt is the most important hormone during puberty
in female and is responsible for secondary sexual characteristics (e.g. breast enlargement, menstruation,
pelvic enlargement, long bones). Generally secreted by the ovary specifically secreted by the Grafian follicle.
Estrogen production
Hypothalamus↓
GnRH↓
Anterior Pituitary Gland↓
FSH↓
Graafian Follicle↓
Estrogen
V. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Pregnancy Early Menarche(11 years old)
Increase Estrogen productionIncrease the lifetime exposure
to estrogen
Stimulates the growth of fibroid
Grows in the anterior wall of the uterus
Pelvic pain
Deform uterine cavity
Menorrhagia
Myoma
VI. COURSE IN THE WARD
Day 1A 48 years old female was admitted at exactly 2:16:07 p.m last
August 22, 2008, accompanied by her son, with a chief complaint of body weakness. She was admitted under the service of Dra. Lovely Cacho and Dra. Alice Lojo and following orders were
given. Diet as tolerated, temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate must be recorded every shift, for chest x-ray posterior-
anterior, for electrocardiogram x 12 leads, for complete blood count blood typing and for chem. 7. It was done at the same day. The physician ordered a 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringers 1 liter
plus 1 ampule of EC to be regulated at 20 gtts/min. The physician ordered four units of whole blood that are properly typed and
cross matched to be run for 4-6 hours. The physician also ordered “Lady L” that may have full diet at 4:40 p.m. The first unit of whole blood with a serial number B-08-4660 started at 10:00 p.m.. Diphenhydramine 1 ampule intravenous 30 min. prior to
blood transfusion.
Day 2The above unit of blood finished at August 23, 2008, 2:20 a.m. There
is no reaction during and after the blood transfusion. At the same time, the second unit of whole blood with a serial number B-08-4681 was hooked and consumed at 7:20 a.m. The third unit of blood with a
serial number B-08-4666 was started at same time. The blood transfusion site was transferred from left to right at 11:20 a.m. At
12:30 p.m., the third unit of whole blood with a serial number B-08-4668 was consumed and followed up of fourth unit of whole blood and consumed at 4:30 p.m. Intravenous fluid number one consumed
and followed the number two 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringers 1 liter plus one ampule of EC regulated at the same rate. By 11:10 p.m.
“Lady L” is under nothing per orem. “Lady L” informed about Total Hysterectomy Bilateral Salphingo Oophorectomy with signed consent of her husband and her son at the same day. Anesthesiologist on deck was informed. Cefuroxime 750 mg, intravenous started every 8 hours
after negative skin testing. At 11:40 p.m. Valium tablet 5 mg one tablet was given as pre-operative drugs.
Day 3August 24, 2008, at exactly 7:00 a.m. “Lady L” was brought to
the operating room. At 4:50 p.m. post-op orders were given. Monitor vital signs every 15 minutes until fully stable. Nothing
per orem temporarily. The patient was instructed to lie flat on bed and low back rest for pneumonia precaution. Oxygen inhalation
administered at 3 liters per minute. Suction secretion when necessary. Intake and output were recorded hourly. 5% Dextrose
Lactated Ringers 1 liter post-op to run at 15gtts/min then to follow 5% Dextrose Lactated Ringers 1 liter at same rate. Last dose of Cefuroxime to consumed, Metronidazole 500 mg slow
intravenous push every 6 hours. Tramadol 500 mg after negative skin testing every 6 hour. Intravenous fluid regulated at 30
gtts/min when blood transfusion finished. Repeat hemoglobin and hematocrit.
At 5:20 p.m. the operation ended and at 6:40 p.m. patient was bought to the intensive care unit and hooked to ventilator and
Furosemide 40 mg IV was given. At around 8:45 p.m Omeprazole 40 mg IV was given. Serum, sodium, potassium, chloride, prothrombin time, partial prothrombin time done and
result in “Lady L” was nebulized if Combivent 1 neb and maintained every 8 hours potassium 30 millequivalent
incorporate to her intravenous fluid and decrease it to 8 hours. Another one unit of packed red blood cell, Calcium gluconate
one ampule was given thru slow intravenous push.
Day 4August 25, 2008, 5a.m. patient was brought to room 206 and then
nebulization started and extubated at the time and secretion suctioned. Oxygen maintained at 4 liters per minutes via nasal
canula. Diphenhydramine one ampule was given at 3:30 p.m, 30 minutes prior to blood transfusion. Blood type “B” with a serial #
of BO8-445 run at 4-6 hours. At 6:05 p.m “Lady L” was confirmed that she has a positive flatulence. Measuring drained
output was recorded shiftly.
Day 51 a.m. of August 26, 2008, to follow intravenous fluid 5%
Dextrose Lactated Ringers 1 liter regulated at same rate and encouraged patient to turn side to side. Serum, creatinine, and
complete blood count done. At 9:37 a.m. the physician advised to continue medications. At 10:00a.m. patients temperature is 38.2˚C and paracetamol 200 mg one ampule was given thru intravenous. At 11:03 a.m. nebulization was stopped. The
physician suggests changing Cefuroxime to Tazocin 4.5 grams intravenous every 8 hours. Above intravenous fluid consumed
and followed up of 5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringers 1 liter regulated at same rate. At 3:15 p.m. incentive spirometer every 8
hours and two minutes oxygen inhalation was discontinued. Patient was encouraged to ambulate. At 8:30 p.m. intravenous to follow of 5% Dextrose Lactated Ringers 1 liter regulated at same
rate. Foley catheter was removed at 9:15 p.m. At 10:45 p.m “Lady L” gargled one tablespoon of Orahex solution plus 30 cc
water every 6 hours.
Day 6Nursing care done. Vital signs are monitored and recorded. Intravenous fluid regulated at 15 gtts/min “Lady L” has no
further complaint. The patient is ambulatory. Tazocin 4.5 grams intravenous every 8 hours was given. Attending Physician did not
visit’s the patient and no new orders were made that day.
Day 7August 28, 2008, patient may have clear liquid then soft diet at 4 p.m., above intravenous fluid consumed and followed up of 5% Dextrose Lactated Ringers 1 liter regulated at the same rate. For
possible discharge on the next day.
Day 8August 29, 2008, removal of jackson-pratt drain was done and intravenous fluid was terminated. There is no o objection for discharge. Home medications instructed and patient may go
home and start oral medication. At 8 p.m. patient was discharged accompanied by her son via the wheelchair.
VII. LABORATORY
AUGUST 22, 2008ULTRASOUND
Transvaginal Ultrasound
Transabdominal pelureus shows an enlarged uterus measure about 12.6x7.5x9.1 cm (LxWxAP). There is a large hypo echoic
mass in the posterior lower segment of the uterus, measuring approximately 10.0x10.0x9.0 cm.
There is a cystic structure with internal echoes and septations in the night adnexae, measuring about 60x4.5x4.3 cm.
There is no fluid in the posterior culde-sac.
Impression:Enlarged uterus with large sub serous myoma wit
intramural component, posterior lower segment consider ovarian cyst at the right. Normal left ovary.
AUGUST 22, 2008CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Laboratory Test Normal Value Result Significance/Interpretation
FBS 3.89-5.84 mmol/L
4.24 mmol/L Normal
BUN 2.5-8.33 mmol/L 2.80 mmol/L Normal
Creatinine 45-235 u/L 89.0 u/L Normal
Bld. Uric Acid 143-345 mmol/L 179.0 mmol/L Normal
Triglyceride 0.11-2.37 mmol/L
0.58 mmol/L Normal
HDL 0.25-2.65 mmol/L
1.50 mmol/L Normal
LDL 1.10-3.81 mmol/L
2.52 mmol/L Normal
AUGUST 22, 2008
HEMATOLOGY
Diagnostic/Laboratory Test
Normal Value Result Significance/Interpretation
Hemoglobin M 13.0-18.0 g/dL F 12.0-16.0 g/dL
6.93 g/dL Anemia, recent hemorrhage
Hematocrit M 40-54%F 37-47%
21 % Anemia
WBC 5,000-10,000 5,000 Normal
Platelet Count 150,000-450,000 cu/mm
337,000 cu/mm
Normal
Segmenters 0.51-0.57 0.70
Lymphocytes 0.21-0.35 0.20
Monocytes 0.02-0.35 0.10 Normal
AUGUST 23, 2008HEMATOLOGY
Diagnostic/Laboratory
Test
Normal Value Result Significance/Interpretation
Hemoglobin M 13.0-18.0 g/dL
F 12.0-16.0 g/dL
10.8 g/dL Anemia, recent hemorrhage
Hematocrit M 40-54%F 37-47%
36.70 % Anemia
WBC 5,000-10,000 6,500 Normal
Platelet Count 150,000-450,000 cu/mm
247,000 cu/mm
Normal
Segmenters 0.51-0.57 0.83 Infection
Lymphocytes 0.21-0.35 0.11 Infection
Monocytes 0.02-0.35 0.06 Normal
AUGUST 24, 2008
HEMATOLOGY
Diagnostic/Laboratory Test
Normal Value Result Significance/Interpretation
Hemoglobin M 13.0-18.0 g/dL
F 12.0-16.0 g/dL
12.5 g/dL Normal
Hematocrit M 40-54%F 37-47%
37.5 % Normal
WBC 5,000-10,000 20,600 Infection
Platelet Count 150,000-450,000 cu/mm
225,000 cu/mm Normal
Segmenters 0.51-0.57 0.93 Infection
Lymphocytes 0.21-0.35 0.03 Infection
Monocytes 0.02-0.35 0.04 Infection
Eosinophill 0.01-0.04 Infection
AUGUST 24, 2008CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Laboratory Test
Normal Value
Result Significance/Interpretatio
n
Sodium 135-145 mmol/L
142.3 mmol/L Normal
Potassium 4-4.5 mmol/L 3.133 mmol/L Hypokalemia
Chloride 99.9-110 mmol/L
106.7 mmol/L Normal
Pro- time 12-15 seconds 13 seconds Normal
AUGUST 24, 2008CHEST X-RAY AP
> There are no active parenchemal infiltrates.> The heart is not enlarged.
> Aorta is tortous.> The rest of the findings are unremarkable.
> ET at level of T4.
Impression: > Tortous Aorta
`AUGUST 24, 2008
ABDOMEN AP
> Hx: S/P TAHBSO> Free air is noted at the pelvic cavity.
> There are feces filled undilated bowel loops obscuring the renal and psoas shadows.> The flank stripes are intact
> No abnormal calcification noted.
Impression:>Pneumoperitoneum, likely post surgical.
AUGUST 25, 2008HEMATOLOGY
Diagnostic/Laboratory
Test
Normal Value
Result Significance/Interpretation
Hemoglobin M 13.0-18.0 g/dL
F 12.0-16.0 g/dL
10.5 g/dL Anemia, recent hemorrhage
Hematocrit M 40-54%F 37-47%
32.70 % Anemia
WBC 5,000-10,000
16,600 Infection
Platelet Count
150,000-450,000 cu/mm
206,000 cu/mm
Normal
Segmenters 0.51-0.57 0.96 Infection
Lymphocytes 0.21-0.35 0.02 Infection
Monocytes 0.02-0.35 0.01 Infection
Eosinophill 0.01-0.04 0.01 Normal
Diagnostic/Laboratory
Test
Normal Value
Result Significance/Interpretation
Hemoglobin M 13.0-18.0 g/dL
F 12.0-16.0 g/dL
11.4 g/dL Anemia, recent hemorrhage
AUGUST 26, 2008
HEMATOLOGY
Hematocrit M 40-54%F 37-47%
35.10 % Anemia
WBC 5,000-10,000
15,200 infection.
Platelet Count
150,000-450,000 cu/mm
196,000 cu/mm
Normal
Segmenters 0.51-0.57 0.90 Infection
Lymphocytes
0.21-0.35 0.08 Infection
Monocytes 0.02-0.35 0.02 Normal
AUGUST 26, 2008CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Laboratory Test
Normal Value
Result Significance/Interpretation
Potassium 4-4.5 mmol/L
3.56 mmol/L
Hypokalemia
Creatinine 45-235 u/L 102.0 u/L Normal
VIII.MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Treatment depends on various factors, including:
•Age •General health •Severity of symptoms •Size of fibroids •Whether you are pregnant •If you want children in the future•Some women may just need pelvic exams or ultrasounds every once in a while to monitor the fibroid's growth.
Treatment for fibroids may include:
•Birth control pills (oral contraceptives) to help control heavy periods •Iron supplements to prevent anemia due to heavy periods •Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naprosyn for cramps or pain with menstruation•Some women may need hormonal therapy (Depo Leuprolide injections) to shrink the fibroids.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:Hysterectomy
HysterectomyA hysterectomy is a surgical procedure
whereby the uterus (womb) is removed. Hysterectomy is the most common non-obstetrical procedure of women in the United States.
Why is a hysterectomy performed?The most common reason hysterectomy is
performed is for uterine fibroids The next most common reasons are abnormal uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and uterine prolapse (including pelvic relaxation). Only 10% of hysterectomy is performed for cancer of the uterus or very severe pre-cancers (called dysplasia).
Uterine fibroids (also known as uterine leiomyomata) are by far the most common reason a hysterectomy is performed. Uterine fibroids are benign growths of the uterus, the cause of which is unknown. Although they
are benign, meaning they do not cause or turn into cancer, uterine fibroids can cause medical problems,
such as excessive bleeding, for which hysterectomy is sometimes recommended.
What tests or treatments are performed prior to a hysterectomy?
Prior to having a hysterectomy for pelvic pain, women usually undergo more limited (less extensive) exploratory surgery procedures (such as laparoscopy) to rule out other causes of pain. Prior to having a hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding, women require some type of sampling of the lining of the uterus (biopsy of the endometrium) to rule out cancer or pre-cancer of the uterus. This procedure is called endometrial sampling. In a woman with pelvic pain or bleeding, a trial of medication treatment is often given before a hysterectomy is considered.
How is a hysterectomy performed?
Most commonly, a hysterectomy is done by an incision (cut) through the abdomen (abdominal hysterectomy) or through the vagina (vaginal hysterectomy). The hospital stay generally tends to be longer with an abdominal hysterectomy than with a vaginal hysterectomy (4 vs. 6 days on average) and hospital charges tend to be higher. The procedures seem to take comparable lengths of time (about 2 hours), unless the uterus is of a very large size, in which case a vaginal hysterectomy may take longer.
What are complications of a hysterectomy?
Complications of a hysterectomy include infection, pain, and bleeding in the surgical area. An abdominal hysterectomy has a higher rate of post-operative infection and pain than does a vaginal hysterectomy.
Aftercare
After surgery, a woman will feel some degree of discomfort; this is generally greatest in abdominal hysterectomies because of the incision. Hospital stays vary from about two days (laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy) to five or six days (abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy). During the hospital stay, the doctor will probably order more blood tests.
Risks
Hysterectomy is a relatively safe operation, although like all major surgery it carries risks. These include unanticipated reaction to anesthesia, internal bleeding, blood clots, damage to other organs such as the bladder, and post-surgery infection.Other complications sometimes reported after a hysterectomy include changes in sex drive, weight gain, constipation, and pelvic pain. Hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause can occur if the ovaries are removed. Women who have both ovaries removed and who do not take estrogen replacement therapy run an increased risk for heart disease and osteoporosis (a condition that causes bones to be brittle). Women with a history of psychological and emotional problems before the hysterectomy are likely to experience psychological difficulties after the operation.
Alternatives
Women for whom a hysterectomy is recommended should discuss possible alternatives with their doctor and consider getting a second opinion , since this is major surgery with life-changing implications. Whether an alternative is appropriate for any individual woman is a decision she and her doctor should make together. Some alternative procedures to hysterectomy include:
•Embolization. During uterine artery embolization, interventional radiologists put a catheter into the artery that leads to the uterus and inject polyvinyl alcohol particles right where the artery leads to the blood vessels that nourish the fibroids. By killing off those blood vessels, the fibroids have no more blood supply, and they die off. Severe cramping and pain after the procedure is common, but serious complications are less than 5% and the procedure may protect fertility. ·Myomectomy . A myomectomy is a surgery used to remove fibroids, thus avoiding a hysterectomy. Hysteroscopic myomectomy, in which a surgical hysteroscope (telescope) is inserted into the uterus through the vagina, can be done on an outpatient basis. If there are large fibroids, however, an abdominal incision is required. Patients typically are hospitalized for two to three days after the procedure and require up to six weeks recovery. Laparoscopic myomectomies are also being done more often. They only require three small incisions in the abdomen, and have much shorter hospitalization and recovery times. Once the fibroids have been removed, the surgeon must repair the wall of the uterus to eliminate future bleeding or infection.
•Endometrial ablation. In this surgical procedure, recommended for women with small fibroids, the entire lining of the uterus is removed. After undergoing endometrial ablation, patients are no longer fertile. The uterine cavity is filled with fluid and a hysteroscope is inserted to provide a clear view of the uterus. Then, the lining of the uterus is destroyed using a laser beam or electric voltage. The procedure is typically done under anesthesia, although women can go home the same day as the surgery. Another newer procedure involves using a balloon, which is filled with superheated liquid and inflated until it fills the uterus. The liquid kills the lining, and after eight minutes the balloon is removed.
Endometrial resection. The uterine lining is destroyed during this procedure using an electrosurgical wire loop (similar to endometrial ablation).
THE PATIENT HAD UNDERGONE:
Total abdominal hysterectomy
This is the most common type of hysterectomy. During a total abdominal hysterectomy, the doctor removes the uterus, including the cervix. The scar may be horizontal or vertical, depending on the reason the procedure is performed, and the size of the area being treated. Cancer of the ovary(s) and uterus, endometriosis, and large uterine fibroids are treated with total abdominal hysterectomy. Clearly a woman cannot bear children herself after this procedure, so it is not performed on women of childbearing age unless there is a serious condition, such as cancer. Total abdominal hysterectomy allows the whole abdomen and pelvis to be examined, which is an advantage in women with cancer or investigating growths of unclear cause.
Abdominal hysterectomies take from one to three hours. The hospital stay is three to five days, and it takes four to eight weeks to return to normal activities.Salpingo-Oophorectomy (Removal of the Ovaries and/or Fallopian Tubes)
Salpingo-oophorectomy is the removal of the ovary and its adjacent fallopian tube. This procedure is performed for cancer of the ovary, removal of suspicious ovarian tumors, or Fallopian tube cancer (which is very rare). It may also be performed due to complications of infection, or in combination with hysterectomy for cancer.
Application of Jackson-Pratt Drain
A Jackson-Pratt drain, JP drain, or Bulb drain, is a suction drainage device used to pull excess fluid from the body by constant suction. The device consists of a flexible plastic bulb -- shaped something like a hand grenade -- that connects to an internal plastic drainage tube.
IX. DRUG STUDY
NAME CLASSIFI-CATION
ACTION INDICATION&DOSAGE
ADVERSE REACTION
NURSING CONSIDE-RATION
Generic Name:MetronidazoleBrand Name:Flagyl
Antiprotozoals or Antimicrobia
Direct -acting trichomonacide and amebicide that works inside and outside the intestines. It’s thought to enter the cells of microorganisms that contain nitroreductase, forming unstable compounds that bind to DNA and inhibit synthesis, causing cell death.
>Amebic liver abcess>To prevent post operative infection in contaminated or potentially contaminated colorectal surgery Dosage:500mg IV
>CNS: headache, seizure, fever, vertigo, ataxia, dizziness>CV: flattened T wave, edema, flushing>EENT: rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis>GI: nausea, abdominal cramping or pain, stomatitis, vomiting, diarrhea>GU: vaginitis, darkened urine, polyuria,
> Monitor liver function test result carefully in elderly patient.> Observe pt. for edema especially if receiving corticosteroid>Record number and character of stools when drug is used to treat.
NAME CLASSIFI-CATION
ACTION INDICATION&DOSAGE
ADVERSE REACTION
NURSING CONSIDE-RATION
Generic name:CefuroximeBrand Name: Zinacef
Cephalosporins Inhibits cell wall synthesizes promoting osmotic instability
Serious lower respiratory tract infection, UTI, skin structure infection, bone or joint infection, gonorrheaDosage:750mg IV
> CV: thrombophlebitis, phlebitis > GI: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia> Skin: maculo papular, erythematous rashes
> Before giving drugs, ask patient if he allergic to penicillin or cephalosporins> Obtain specimen for culture and sensitivity test before giving first dose
NAME CLASSIFI-CATION
ACTION INDICATION&DOSAGE
ADVERSE REACTION
NURSING CONSIDE-RATION
Generic Name:TramadolBrand Name:Ultram
Opioid Analgesic
> Bind to opioid receptors and inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine or serotonin
> Moderate to moderately severe painDosage:50mg IV
> CNS: dizziness, headache, vertigo, anxiety, confusion> CV: vasodilation > EENT: visual disturbances> GI: constipation, nausea , vomiting, abdominal pain> GU: menopausal symptoms urine retention
> Monitor CV, and respiratory status withhold dose and notify prescriber if respiration decrease or rate is below 12bpm> Monitor bowel and bladder function > For better analgesic effect give drug before onset of intense pain.
NAME CLASSIFI-CATION
ACTION INDICATION&DOSAGE
ADVERSE REACTION
NURSING CONSIDE-RATION
Generic Name:OmeprazoleBrand Name:Losec
Anti Ulcer Drug
> Inhibits activity of acid pump and bind to hydrogen potassium adenosine, triphosphatase at secretory surfaces of gastric parietal cells to block formation of gastric acid
> Symptomatic GERD without esophageal lesion> short term treatment of active benign gastric ulcerDosage:40mg IV
> CNS: asthenia, dizziness, headache> GI: abdominal pain, constipation, nausea, vomiting
> Drug increases its bioavailability with repeated doses. Drug is unstable in gastric acid; less drug is loss to hydrolysis because drug increases gastric pH.>Dosage adjustment may be necessary in Asians and patients wit hepatic impairment.
NAME CLASSIFI-CATION
ACTION INDICATION&DOSAGE
ADVERSE REACTION
NURSING CONSIDE-RATION
Generic Name:SalbutamolBrand Name:Combivent
Bronchodilators
>Relaxes bronchial, uterine and vascular smooth muscle by stimulating beta2 receptors.
>To prevent or treat bronchospasm in patients with reversible obstructive airway diseaseDosage:1 nebule
>CNS: tremor, nervousness, headache >CV: tachycardia , palpitations, hypertension>EENT: dry and irritated nose>GI: nausea, vomiting,anorexia
>Drug may decrease sensitivity of spirometry used for diagnosis of asthma.>Use of a AeroChamber may improve drug delivery to lungs.>Tell patient to remove canister and wash inhaler with warm, soapy water at least once a week.
NAME CLASSIFI-CATION
ACTION INDICATION&DOSAGE
ADVERSE REACTION
NURSING CONSIDE-RATION
Generic Name:Piperacillin SodiumBrand Name:Tazocin
Antibiotics >Inhibits cell-wall synthesis during bacterial multiplication.
>Moderate to severe infections from piperacillin-resistantDosage:4.5g IV
>CNS: headache, insomnia, fever >CV: hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain>EENT: rhinitis >GI: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting
>Before giving drug, ask patient about allergic reactions to penicillins>Obtain specimen for culture and sensitivity test before giving first dose.>Monitor patient’s sodium intake.
X. NURSUNG CARE PLAN
ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING NURSING INTERVENTIONS EVALUATION
SUBJECTIVE:“Masakit ang tahi ko” as verbalized by the patient.OBJECTIVE:RestlessnessIrritabilityWith cold clammy skinExcessive perspiration Facial grimaceIncreased respiration RR=26 bpmPain scale = 7: pain scaling of 1-10 where 1 is the least painful and 10 is the most painfulImpaired thought
Pain related to tissue trauma and incisional discomfort as manifested by grimace and pain scale =7.
After 4 hours of nursing intervention patient’s pain evidenced by pain scale =7 be reduced to 3.
INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE After 4 hours of nursing intervention the patient reported pain was lessened to pain scale =3.
Change the position of the patientProvide comfort measuresAssist patient in breathing techniquesProvide quiet environmentRelay on the patient report of painEncourage divertional activities Monitor vital signAdminister analgesic as ordered by the AP
Pain is sometimes due to the position of the patient To reduce the discomfortTo assist in muscle and generalized relaxationFor patient comfortabili-ty and lessen the discomfort.To reduce anxiety felt by the patientTo divert the attention from pain to activitiesUsually altered in pain.To maintain acceptable level of pain.
ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS PLANNING NURSING INTERVENTIONS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE:Poor skin turgorDry lipsWeak in appearancePale lookingv/s of:BP = 100/80PR = 64RR = 26T = 37.8
Fluid volume deficit related to the risk of post-operative hemorrhage.
After 8 hours of nursing intervention the patient will maintain fluid at a functional level.
INTERVENTIONS
RATIONALE
After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the patient was maintained fluid as manifested by good skin turgor
Change dressings frequently
Provide frequent oral care
Measure input and output
Monitor v/s
Administer IV fluids as indicated
Give medications as ordered by the attending physician
To protect the skin and monitor lossesTo prevent injury from drynessTo monitor fluids in the bodyTo assess the patient and it serve as base line data
helps maintain fluids in the body
To reduce blood loss
ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSIS
PLANNING NURSING INTERVENTIONS
EVALUATION
SUBJECTIVE:“Hindi ako makagalaw ng ayos” as verbalized by the patient.OBJECTIVE:Impaired ability to turn side to side.Cannot eat without supportSlowed movementIrritableLimited ROM
Impaired mobility related to decreased muscle strength as manifested by limited ROM.
After 8 hours of nursing intervention the patient will be able move safety and independently.
INTERVEN-TIONS
RATIONA-LE
After 8 hours of nursing intervention, the patient was able to move safely and independently.
Provide activities with adequate rest period.Encouraged adequate intake of fluidsAdvise to move hands and legs slowly Encourage participation in self care
To reduce the fatiguePromotes well being and maximize energy productionTo exercise/mobilization of body parts and develop muscle strengthEnhances self concept and sense of independence
XI. DISCHARGE PLANNING
MedicationCiprofloxacin 500 mg 1tablet 3x a day for
1 weekMetronidazole 500 mg 1 tablet 3x a day
for 1 weekTramadol (Dolcet) 1 tablet 3x a day for
pain
Environment Instruct patient’s relative to provide the
patient an environment conducive for her easy recovery. Her place/room in their house must be the most accessible area. Her environment should be free from contamination and infection.
TreatmentThe patient should follow the physician’s prescription and
should take his home medication on the right time and right dose.
Health TeachingInstruct the patient the importance of proper taking of medication on time. Instruct the patient and her family the proper wound care to avoid contamination and infection at surgical site.Instruct the patient to eat nutritious foods. Encourage ambulation for early recovery.Good sanitation is advised.
Out Patient DepartmentThe patient should return on the scheduled date of her
follow up check-up on September 5, 2008 in Metro Lipa Medical Center from 4:30 pm to 6:30 pm and should continuously take her home medication as prescribed by her physician. The patient should visit her physician whenever she feels any discomfort.
DietDiet as Tolerated. In order to attain proper diet, the
patient should be guided to the prescribed foods as advised by her physician. Her meals should include Vitamin C-rich foods for wound healing.
SpiritualPatient should enhance her spiritual relationship with
God. Have faith and trust in God’s divine power, and believed that the lord will help in her early recovery. Keep on praying, because praying is the number one key to live a healthy life and to be close to God.
XII. PROGNOSISThe mortality rate in uterine myoma is low provided early
diagnosis and management are made and no complication will occur. According to the attending physician the case of Lady L
greatly improved after the management, therefore, the prognosis is good.
I.EVALUATIONI.EVALUATION
XII. EVALUATION
Date 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
D5LR
1L
√ √ √ √ √ √ √
BT FWB
√ √
TPR
temp 36.7 36.2 36 37.3 36.8 36.2 37.6 36.2
BP 120/70 120/80 120/70 130/80 130/80 110/70 140/90 120/70
RR 24 20 21 24 22 20 28 22
PR 80 90 72 91 68 75 80 68
MEDS 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Omeprazole
√
Salbutamol (combivent)
√ √ √ √ √
Piperacillin (Tazocin)
√ √ √ √ √ √
Tramadol (ultram)
√ √
Diphenhydramine HCl (Benadryl)
√ √ √ √
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
√ √ √ √ √ √
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
√ √ √ √ √ √
Cefuroxime (Zinacef)
√
Paracetamol √
CXR AP √
Abdomen AP √
UTZ √
Clinical Chemistry
√ √ √
Cross Matching
√
Hematology √ √ √ √ √
DIET 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
DAT √ √
Soft diet √
NPO √ √ √ √
The patient is able to recognize her role in maintaining and improving her help and adheres and complies with her medical regimen prescribed by her health care providers as exhibited by avoiding everything that would aggravate her condition or would rise to complications and is able to verbalize her concerns about her condition and role in maintaining her health.
The students are equipped with better understanding of the condition and could give better nursing care to patients having the same condition. Students learned about the diseases’ clinical manifestations, risk factors, pathophysiology, and diagnostic procedures for the disease. They can perform better assessment and execute more effective nursing procedures necessary for patients having uterine myoma.