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The Feeling Mind How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related?
L01
L03 L04 L05 L06
Differentiate emotion and motivation, and analyze their relationship to each other. L02
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Motivation and Emotion are Distinct Processes
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Motivations
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Mo#va#ons are psychological processes that define our goals and guide goal-‐directed
behavior.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Emotion
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Emo#ons are combina#ons of physical sensa#ons in the body and subjec#ve feelings that we experience automa#cally in response
to certain kinds of s#muli.
(Emo#ons are also oAen accompanied by cogni#ve appraisals to be discussed toward
the end of this lecture.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Motivation versus Emotion
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MOTIVATION
EMOTIONS
Determines stimuli that evoke
Increase salience, promote action
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
What Does It Mean to Be Motivated?
L02 L03 L04
L05 L06
Analyze the physiological and environmental factors that influence hunger and eating.
L01
Assess the roles of evolved preferences and physiological and environmental factors in sexual motivation, considering how this motivation varies with gender and over time.
Compare and contrast achievement and affiliation motivation in terms of predictors and implication for life outcomes. L07
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Hierarchy of Needs: Classic and Modern Perspectives
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Self-actualization
Esteem (respect)
Love (affection, belongingness)
Safety
Immediate physiological needs
Parenting
Mate retention
Mate acquisition
Status/esteem
Affiliation
Self protection
Immediate physiological needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy Kenrick’s Hierarchy
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Although testosterone is usually associated with men, both men and women have this hormone, and it is an important factor in sexual interest. Among women, varia#ons in testosterone are reliably correlated with interest in and enjoyment of sexMen normally have about ten times the circulating testosterone that women do.
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Ovulation
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0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
Days of menstrual cycle
Accu
racy
0.90
Day 1 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28
How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
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Mate Preferences
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How Are Motivation and Emotion Related? What Does It Mean to Be Motivated? Why Are We Emotional?
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
Men Women Kind/understanding Kind/understanding Exciting personality Exciting personality Intelligent Intelligent Physically attractive Easygoing Healthy Healthy Easygoing Physically Attractive Creative Creative Wants children College graduate College graduate Good earning capacity Good earning capacity Wants children
• When people deliberately try to conceal (or unconsciously repress) their emotions, a very brief, involuntary facial expression may occur. These “micro expressions” only last 1/15 to 1/25 of a second, but may offer a clue as to how another person is really feeling—or even if he or she may be lying.
• Paul Ekman, a psychologist, has conducted over 40 years of research on micro expressions and deception and has developed a method, The Micro Expression Training Tool (METT), which is designed to help you recognize and identify these flashes of emotion. Play the NPR podcast with Paul Elman.
• When finished, test your ability to recognize micro emotions by taking the Facial Expressions Test. This tool is similar to Ekman’s METT. Pressing a number will display a face. A micro expression will quickly flash across the face. You should then be able to say which of the seven emotions (sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, or happiness) you saw. If correct, the box in the upper right hand corner will read “right.” If not, the box will read “wrong.” Keep track of your scores in a notebook and be ready to discuss and answer the questions below.
• Reflections • Answer following questions in one to two sentences each: • How challenging was this task for you? • Which emotions did you find easiest to identify? Most difficult? • What do you think a micro emotion might be able to tell you? What are its limitations? • Would you make an accusation based on a micro emotion? Why or why not? •
•
Facial expressions in a Social and Cultural context However, Despite the apparent Universality of basic Facial expressions there are important social and Cultural influences on how well people recognize them. 1. Familiarity 2. Can mean different things at different times 3. Cultures differ in the aGention they pay to context 4. People use expressions to lie about their feelings
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Culture and emotion
Culture determines what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed or disgusted about. Some cultures have words for specific emotions unknown to other culture. e.g., schadenfreude in German, hagaii in Japan There are some cultures that don’t have words for emotions that seem universal to others. Tahitians and sadness Differences in secondary emotions appear to be reflected in differences in languages.
Rules of emotional regulation Display rules When, where, and how emotions are to be expressed or when they should be squelched
Emotion work Acting out an emotion we do not feel or trying to create the right emotion for the occasion. Ex: Flight aNendants.
Body language The nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, and gaze that people constantly express
11 The mind in emotion Explanations of events predict emotion beGer than the event itself. Many emotions cannot be experience without a sense of self and an understanding of social expectations. Your thoughts about something are intimately connected to how you feel about it. Emotions are psycholgical states of readiness for action or a change in readiness. Changes of readiness are normally based on evaluations of something happening that affects our immediate concerns.
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How thoughts create emotions Perceptions and aGributions are involved in emotions. How one reacts to an event depends on how he/she explains it. For example, how one reacts to being ignored (what is the reason? They are busy? They just don’t like you? or Winning the silver instead of the gold medal. Who is usually happier? The winner of the silver or the winner of the gold? Why? Philosophy of life is also influential. (Most people are basically good? Most people cannot be trusted?)
11 How thoughts create emotions continued….
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How thoughts create emotions continued…. Perceptions and aGributions are involved in emotions. • How one reacts to an event depends on how he/she explains it. “So we have the paradox of a man shamed to death because he is only the second pugilist or the second oarsman in the world. That he is able to beat the whole population of the globe minus one is nothing; he has “pitted” himself to beat that one; and as long as he doesn’t do that nothing else counts.” (James, 1892) • In 1892, psychologist William James wrote these words in this foundational book, The Principles of Psychology.