1 Universitatea Spiru Haret Bucuresti Facultatea de Stiinte Juridice si Stiinte Economice, Constanta Departamentul Stiinte Juridice LIMBA ENGLEZĂ (Culegere de texte şi exerciţii) THE U.K. AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM SINTEZE (NOTE DE CURS) AN I, SEMESTRUL II Lector univ. dr. Anca Magiru 2018
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Universitatea Spiru Haret Bucuresti
Facultatea de Stiinte Juridice si Stiinte Economice, Constanta
Departamentul Stiinte Juridice
LIMBA ENGLEZĂ
(Culegere de texte şi exerciţii)
THE U.K. AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM
SINTEZE (NOTE DE CURS)
AN I, SEMESTRUL II
Lector univ. dr. Anca Magiru
2018
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INTRODUCTION
A knowledge of the English and American legal systems is important for our full-time
law students at Spiru Haret School of Law and Economics, Constanţa. The coursebook, which is
a collection of authentic legal texts and also an anthology of grammar exercises, gathered and
compiled from different law textbooks and English grammar exercise books, provides an
introduction to the English and American legal systems and the means to develop the language
and analytical skills which form an essential part of the legal study. The book will be used for the
law students of Spiru Haret University and, therefore, the book is not for sale in book stores,
except Spiru Haret University book stores. The double purpose of this coursebook is: 1.to
provide factual knowledge by exploring legal texts, and 2.to develop the necessary language and
analytical skills for part-time law students of English to whom it specifically addresses.
Information is given on basic grammatical areas which arise from texts and on
vocabulary (word formation and use of legal vocabulary). Activities concentrate on reading,
writing and study skills with some work on oral functions. In gathering the texts for this
coursebook, the author took into account the requirements laid down in the Analytical Program
for the part-time law students at Spiru Haret University School of Law and Public
Administration.
The coursebook comprises 14 units each unit dealing with an individual subject. The
broad subject-matter of each unit is broken down into two parts to provide a structured approach
to the subject.
The factual content, in VOLUME I, THE FIRST YEAR OF STUDY, is presented
through extracts from authentic texts, in the Reading Section, which is followed by
comprehension questions and exercises included in the Assessment and/or Self-assessment Tests
Section. Part One introduces some general features of the English law and legal system which
will provide a background to the following topics: 1.The British Constitution and
Government, 2.The British Legal System, 3.The English Criminal Courts, 4.The English
3.Self-assessment Test on Grammar Knowledge. The Past Perfect Simple Tense and the
Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
Activity I.Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using the past perfect tense and
the clues provided.
1.You left. They woke up at 7:30. (already … when)
2.The plane took off. They got to the airport. (just … when)
3.Kenneth finished the job. Amy walked into the office. (already … before)
4.I moved to San Francisco. Maria moved to Washington D.C.. ( … before)
5.Michael finished the book. Becky started it. (already … before)
6.Did you hear the news? Did you see it on TV? (already … when)
7.Ralph drank two glasses of wine. The waitress offered him a third. (already … when)
8.They sold the house. The detective called and asked about it. (before) (Adapted and abridged from: English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch,
A Random House Company, 2004)
Keywords to be remembered: Magistrates’ Court, County Court, High Court, Civil Courts,
Civil Cases, the Past Perfect Simple Tense, the Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Comprehension Check:
Answer the following questions:
1.What do torts include?
2.What are the English Civil Courts?
3.What are the three divisions of the High Court?
Topics for presentation:
1.The English Civil Cases
2.The English Civil Courts
Assessment and Self-assessment Test
Activity 1.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.Poliţiştii m-au întrebat de ce am venit acasă atât de tarziu.
2.Când m-am întâlnit cu avocatul, el mă aştepta de 10 minute.
3.A vrut să ştie unde am fost între 9 şi 11 seara.
4.Când am sunat la sonerie, el studia cazul de o jumătate de oră.
5.Avionul zbura de o oră când a fost deturnat.
6.După ce a văzut filmul poliţist, a citit romanul Agathei Christie.
7.Nici nu au ajuns bine la munte, că poliţiştii i-au si prins.
8.Poliţia îi căuta de trei ore când au ieşit în oraş.
9.Deşi se străduise să înveţe toate amănuntele cazului, pe dinafară, nu putea să îşi amintească nici
măcar numele criminalului. (Adapted and abridged from: English Practical Course, Camelia Boarcăş, Anca Magiru, Europolis,
Constanţa, 2002)
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REVISION I = TERM ASSESSMENT TEST 1 (EVALUARE 1)
Learning Unit # 4 : THE ENGLISH CIVIL CASES
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.By whom are civil cases brought?
a.They are brought by individuals, companies, organizations.
b.They are brought by individuals, William, Jane.
c.They are brought by the Browns, the Popescus, organizations.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
2.Who is “the claimant”?
a.The “claimant” is Elizabeth.
b.The “claimant” is the individual who brings an action.
c.The “claimant” is Kitty.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
3.Torts include:
a.assault, Sean and Vicky.
b.assault, father and mother.
c.assault, negligence and defamation.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
4.Name the civil courts in England.
a.Magistrates’ Courts, County Courts, the High Court.
Read and translate the following text into Romanian:
The Legal Professionals (I)
The Lawyers
In English law there is a traditional distinction between the
two main types of lawyers you could consult: the barristers and the
solicitors.
Barristers
A barrister is someone who pleads at the bar, the place
where cases are heard. Before being called to the bar, they will have
spent three years at a university studying for a law degree. Then
they spend some time as the pupil of an established barrister, before
gaining a position as a junior barrister. After increasing in
experience and reputation they may be selected as a Queen’s
Counsel (QC). QCs are barristers with at least ten years’ experience
and are chosen by the Lord Chancellor.
Solicitors
Individuals and organizations who need legal advice
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normally go first to a solicitor. Like barristers, solicitors spend three
years at university leading to a law degree. They then do a year’s
legal practice course, leading to an examination. After that they
spend a further period employed under a training contract before
becoming fully qualified solicitors.
In England and Wales there are approximately 85,000
practising solicitors compared to 9,000 barristers. They could act as
advocates working independently or with a barrister. They may not
appear in the higher courts.
Paralegals
Increasingly firms of solicitors are using the services of
paralegals, who have a legal training, commonly a law degree, but
have not yet qualified as solicitors. Paralegals will focus on their
own area of expertise, for example, conveyancing (the legal side of
selling property) or personal injury compensation claims. Some will
later go on to qualify as solicitors, while others will prefer to remain
as paralegals. (Adapted and abridged from Law in Everyday Life, John
Seely, Oxford University Press, 2003)
B.GRAMMAR SECTION: TENSERevision & Consolidation
5.3.2.Expressing Future Time:
1.The Future Simple Tense
2.The Future Continuous Tense
3.To Be Going To (The Near Future)
4.The Future Perfect Simple Tense
5.The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Expressing Future Time (I)
Future actions can be expressed by:
1. THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
Form: shall/will + short infinitive
Affirmative
Long form Short form SHALL=’LL
WILL =’ LL
I shall/will play =mă voi juca I’ll play
You will play You’ll play
He will play He’ll play
She will play She’ll play
It will play It’ll play
We shall/will play We’ll play
You will play You’ll play
They will play They’ll play
Interrogative Negative-Interrogative
Shall/Will I play? Shall/Will I not play?
Will you play? Will you not play?
Will he play? Will he not play?
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Will she play? Will she not play?
Will it play? Will it not play?
Shall/Will we play? Shall/Will we not play?
Will you play? Will you not play?
Will they play? Will they not play?
Negative
Long form Short form
I shall not/will not play I shan’t play/I won’t play
You will not play You won’t play
He will not play He won’t play
She will not play She won’t play
It will not play It won’t play
We shall not/will not play We shan’t/won’t play
You will not play You won’t play
They will not play They won’t play
Use
As a rule, shall is used with the first person singular and plural, and
will with the second and third person, in British English. The
American English uses only „will” with all persons to express
future activities. It usually occurs in formal style, although in every
day speech, the forms we’ll, I’ll, etc are used. The Future Simple
Tense expresses:
1.A “neutral” future event, a prediction about the future:
e.g.:
1.We shall go on a trip next month. He’ll be late for school today.
2.John and Ann will write a good book this year.
2.A future action in the main clause of conditional and temporal
sentences:
e.g.:
1.We shall read the book if Ted gives it to us.
2.If the rain stops, we’ll play in the park.
3.Mary will feel better if she takes her medicine regularly.
4.The doctor will examine them when they go to the office again.
3.Opinions or assumptions about the future with verbs of
opinion: assume, believe, hope, expect, etc. e.g.:
1.We hope Amber will come to visit us later.
2.That’ll be the postman at the door. (This means that we suppose it
is the postman.)
4.Habitual actions that are likely to take place in the future:
e.g.:
1.In Nobember John and Anne will go toFreiburg.
2.In January, we’ll go back to the University.
5.A sequence of events (a narrative) in the future:
e.g.:
1.William will call the office to reserve theater tickets.
2.The next day Mary will pick up the tickets.
6.The subject’s intention at the moment of decision:
e.g.:
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1.Mrs. Magiru: We’ve run out of instant coffee.
2.Mr. Magiru: I’ll buy some.
7.WILL + YOU + VERB?- invitation or request for something:
e.g.:
1.Will you come to the concert with us?
2.Will you clear the table?
8.SHALL + I/WE + VERB? – offer to do something or ask for
instructions, advice or suggestion:
e.g.:
1.Shall I help you wash the dishes?
2.Where shall we meet?
3.Shall I buy that dictionary? (Adapted from Gramatica limbii engleze, volumul I, Constantin Paidos,
Institutul European, Iaşi, 1995)
2. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: shall/will + be + verb +ing
Affirmative Interrogative
I shall/will be playing =mă voi juca Shall/Will I be playing?
You will be playing Will you be playing?
He will be playing Will he be playing?
She will be playing Will she be playing?
It will be playing Will it be playing?
We shall/will be playing Shall/Will we be playing?
You will be playing Will you be playing?
They will be playing Will they be playing?
Negative
Long form Short form
I shall/will not be playing I shan’t/won’t be playing
You will not be playing You won’t be playing
He will not be playing He won’t be playing
She will not be playing She won’t be playing
It will not be playing It won’t be playing
We shall/will not be playing We shan’t/won’t be playing
You will not be playing You won’t be playing
They will not be playing They won’t be playing
Use
It is used:
1.to express a future activity or state that will be in progress at a
certain moment in the future:
e.g.:
This time tomorrow we shall be watching Mary Poppins.
2.to indicate that an activity or state will extend over a whole
future period:
e.g.:
Jane will be sending e-mails all day long.
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3.to express future events that are planned:
e.g.:
We shall be spending our next holiday in the Greek Island,
Zakynthos.
3. TO BE GOING TO (“THE NEAR FUTURE”)
(A AVEA DE GȂND SĂ...)
Form
Affirmative Interrogative
I am going to play Am I going to play?
You are going to pay Are you going to play?
He is going to play Is he going to play?
She is going to play Is she going to play?
It is going to play Is it going to play?
We are going to play Are we going to play?
You are going to play Are you going to play?
They are going to play Are they going to play?
Negative
Long form Short form
I am not going to play I’m not going to play
You are not going to play You aren’t going to play/You’re not…
He is not going to play He isn’t going to play/He’s not…
She is not going to play She isn’t going to play/She’s not…
It is not going to play It isn’t going to play/It’s not…
We are not going to play We aren’t going to play/We’re not…
You are not going to play You aren’t going to play/You’re not…
They are not going to play They aren’t going to play/They’re
not…
Use
It is used to express:
1.A neutral future event in colloquial English as a substitute for
the simple future. The GOING TO FUTURE is preferred in
colloquial English; the SHALL/WILL future is more common
in formal written English.
e.g.:
1.You’re going to see a lot of movies in San Antonio, Texas.
2.Helen is going to move to San Diego, California, so Cesar is
telling her what life is like there.
2.An event taking place in the immediate or near future.
e.g.:
1.I’m going to make some tea in a moment.
2.I’m going to fill the kettle with water.
3.The subject’s present intention to perform a future action.
The simple future tense can also express intention, but it is the
subject’s intention at the moment of decision.
e.g.:
1.A:The phone is ringing. B:I’ll get it.
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2. We are going to visit our uncle and aunt next week.
3.What sites are you going to visit in Freiburg?
4.We are going to visit Munster Cathedral.
4.A future action which appears likely or inevitable due to
present causes/circumstances.
e.g.:
1.It’s going to rain. Just look at the clouds.
2.A:That coat is too thin for this time of the year. You’re going to
catch a cold.
B:Thank you. I’ll take a warmer coat then.
5.In association with time clauses (as soon as, after, when, while,
until) to emphasize the subject’s intention.
e.g.:
I’m going to write a book about academic life at St.Mary’s
University School of Law, San Antonio, Texas, as soon as we come
back to Romania.
4.THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE
Form: shall/will + have + Past Participle
Affirmative
I shall/will not have played = mă voi fi jucat
You will have played
He will have played
She will have played
It will have played
We shall/will have played
You will have played
They will have played
Interrogative
Shall/Will + S+ have + past participle (the 3rd form of the verb)
Shall/Will I have played?
Will you have played?
Will he have played?
Will she have played?
Will it have played?
Shall/Will we have played?
Will you have played?
Will they have played?
Negative
S+ shall/will + not + have +past participle
I shall not/ will not have played
You will not have played
He will not have played
She will not have played
It will not have played
We shall not/will not have played
You will not have played
They will not have played
Use
The Future Perfect Simple is used to indicate:
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1.an action which will be finished before a certain moment or
another action in the future. In this case, it is usually associated
with the preposition by in such constructions as: by Monday/by that
time/by the end of, etc.
e.g.:
It is 9 o’clock. I’m sure my nieces will have written their
homework by 12 o’clock.
2.the duration up to a certain time in the future:
e.g.:
On Tuesday they will have been on holidys for one week.
3.possibility or assumption:
e.g.:
If Flavia has taken a taxi, she will have arrived at the airport in
time. (I assume that she has arrived./It is likely that she has
arrived.)
5.THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: S+ shall/will + have + been + Present Participle
Affirmative
I shall/will have been playing = Mă voi fi jucat
You will have been playing
He will have been playing
She will have been playing
It will have been playing
We shall/will have been playing
You will have been playing
They will have been playing
Interrogative
Shall/will + S + have + been + present participle
Shall/Will I have been playing?
Will you have been playing?
Will he have been playing?
Will she have been playing?
Will it have been playing?
Shall/Will we have been playing?
Will you have been playing?
Will they have been playing?
Negative
S+ shall/will + not +have +been + present participle
Long form Short form
I shall/will not have been playing I shan’t/won’t have been playing
You will not have been playing You won’t have been playing
He will not have been playing He won’t have been playing
She will not have been playing She won’t have been playing
It will not have been playing It won’t have been playing
We shall/will not have been playing We shan’t/won’t have been
playing
You will not have been playing You won’t have been playing
They will not have been playing They won’t have been playing
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Use
The Future Perfect Continuous is used to express:
the duration of an action up to a certain moment in the future:
e.g.:
At 6 o’clock, your husband will have been sleeping for two hours.
C.PRACTICE SECTION :
5.4. Key Answer Guide for Self-assessment Activities
The Synthesis of Learning Unit # 5 through Self-assessment Tests:
A.READING SECTION:
1.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. The Legal Professionals (I). Lawyers
Activity 1
Answer the following questions:
1.How many types of lawyers could you consult in England?
2.Define the word “barrister”.
3.What is a Queen’s Counsel (QC)?
4.By whom is a Queen’s Counsel (QC) chosen?
5.How many practising solicitors are there in England and Wales?
6.What is the area of expertise of a paralegal?
B.GRAMMAR SECTION:
Tense Revision
2.Self-assessment Test on Grammar Knowledge. The Future Tenses.
Activity I.
1.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Rose îşi va cumpăra o carte.
a.Rose will buy a book.
b.Rose will buys herself a book.
c.Rose shall buy herself a book.
2.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Ele se tem că Flavia nu va ajunge la timp la aeroport.
a.They are afraid Flavia won’t get at Frankfurt Airport in time.
b.They are afraid Flavia won’t get to Frankfurt Airport in time.
c.They are afraid Flavia won’t got to Frankfurt Airport in time.
3.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Probabil că Anne şi Adelle vor reuşi să găsească un taxi.
a.Anne and Adelle will probably manage to find a taxi.
b.Anne and Adelle will probably manage at finding a taxi.
c.Anne and Adelle are to find a taxi.
4.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Sunt sigur că Harry va aduce mâine CD-ul la bibliotecă..
a.I’m sure that Harry will bring tomorrow the CD at the library.
b.I’m sure that Harry will brings the CD tomorrow at the library.
c.I’m sure that Harry will bring the CD to the library tomorrow.
5.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Sper că vor găsi bilete pentru Freiburg.
a.I hope they’ll find tickets to Freiburg.
b.I hope they’ll find tickets at Freiburg.
c.I hope they’l find tickets to Freiburg.
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6.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Vrei să mergi cu noi în Germania?
a.Will you come to Germany with us?
b.Do you want to come with us at Germany?
c.Do you desire to come with us to Germany?
7.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Vrei să îmi aduci puţină cafea?
a.Will you bring me a little coffee?
b.Will you bring me some coffee?
c.Will you bring me a few coffee?
8.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Să-ţi ajut să strângi masa?
a.Do I help you to clear the table?
b.Shall I help you to clear the table?
c.Do you want me to help you clear the table?
9.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Vreţi să ne spuneţi ceva despre acest roman?
a.Do you want to tell us something about this novel?
b.Will you tell us something about this novel?
c.Will you tell us anything about this novel?
10.Choose the correct translation for the following sentence:
Ce zici, să ne uităm la televizor sau să citim?
a.Shall we watch TV or read?
b.What do you say, do we watch TV or read?
c.Let’s go watch TV or read! (Adapted and abridged from: Exerciţii de gramatică engleză, Georgiana Gălăţeanu,Ed. Albatros,
Bucureşti, 1979)
Activity II. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.
1.This time next year we (to travel) to Chicago. 2. If they come at 6 p.m., they (to have) dinner.
3.It (to snow) when we get there. 4. This time next year we (to study) at the Chicago University.
5.At 7p.m. Andrew and William (to listen) to the news.
Keywords to be remembered: lawyers, barristers, solicitors, paralegals, the Future Simple
Tense, the Future Continuous Tense, to be going to (near future), the Future Perfect Simple
Tense, the Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Comprehension Check:
Activity 1.Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Simple Tense:
1.By the end of October, all the leaves (to fall). 2.Before we leave Washington, D.C., we (to visit)
every museum in the National Mall. 3.By Sunday night, you (to finish) the Fulbright project.
4.By 11 p.m. Vincent (to come) back home. 5.By this time next year, Sister Grace (to remember)
all about this country. 6. By the end of June, Dana and Nick (to repaint) the house. 7.When we get
home, the children (to get) there, for a long time.
Activity 2. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Perfect Continuous Tense:
1.By 10.30 a.m., the professor (to write) on the board for 20 minutes . 2.I (to study) American
English for 8 months when I finish my American project. 3.By April I (to teach) in this School for
8 months 4. We (to listen) to the latest news on BI for 10 minutes when Violet calls us. 5. By the
end of August Jack (to take) English lessons for two months.
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Topics for presentation:
1.Write/Speak about lawyers in England: a.Barristers; b.Solicitors; c.Paralegals.
Assessment and Self-assessment Tests
Activity 1.Translate the following sentences into English using the Future Continuous Tense:
1.Sunt sigur că la ora 10 p.m., Bill şi Annette vor citi. 2.Sister Gretchen va scrie exerciţiile în
franceză când va fi ora 11. 3. Marţi pe vremea asta mama va cânta la pian. 4.Dolly and Joan se
vor juca în curte toată dimineaţa. 5.Sâmbăta viitoare, la ora 10 a.m., ne vom plimba pe malul
Siretului. (Adapted and abridged from: Gramatica limbii engleze, volumul I, Constantin Paidos, Institutul European,
Iaşi, 1995)
Activity 2.Translate the following sentences into English using the Future Perfect
SimpleTense:
1.Până la sfârşitul anului universitar vom fi învăţat despre Constituţia SUA. 2.Avionul va fi plecat
înainte de a ajunge noi la aeroport. 3.Până la ora 3p.m. Amber va fi semnat toate documentele.
4.Sunt sigură că aceste bilete se vor vinde până luni. (Adapted and abridged from: Gramatica limbii
engleze, volumul I, Constantin Paidos, Institutul European, Iaşi, 1995)
Activity 3.Translate the following sentences into English using the Future Perfect Continuous
Tense:
1.De cât timp vei lucra în acest birou când se va termina bursa Fulbright? 2.La sfârşitul acestui an
universitar, Dolly va învăţa japoneză de 2 ani. 3. Pe 5 iulie se împlinesc 3 ani de când Violet
locuieşte în această casă. 4.Mâine la ora 9a.m., vom zbura spre Grecia de cel puţin o oră. (Adapted and abridged from: Gramatica limbii engleze, volumul I, Constantin Paidos, Institutul European,
Iaşi, 1995)
REVISION II
TERM ASSESSMENT TEST 2 (=EVALUARE 2)
LEARNING UNIT # 5 : THE LEGAL PROFESSIONALS (I). LAWYERS
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1. Rose isi va cumpara o carte.
a. Rose will buy a book.
b. Mary will buy a book.
c. Kate will buy a book.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
2. Ele se tem ca Flavia nu va ajunge la timp la aeroport.
a. They are afraid that Sylvia won’t get to the airport in time.
b. They are afraid that Flavia won’t get to the airport in time.
c. They are afraid that June won’t get to the airport in time.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
3. Probabil ca Anne si Adelle vor reusi sa gaseasca un taxi.
a. Anne and Adelle will probably manage to finding a taxi.
b. Anne and Adelle are probably going to find a taxi.
c. Anne and Adelle will probably manage to find a taxi.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
4. Sunt sigur ca Henry va adduce maine CD-ul la biblioteca.
a. I’m sure that Henry will bring the CD to the library tomorrow.
b. I’m sure that Henry will bring tomorrow the CD to the book-store.
c. I’m sure that Henry will brings the CD tomorrow in the class.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
5. Sper ca vor gasi bilete de avion pentru Frankfurt.
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a. I hope they’ll find plane tickets at Frankfurt.
b. I hope they’ll fine plane tickets to Frankfurt.
c. I hope they’ll find plane tickets in Frankfurt.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
6. Vrei sa mergi cu noi in Germania?
a. Do you want to come with us in Germany?
b. Do you desire to come with us at Germany?
c. Will you join us to Germany?
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
7. Vrei sa imi aduci niste cafea?
a. Will you bring me some coffee?
b. Will you bring me a few coffee?
c. Will you bring me any coffee?
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
8. Sa te ajut sa strangi masa?
a. Do I help you to clear the table?
b. Shall I help you to clear the table?
c. Do you want me to help you to clear the table?
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
9. Vreti sa ne spuneti ceva despre acest roman?
a. Will you tell us anything about this novel?
b. Do you want to tell us something about this novel?
c. Will you tell us something about this novel?
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
10. Ce zici, sa ne uitam la televizor sau sa citim?
a. Shall we watch TV or read?
b. What do you say, do we watch TV or read?
c. Let’s watch TV or read!
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
11. This time, next year, we (to travel) to Chicago.
a. This time, next year, John and Anne will be studying at Delaware University.
b. This time, next year, we shall be travelling to Chicago.
c. This time, next year, Vincent and Jill will be visiting the Supreme Court.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
12.By the end of October, all the first year students (come back) to Spiru Haret University.
a. By the end of October, all the people of New York will have come back to their homes.
b. By the end of October, all the members of his family will have come back to Israel.
c. By the end of October, all the first year students will have come back to Spiru Haret University.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
13. I (to study) American-English for 8 months when I finish my American Fulbright project on criminal law.
a. I will have been studying American-English for 8 months when I finish my American Fulbright project on criminal
law.
b. I will have been studying German for 8 months when I finish my German Fulbright project on Germans.
c. I will have been studying Spanish for 8 months when I finish my Hispanic Fulbright project on Mexicans.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
14. Sunt sigur ca la ora 10 dimineata, Bill si Annette vor studia dreptul american.
a. I am sure that Bill and Annette will be studying the Jewish law at 10 a.m..
b. I am sure that Bill and Annette will be studying the American law at 10 a.m..
c. I am sure that Bill and Annette will be studying the Roman law at 10 a.m..
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
15. Pana la sfarsitul anului universitar vom fi invatat despre Constitutia Statelor Unite.
a. By the end of the academic year, we will have learned about the Austrian Constitution.
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b. By the end of the academic year, we will have learned about the Jewish Constitution.
c. By the end of the academic year, we will have learned about the U.S. Constitution.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
16. Pana la ora 3 p.m., Primul Ministru va fi semnat toate documentele.
a. By 3 p.m., the Prime Minister will have signed all the papers.
b. By 3 p.m., the Prime Minister will have signed all the letters.
c. By 3 p.m., the Prime Minister will have signed all the copies of his doctoral thesis.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
17. La sfasitul acestui an, ambasadorul englez va invata romana de doi ani.
a. By the end of this year, the English Ambassador will have been learning Japanese for two years.
b. By the end of this year, the English Ambassador will have been learning Romanian for two years.
c. By the end of this year, the English Ambassador will have been learning Hebrew for two years.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
18. Maine la ora 9 a.m., Presedintele Statelor Unite va zbura spre Wasington, D.C. de cel putin o ora.
a. By 9 a.m., tomorrow, the President of Romania will have been flying to Washington, D.C. for at least one hour.
b. By 9 a.m., tomorrow, the President of Israel will have been flying to Washington, D.C. for at least one hour.
c. By 9 a.m., tomorrow, the President of the United States will have been flying to Washington, D.C. for at least one
hour.
ANSWERS
LEARNING UNIT # 5: THE LEGAL PROFESSIONALS (I). LAWYERS
5.4.Key Answer Guide for Self-assessment Activities
A.READING SECTION:
1.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. The Legal Professionals (I). Lawyers
1.There two types of lawyers; barristers and solicitors. 2.A barrister is someone who pleads at the bar. 3.He is a
barrister with at least ten years’ experience. 4.He is chosen by the Lord Chancellor. 5.There are approximately 85,000
practising solicitors. 6.Conveyancing or personal compensation claims.
Activity II.Use the verbs in brackets in the Future-in-the-Past Continuous Tense according to
the model:
e.g.: Rachel reminded them that at that time she (to travel) to Chicago.
Rachel reminded them that at that time she would be travelling to Chicago.
1.He was sure that the President (to sleep) on that idea at that time. 2.Daniel thought Nicholas (to
watch the TV documentary on American prisons) at 2 p.m. on Sunday. 3.The Chief Inspector
didn’t believe the offenders (to learn) how to rob a bank while in prison. 4.They understood that
the prisoners (to play) hide and seek in their cells at 4 p.m.. 5. The serial killer let the police
know that he (to do) an interesting experiment on murder at 11p.m. on January 1st. ANSWER
Activity II.1.would be sleeping; 2.would be watching TV; 3.would be learning; 4.would be playing; 5.would be doing.
Activity III. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form:
1.If the Lord Chancellor comes here, you (to give) him these documents. 2. The black markeeter
will stop if he (to see) the police car coming. 3.The constable (to chase) him if he breaks into that
house. 4.If he lends you these cuffs, when you (to return) them? 5.The defendant (to ring) his
lawyer up if he is taken into custody. 6.What (to happen) if he is shot while he is trying to
escape?7.Unless the policemen have a police patrol car, they (not to go) after the criminals. 8. If
the bell rings while the killer is in the house, he (not to answer) it. 9.You (not to be able) to do
community service unless you are discharged from prison. 10.The prisoner will keep staying in
his cell if he (not to feel) very well. ANSWER
Activity III.1.will give; 2.sees; 3.will chase; 4.will you return; 5.will ring; 6.will happen; 7.will not go; 8.will not
answer; 9.will not be able; 10.does not feel.
Activity IV.
Join the following sentences. Express future actions by using the Simple Present after the
following words: as soon as, when, till/until, before, while:
a.as soon as.1.The magistrate will give you back the file. He will study it. 2.The Justice of the
Peace will pronounce the sentence. He will decide on it. 3.Judges will receive a brief period of
training. The Lord Chancellor will appoint them. 4.These men and women, with no formal legal
qualifications, will be unpaid magistrates.The Lord Chancellor will select them. 5.Stipendiary
magistrates will work in large centers of population. They will be officially called district judges.
b.when 1.The prisoner will call on you. He will be a free man. 2.The district judges will leave for
Predeal.They will be on their summer holidays. 3.The circuit judge will ring us up. He will get
some information about the man who has broken into our house. 4.We’ll speak to that clerk.
We’ll see him. 5.The clerk of the court will give you this message. You will go to the court.
c.till/until 1.The recorder will keep this document. He will need it. 2.Tuition will be given to
judges. They will get trained. 3.You will not know English law well. You will not study hard.
4.The new judges will consider hypothetical cases. The brief period of training will get to an end.
5.The parole officer will look after the parolee. He will behave himself.
d.before 1.The European Commissioner will pay our President a visit. He will leave for Tel Aviv.
2.The judges from the Constitutional Court will pronounce the decision on the referendum.
They’ll go on their summer holidays. 3.You will know the final decision of the court.You will go
on a trip to a Greek island. 4.The judges will let us know the sentence.They will leave the court
for their lunchbreak. 5.The Parliament will meet today. The members will go on their
parliamentary holidays.
e.while 1.The guardian will watch the prisoner. The warden will give orders for encarceration.
2.The Prime Minister will resign. Mr President will be wating for his resignation. 3.The interim
president will resign. The suspended president will come back to the Cotroceni Palace. 4.They
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will tell you only lies. They will watch their failure regarding the referendum. 5. Our President
will read his declaration. We’ll watch him.
ANSWER Activity IV.a.as soon as: 1.The magister will give you back the file as soon as he studies it. 2.The Justice of the Peace
will pronounce the sentence as soon as he decides on it. 3. Judges will receive a brief period of training as soon as the
Lord Chancellor appoints them. 4.These men and women, with no formal legal qualifications, will be unpaid
magistrates as soon as the Lord Chancellor select them. 5.Stipendiary magistrates will work in large cities of population
as soon as they are officially called district judges.
b.when: 1.The prisoner will call on you when he is a free man. 2.The district judges will leave for Predeal mountain
resort when they are on their summer holidays. 3.The circuit judge will ring us up when he gets some information about
the man who has broken into our house. 4.We’ll speak to that clerk when we see him. 5. The clerk of the court will give
you this message when you go to the court.
c.till/until: 1.The recorder will keep this document till he needs it. 2.Tuition will be given to judges till they get trained.
3.You will not know English law well until you do not study hard. 4.The new judges will consider hypothetical cases
till the period of training gets to an end. 5.The parole officer will look after the parolee till he behaves himself.
d.before: 1.An European Commissioner will pay our President a visit before he leaves for Tel Aviv.2.The nine judges
from the Constitutional Court will pronounce the decision on the referendum before they go on their summer holidays.
3. You will know the final decision before you go on a trip to a Greek island. 4.The judges will let us know the
sentence before they leave the court for their lunchbreak. 5.The Parliament will meet today before their members go on
their parliamentary holidays.
e.while: 1.The guardian will watch the prisoner while the warden gives orders for his encarceration. 2. The Prime
Minister will resign while Mr President is waiting for his resignation. 3.The interim president will resign while the
suspended president comes back to the Cotroceni Palace. 4.They will tell you only lies while they watch their failure
regarding the referendum. 5.Our President will read his declaration while we will watch him on TV.
Activity V. Translate the following into English using the Future-in-the-Past Simple
Tense:1.George spera că va ajunge preşedinte. 2.Curtea Constituţională ne-a înştiinţat că
preşedintele interimar va trebui să plece de la Palatul Cotroceni. 3.Eram sigur că se va lua o
decizie legală. 4.Robert ne-a promis că va invita jurnalişti de renume la emisiunea sa. 5.Laura a
promis că va lupta împotriva corupţiei. Activity V.George hoped that he would become President. 2.The Constitutional Court let us know that the interim
president would have to leave the Cotroceni Palace. 3.I was sure that a legal decision be given. 4.Robert promised us
that he would invite famous journalists at his broacasting transmission. 5.Laura promised that she would fight against
corruption.
Activity VITranslate the following into English using the Future-in-the-Past
Continuous:1.Ne-am amintit că, a doua zi la ora douăsprezece, judecătorii încă vor lucra. 2.Eram
sigur că oamenii se vor uita la televizor la ora aceea. 3. Oamenii nu credeau că judecătorii de la
Curtea Constituţională vor lucra la ora unu după amiază. 4.Preşedintele interimar ne-a spus că va
purta un costum negru. 5. Nu am ştiut că preşedintele intermar va sta la Guvern 10 minute. Activity VI1.We remembered that, at one p.m., the next day, the judges would still be working. 2.I was sure that the
people would be watching TV at that time. 3.The people didn’t believe that the judges at the Constitutional Court
would be working at 1 p.m.. 4.The interim president told us that he would be wearing a black suit tonight.5.We did not
know that the interim president would be staying for 10 minutes at the Government headquarters.
Activity VIIanslate the following sentences into English using the Present Continuous Tense
to express future actions:1.Mergeţi la Ambasada americană în după-amiaza aceasta? 2.La ce oră
Preşedinte? 4.Când scrieţi o nouă teză de doctorat, domnule Prim Ministru? 5.Unde doarme la
noapte fostul preşedinte interimar? Activity VIIAre you going to the U.S. Embassy this afternoon? 2.At what time is the interim president leaving the
Cotroceni Palace? 3.How many declarations are you giving today, Mr President? 4.When are you writing anew
doctoral thesis, Mr Prime Minister? 5.Where is sleeping the interim president tonight?
Activity VIII.nslate the following sentences into English using the Simple Present to express
future actions:1.Laurenţiu va fi foarte surprins când va auzi decizia finală. 2.Judecătorii vor da
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decizia dacă vor primi lista electorală. 3. Preşedintele interimar va trece pe la Guvern de îndată ce
va şti răspunsul Curţii. 4.Sunt sigur că nu va fi de acord cu decizia când aceasta se va da. 5.Dacă
vei citi decizia, vei înţelege că este perfect legală. Activity VIII.Lawrence will be very surprised when he hears the final decision. 2.The judges will give the decision if
they receive the electoral register. 3.The interim president will drop by the Government headquarters as soon as he
finds out the Court’s decision. 4.I’m sure that he will not agree with the decision when this is made known. 5.If you
read the decision, you will understand that it is perfectly legal.