2/3/15 1 The Measure of Mind What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? How Do We Study the Effects of Time? How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? How Can We Conduct Ethical Research? What Is Science? What Is Science?
2/3/15
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The Measure of Mind What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? How Do We Study the Effects of Time? How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
What Is Science?
What Is Science?
2/3/15
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Example: Why Do We Help Others?
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
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Can we explain why some people are more likely to help than others?
Science as a Way of Knowing
Ways of Knowing
Science Introspection Emotion
Systematic observation Experimentation
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Intuition Deductive Logic
Systematic Observation
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
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Experimentation
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THEORY explains and predicts observed phenomena
HYPOTHESIS falsifiable and
testable prediction
DATA systematic observation
Confirmation
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Peer Review and Replication
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Peer Review Replication
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Example: Darley & Batson, 1973
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Thinking about helping norms
THEORIES of helping
More helping
More religious people More helping
Time pressure Less helping
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
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Questionnaires Instructions for preparing a talk
On the way to the next building…
Darley & Batson, 1973
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Part 1 Part 2
Topic Good Samaritan vs. Jobs
and
Time Pressure Late vs. On Time vs. Early
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Darley & Batson, 1973
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1 Topic Jobs
2 Religiosity
Less Religious
3 Time pressure
On time
HYPOTHESIS about helping
Early
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Good Samaritan
More Religious
Late
Darley & Batson, 1973
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0 = Did not notice victim 1 = Noticed, but did not offer help 2 = Did not stop, but told someone else 3 = Asked victim if he needed help 4 = Insisted on taking victim inside 5 = Refused to leave victim
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
2/3/15
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Darley & Batson, 1973
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H1 not supported – Topic did not affect helping
H2 not supported – Religiosity did not predict helping
H3 supported – Hurry led to less helping
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2
3 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Late On Time Early
Help
ing
Time Pressure
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? L01 L02
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Differentiate the key features, strengths, and limitations of correlational and experimental methods, and apply this distinction in designing a new study or interpreting the results of a study.
Explain the main goal of descriptive research methods and the ways in which case studies, naturalistic observations, and surveys approach this goal.
Descriptive Methods
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Case Studies
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Naturalistic Studies
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Surveys
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
2/3/15
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Correlational Methods
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Theorized Cause: Predictor
Theorized Effect: Outcome
Religiosity Helping
Measured only Measured only
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Direction of correlations
Positive correlations An association between increases in one variable and increases in another, or decreases in one variable and decreases in the other.
Negative correlations An association between increases in one variable and decreases in another.
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Test Question:
What kind of correlation is this? 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. No correlation
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ScaPerplots Correlations can be represented by scatterplots.
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Explaining correlations
Start with three variables (X, Y, Z) X might cause Y Y might cause X X might be correlated with Y, which alone causes Z
Correlations show patterns, not causes.
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Experimental Methods
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Theorized Cause: Independent Variable
Theorized Effect: Dependent Variable
Time Pressure Helping
Hold other variables constant
Manipulated by Experimenter/ Random Assignment Measured Only
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
2/3/15
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An experiment
A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another. An experiment includes variables of interest, control conditions, and random assignment.
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Variables of interest Independent variables Variables the experimenter manipulates Dependent variables Variables the experimenter predicts will be affected by manipulations of the independent variable(s)
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Test Question? An experimenter wants to study the effects of music on studying. He has some students study while listening to music and others study in silence, and then compares their test scores. What is the independent variable in this experiment? 1. The students 2. The presence of music while studying 3. The kind of music 4. The test scores
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Test Question:Answer An experimenter wants to study the effects of music on studying. He has some students study while listening to music and others study in silence, and then compares their test scores. What is the independent variable in this experiment? 1. The students 2. The presence of music while studying 3. The kind of music 4. The test scores
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Control conditions
In an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. In some experiments, the control group is given a placebo, an inactive substance or fake treatment.
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Random assignment For experiments to have experimental and control groups composed of similar subjects, random assignment should be used. Each individual participating in the study has the same probability as any other of being assigned to a given group.
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Experimenter effects Unintended changes in subjects’ behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter. Strategies for preventing experimenter effects include single- and double-blind studies.
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How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data? L01 L02 L03 L04 L05
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Define reliability and validity, and evaluate a specific operational measure of a variable with respect to these criteria.
Differentiate the kind of information conveyed by descriptive versus inferential statistics in describing scientific data, and interpret the meaning of specific statistics (i.e., mean, correlation coefficient).
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Reliability? Validity?
Operational Measures
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Theoretical Variable
Operational Measure
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Reliability
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Reliability: The consistency of an operational measure across time and observers
Consistency across time and similar measures
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Consistency across observers
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Face Validity Construct Validity Predictive Validity
Validity
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Validity: The extent to which an operational measure actually measures the concept it is supposed to measure
Theoretical Variable
Operational Measure
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
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Summarize actual study data
Extend conclusions to larger population
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Descriptive Statistics: One Variable
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Central Tendency of One Variable
(e.g., Mean, Median, Mode)
Variability of One Variable (e.g., Standard Deviation)
13.5% 13.5%
34% 34%
2.0%0.5% 0.5%2.0%
68%95%99%
−4 +4−3 +3−2 +2−1 +10
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Descriptive Statistics: Relationships Between Variables
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Relationships Between Variables (e.g., Correlation Coefficient)
GPA43.53
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
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Inferential Statistics
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Sample of People Studied Population of Interest
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Inferential Statistics
Statistical Significance The probability that relationships between variables observed
in the sample are NOT true in the larger population p <.05; p = .01
the likelihood that we got this result, “just by chance”
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research? How Do We Study
the Effects of Time? How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
Ethical Guidelines: Humans
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Reasonable Incentives
Informed Consent
Minimize Harm
Confidentiality
What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?
2/3/15
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Ethical Guidelines: Animals
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Clear Purpose for Research Care for Animals Minimize Pain and Suffering ©
Bill G
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What Is Science? How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
How Do We Study the Effects of Time?
How Do We Draw Conclusions From Data?
How Can We Conduct Ethical Research?