The Visceral Nervous System 山山山山山山山 山山山山山 山山山
The Visceral Nervous System
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室李振华
The Visceral Nervous SystemComposition Visceral motor nerves (autonomic nervous system)
Sympathetic part 交感部 Parasympathetic part 副交感部
Visceral sensory nerves
Visceral motor nerves
Main differences between somatic motor and visceral motor n.
Somatic Visceral
Effectors Skeletal muscles
Cardiac, smooth muscles and glands
Kind of fibers One Two: sympathetic and parasympathetic
From lower center to effect require
Single neuron
Two neurons: preganglionic neuron (fiber) and postganglionic neuron (fiber)
Fibers Thick myelinated
Preganglionic: thin myelinated postganglionic: unmyelinated
Distributive form
Nerve trunk Nerve plexuses
Control Voluntary (consciousness)
Involuntary (unconsciousness )
Sympathetic part 交感部
Lower center: located in lateral gray horn of spinal cord segments T1~L3
Sympathetic ganglia Paravertebral ganglia
椎旁节 Prevertebral ganglia
椎前节
Paravertebral ganglia 椎旁节 Arranged on either side
of vertebral column Consist of 19~22 of ova
l-shaped ganglia Three cervical 10~12 thoracic 4 lumbar 2~3 sacral Ganglion impar 奇神经节 :
unpaired on the anterior face of coccyx
Sympathetic trunk 交感干 Formed by paravertebral ga
nglia and interganglionic branches
Lie on either side of vertebral column from base of skull to coccyx
The trunks of two side unite in front of the coccyx at a small swelling, the ganglion impar
Prevertebral ganglia 椎前节 Lie anterior to vertebral colu
mn and near the arteries for which they are named
Celiac ganglion 腹腔神经节
Aorticorenal ganglion 主动脉肾节
Superior mesenteric ganglion 肠系膜上神经节
Inferior mesenteric ganglion 肠系膜下神经节
Three fates of preganglionic fibersPreganglionic fibers 15 pairs white communicating branch Sympathetic trunk
(only spinal levels T1~L3 have white communicating branch)
Three fates of preganglionic fibers Relay in corresponding g
anglion Ascend or descend in sy
mpathetic trunk and relay in higher or lower ganglia
Pass without synapse to a prevertebral ganglion for relay
Greater splanchnic nerve 内脏大神经 formed by preganglionic fibers from T5
~T9 ganglia, and relay in celiac ganglio
n.
Lesser splanchnic nerve 内脏小神经 f
ormed by preganglionic fibers from T10
~T12 ganglia, and relay in aorticorenal
ganglion.
The postganglionic fibers supply the liv
er, spleen, kidney and alimentary tract
as far as the left colic flexure.
Lumbar splanchnic nerve 腰内脏神经 Formed by preganglionic fibers from L
1~L4 ganglia, and relay in prevertebr
al ganglia.
The postganglionic fibers supplydesce
nding and sigmoid colon, rectum, pelvi
c viscera and lower limbs.
Three fates of postganglionic fibers Back to a spinal nerve along
gray communicating branches ( 31 pairs ) to terminate in blood vessels, arrectores pilorum and sweat glands of head, neck, trunk and limbs
The fibers from their networks around blood vessels passing to visceral end organs
Terminate directly in certain organs
Distribution of sympathetic nervePreganglionic fibers Postganglionic fibers
T1~T5 Head, neck, upper limb and thoracic viscera
T5~T12 Abdominal viscera
L1~L3 Pelvic viscera and lower limb
Parasympathetic part 副交感部 Lower center: located in four pairs parasympathetic
nuclei in brain stem and in sacral parasympathetic nucleus of spinal cord segments S2~S4
Parasympathetic ganglia: terminal ganglia are near or within the wall of a visceral organ Para-organ ganglia 器官旁节:
Ciliary ganglion 睫状神经节 Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节 Otic ganglion 耳神经节
Intramural ganglia 壁内节
Cranial portion 颅部Ⅲ
ciliary ganglion
sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles
pterygopalatine ganglionⅦlacrimal gland
submandibular ganglion
sublingual glandsubmandibular glandⅨ
otic ganglionparotid glandⅩ
terminal ganglia
heart, lungs, liver, spleenkidneys,alimentary tractas far as left colic flexure
Cranial portion 颅部 Ⅲaccessory oculomotor nucleus 〈○ sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles
ciliary ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion Ⅶ 〈○ lacrimal glandsuperior salivatory nucleus 〈○ sublingual gland submandibular ganglion submandibular gland
Ⅸinferior salivator nucleus 〈○ parotid gland otic ganglion
Ⅹ heart, lungs, liver, spleen, dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 〈○ kidneys,alimentary tract terminal ganglia as far as left colic flexure
Sacral portion 骶部 Preganglionic fibers from sacral
parasympathetic nucleus leave spinal cord with anterior roots of the spinal nerves S2~S4,
Then leave sacral nerves and form pelvic splanchnic nerve and travel by way of pelvic plexus to terminal ganglia in pelvic cavity
Postganglionic fibers terminate in descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and pelvic viscera
Main differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic
Main differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Lower center Lateral gray horn of spinal cord segments T1~L3
Four pairs parasympathetic nuclei and sacral parasympathetic nucleus
Ganglia Paravertebral, prevertebral
Terminal
Preganglionic f. Shorter Longer
Postganglionic f. Longer Shorter
Pre: Postganglionic 1: many more 1: a few
Distributions Throughout the body Limited primarily to head and viscera of thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Different action Prepares for emergency situation (fight or flight)
Conserve and restore body energy (rest and relaxation)
Visceral plexuses Cardiac plexuses
Superficial , below aortic arch
Deep, anterior to bifurcation on trachea
Pulmonary plexus Celiac plexus Abdominal aortic plexus Hypogastric plexus
Superior hypogastric plexus
Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus)
Visceral sensory nerves
Enteroceptors
Ⅶ ,Ⅸ , Ⅹ
Nucleus of solitary tract
Sympathetic nerve Pelvic splanchnic nerve
Posterior horn
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebral cortex
Somatic motor neurons visceral motor neuclei
Effectors
Referred pain 牵涉痛
The Endocrine System
山东大学医学院 解剖教研室李振华
The Endocrine System
Composition Endocrine glands: have no ducts, their
secretions (hormone) release directly into bloodstream to its target organ
Endocrine tissue
Thyroid gland 甲状腺 Shape and position
H-shape Left and right lobes: lie on either side of
inferior part of larynx and superior part of trachea, extend from middle of thyroid cartilage to level of sixth trachea cartilage
Isthmus: overlies 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage
Pyramidal lobe: some times arises from isthmus
Fibrous capsule: a sheath of pretracheal fascia which is attached to arch of cricoid and thyroid cartilages, hence, the thyroid gland moves with larynx during swallowing and oscillates during speaking
Function: to produce thyroxin, regulating the rate of metabolism and growth of bony and nervous system
Parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺
Yellowish-brown, ovoid bodies Position
Two superior parathyroid glands: lie at junction of superior and middle third of posterior border of thyroid gland
Two inferior parathyroid glands: lie near the inferior thyroid artery, close to the inferior poles of thyroid gland
Function: regulate calcium and phosphate balance and is therefore essential for life
Suprarenal gland
Shape and position Right is pyramidal in shape,
left one semilunar in shape, consisting of out cortex and inner medulla
Located retroperitoneally, superomedial to superior poles of each kidney, enclose with the kidney by the renal fascia
Function: secretes adrenaline, noradrenaline and several steroid hormones
Hypophysis Shape and position
Pea-sized organ, attached by infundibulum to hypothalamus, lies in hypophysial fossa
Consists of two parts: Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis
Relationship Above - diaphragm sellae Anterosuperior - optic chi
asma and optic nerve Laterally - cavernous sinu
s Below - sphenoid sinus
Pineal body 松果体 locates in posterosuperior to thalamus, attached by stalk to po
sterior part of roof of third ventricle
Thymus 胸腺 Position:
Located in superior mediastinum
Posterior to sternum and between the lungs
Function: Secrets thymosin: to aid
in maturation of T-cell Secrets thymopoietin
Endocrine tissue
Pancreatic islet Gonad
Ovary Testis