www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto Climate change and an increasing protein deficit: Why Europe needs to exploit genetic resources of protein crops now Fred Stoddard Department of Agricultural Sciences frederick <dot> stoddard <ät> helsinki <dot> fi Stoddard @ Rabat 2014 1
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www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto
Climate change and an
increasing protein deficit: Why
Europe needs to exploit genetic
resources of protein crops now Fred Stoddard
Department of Agricultural Sciences
frederick <dot> stoddard <ät> helsinki <dot> fi
Stoddard @ Rabat 2014 1
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto
Applied mathematics and omics technologies
for discovering biodiversity and genetic
resources for climate change mitigation and
adaptation to sustain agriculture in drylands
Stoddard @ Rabat 2014 2
www.helsinki.fi/yliopisto
• In EU terms, protein crop = faba bean, pea, lupins
• Given current prices of protein, starch and oil, how
competitive are the crops?
25 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
Part of the task: an economic
exercise
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Crop
Current
yield
(t/ha)
Desired
yield
(t/ha)
%
increase
Oil
produced
(Tg)
Starch
produced
(Tg)
Soya 2.7 3.4 30% 3.9 0.0
Rape 3.1 3.1 0% 13.8 0.0
Sunflower 2.2 2.9 31% 20.3 0.0
Lupin 1.0 4.2 334% 1.9 0.0
Pea 2.7 4.8 76% 0.0 15.5
Faba bean 2.7 4.5 69% 0.0 11.1
Alfalfa 22.9 24.8 8% 0.0 0.0
26 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
Yield increases needed to match
value of wheat
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• Gaps are large but, for faba bean and alfalfa at least, achievable: desired yields already obtained by good farmers in many countries
• Giving incentive to food applications raises the potential value of the grain legume crop (meat and dairy substitutes)
• Concerted action on yield and stress resistances can accelerate reduction of the yield gap
• And will benefit other regions if we go about it right
• So while all crops need adaptation to CC, legumes need it more, and can help moderate it
27 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
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• SFS-7b-2015: “Management and sustainable use of
genetic resources”: 5-7 M €
• Needs at least partial focus on Europe and climate
change
• Emphasis on sustainability and efficiency
• We have many successes in our FIGS network
• Third countries welcome
• Faba bean fits the remit, so does alfalfa
• Drought, waterlogging, heat stress
28 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
Opportunity next year?
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Why faba bean?
29 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
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• Only faba bean and pea can be grown in all 4 major
climatic zones of Europe (Mediterranean, Oceanic,
Continental and Boreal)
• and is also well adapted to the dry areas
• Faba bean > pea:
• biomass
• protein content
• nitrogen fixation
• And we have the demonstrated successes in FIGS
on faba bean
30 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
31
Oceanic zone:
autumn sowing,
very long season;
spring sowing,
medium season
Mediterranean zone:
autumn sowing,
medium season
Boreal zone:
spring sowing,
very short season
Continental zone:
spring sowing,
medium season
Metzger et al 2007
Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
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• Proposals should implement comprehensive actions to improve the status and use of (in particular European) ex-situ and in-situ genetic collections.
• More specifically, they should support acquisition, conservation, characterization/evaluation and especially the use of specific genetic resources in breeding, farming and forestry activities.
• Proposals should undertake broader dissemination and awareness raising activities. They should closely liaise with relevant initiatives seeking to harmonize, rationalize and improve management of existing collections and databases[1].
• Proposals are encouraged to include participants established in third countries[2]. This action allows for the provision of financial support to third parties in line with conditions set out in Part K of the General Annexes.
• Proposals should address crop, forest and/or livestock genetic resources.
32 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
Key paragraph of the call
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• improved in-situ/on-farm management and evaluation of genetic resources by the farming sector
• productivity and economic gains in specialized farming systems
• promotion of traditional and/or under-utilized crops
• increased availability of diverse, high quality products, e.g. with enhanced health benefits
• economic benefits for farmers, other types of SMEs and regional economies through the expansion or creation of new products and markets
• broader adaption of crops to limiting or changing agro-climatic conditions, e.g. by the use of adaptive traits from landraces
• enhanced quality and scope of European ex-situ and in-situ collections
• enhanced methodologies for management, conservation, characterization and evaluation of genetic resources
• increased transfer of genetic material into breeding programmes
• increased awareness of the value of genetic resources, engagement of end-users and contribution to implementation of international commitments in the area
• more extensive use of genetic resources in agriculture
• overall contribution to food security by supporting innovations in breeding and farming
33 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
Desired impacts include
FIGS
Faba
FIGS
FIGS
Faba
Faba
FIGS
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• to fix major problems of a key crop,
• to adapt it to current and future (CC) stresses
• and increase yield and yield stability,
• we can mitigate climate change,
• reduce the protein deficit,
• improve feed and food security,
• make better use of genetic resources,
• provide farmers with a desirable crop,
• and consumers with desirable food options.
• A win – win – win situation!
34 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
Our message: By using FIGS to
mine genetic resources
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• Germplasm managers (ICARDA and …)
• Mathematicians and statisticians (Concordia,
Helsinki, Oulu and …)
• Genomicists, geneticists and breeders (Helsinki and
…)
• Plant scientists
35 Stoddard @ Rabat 2014
People we need
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• Continue the maths & stats & GIS to get more out of
the GR system
• Test the outputs by focusing on some traits of some
crops
• e.g., need to do roots of the faba wet set & dry set
• waterlogging, heat, acid soil tolerance
• what other crops/traits? Not too many because of cost,
but enough to be attractive; need at least one biotic