1 Universitatea Spiru Haret Bucuresti Facultatea de Stiinte Juridice si Stiinte Economice, Constanta Departamentul Stiinte Juridice LIMBA ENGLEZĂ 1 (Culegere de texte şi exerciţii) THE U.K. AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM NOTE DE CURS AN I, SEMESTRUL I Lector univ. dr. Anca Magiru 2017
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Universitatea Spiru Haret Bucuresti
Facultatea de Stiinte Juridice si Stiinte Economice, Constanta
Departamentul Stiinte Juridice
LIMBA ENGLEZĂ 1
(Culegere de texte şi exerciţii)
THE U.K. AND ITS LEGAL SYSTEM
NOTE DE CURS
AN I, SEMESTRUL I
Lector univ. dr. Anca Magiru
2017
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INTRODUCTION
A knowledge of the English and American legal systems is important for our full-time
law students at Spiru Haret School of Law and Economics, Constanţa. The coursebook, which is
a collection of authentic legal texts and also an anthology of grammar exercises, gathered and
compiled from different law textbooks and English grammar exercise books, provides an
introduction to the English and American legal systems and the means to develop the language
and analytical skills which form an essential part of the legal study. The book will be used for the
law students of Spiru Haret University and, therefore, the book is not for sale in book stores,
except Spiru Haret University book stores. The double purpose of this coursebook is: 1.to
provide factual knowledge by exploring legal texts, and 2.to develop the necessary language and
analytical skills for part-time law students of English to whom it specifically addresses.
Information is given on basic grammatical areas which arise from texts and on
vocabulary (word formation and use of legal vocabulary). Activities concentrate on reading,
writing and study skills with some work on oral functions. In gathering the texts for this
coursebook, the author took into account the requirements laid down in the Analytical Program
for the part-time law students at Spiru Haret University School of Law and Public
Administration.
The coursebook comprises 14 units each unit dealing with an individual subject. The
broad subject-matter of each unit is broken down into two parts to provide a structured approach
to the subject.
The factual content, in VOLUME I, THE FIRST YEAR OF STUDY, is presented
through extracts from authentic texts, in the Reading Section, which is followed by
comprehension questions and exercises included in the Assessment and/or Self-assessment Tests
Section. Part One introduces some general features of the English law and legal system which
will provide a background to the following topics: 1.The British Constitution and
Government, 2.The British Legal System, 3.The English Criminal Courts, 4.The English
Note! Several of these verbs may be used in the continuous tense
with a change of meaning:
E.g:
SEE
1.I’m seeing John tonight. (to meet)
2.They are seeing the sights. (to visit)
3.Tom is seeing to some coffee. (to make)
4.You will be hearing from her. (You will get news from her).
SMELL, TASTE, FEEL may be used in the continous tense when
they denote a voluntary action. Compare the following pairs of
sentences:
E.g.:
1.a.This rose smells nice. (involuntary activity)
1.b.I’m smelling the rose. (voluntary activity)
2.a.The soup tastes nice. (involuntary activity)
2.b.I’m tasting the soup. (voluntary activity)
3.a.The material feels rough. (involuntary activity)
3.b.The doctor was feeling mother’s hand. (voluntary activity)
4.having and being, mixed verbs (be, have, cost, resemble, own,
possess, belong to, include, contain, consist of, matter, deserve,
depend on, require, apply to, concern, involve)
E.g.:
1.a.This book costs $4.
1.b.But: Books are costing more and more nowadays.
2.a.Raluca resembles Nicholas.
2.b.But: Raluca is resembling Nicholas more and more.
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Note! Have and Be
HAVE may be used in the continuous tense when its meaning is
not: to own/possess:
E.g.:
1.They are having dinner out. (to eat)
2.She is having a shower. (to wash)
BE may be used in the continuous tense to show a temporary state
as opposed to a usual characteristic:
E.g.:
1.He is such a good boy but now he is being naughty.
2.I think you are being rather mean about this.
(Adapted and abridged from:1. Sinteze de gramatică engleză, Georgiana
Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă, Ed. Albatros, Bucureşti, 1987; 2. Gramatica limbii
engleze, volumul I,Constantin Paidos Institutul European Iaşi, 1995)
1.4. C.PRACTICE SECTION:
Key Answer Guide for Self-assessment Activities
The Synthesis of Learning Unit #1 through Self-assessment Tests:
INTREBARI SI TESTE DE EVALUARE SI AUTOEVALUARE
A.READING SECTION:
1.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.Define the term constitution.
a. A constitution is a set of rules which define the relationship between the various organs of
government and between government and citizens of a country.
b. A constitution is a set of games which define the relationship between the various organs of
government and between government and citizens of a country.
c. A constitution is a set of jokes which define the relationship between the various organs of
government and between government and citizens of a country.
2.Explain the purpose of the constitution.
a. Its purpose is to set the criteria of the governmental power.
b. Its purpose is to set the criteria of the governmental power and the rights and duties of the
citizens.
c. Its purpose is to set the criteria of the rights and duties of the citizens.
3.What will the constitution of any individual country determine?
a. The constitution of any individual country will determine the system of education in that
country.
b. The constitution of any individual country will determine the medical system in that country.
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c. The constitution of any individual country will determine the system of government in that
country.
4.Name the organs or institutions of government.
a. The executive, the legislative and the judiciary.
b. The legislative and the judiciary.
c. The executive and the legislative.
5.What kind of role does the U.K. monarch have?
a. In the United Kingdom, the monarch has a republican role.
b. In the United Kingdom, the monarch has a constitutional role.
c. In the United Kingdom, the monarch has a presidential role.
6.When was the American constitutio first written?
a.1587; b.1687; c.1787
7.Can the American constitution be changed?
a.Yes, it can, but by a complex predetermined procedure.
b.Yes, it cannot, but by a complex predetermined procedure.
c.No, it cannot be changed.
8.Does the United Kingdom have a written constitution as the US does?
a.No, it does, although certain elements of the constitution are contained in a number of different
documents.
b. No, it doesn’t, although certain elements of the constitution are contained in a number of
different documents.
c. No, it doesn’t, although certain elements of the constitution are not contained in a number of
different documents.
9.Who can alter the rules of the British constitution?
a.The Monarch b.The Prime Minister c. The Parliament
2.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.Define government.
a. The group of people who govern a country or state is called government.
b. The group of people who rob a country or state is called government.
c. The group of people who lie to a country or state is called government.
2.What is the British Cabinet?
a. The British Cabinet is a body of liers.
b. The British Cabinet is a body of ministers.
c. The British Cabinet is a body of thieves.
3.By whom is the British Cabinet headed?
a. It is headed by the Speaker.
b. It is headed by a Member of Parliament.
c. It is headed by the Prime Minister.
4.What is the function of the British Cabinet?
a. Its function is to formulate government policy and to carry it into effect.
b. Its function is to formulate government politics and to carry it into effect.
c. Its function is to formulate government police and to carry it into effect.
5.Who should fully support the British Cabinet decisions?
a.all citizens; b.all members; c. All Americans
6.What must do a member who disagrees with a decision of the British Cabinet?
a. A member who disagree with a decision must resign.
b. A member who disagrees with a decision must resigns.
c. A member who disagrees with a decision must resign.
7.Who must resign from the British Cabinet?
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a. A member who disagrees with a decision must resign.
b. A citizen who disagrees with a decision must resign.
c. An American who disagrees with a decision must resign.
8.What happens if the British Government loses a vote of confidence?
a. If the government loses a vote of confidence, the Monarch must resign.
b. If the government loses a vote of confidence, the whole Cabinet must resign.
c. If the government loses a vote of confidence, the Prime Minister must resign.
9.When must the whole British Cabinet resign?
a. If a citizen loses a vote of confidence, the whole Cabinet must resign.
b. If a tourist loses a vote of confidence, the whole Cabinet must resign.
c. If the government loses a vote of confidence, the whole Cabinet must resign.
B.GRAMMAR SECTION:
Tense Revision & Consolidation
3.Self-assessment Test on Grammar Knowledge. The Present Simple Tense and the Present
Continuous Tense
Activity I
Choose the correct verb form in each of the following sentence. Remember to look for clues
that will make your choice.
1. Amber and Alice always … (go/are going) to the parolees at the end of the week.
2. The warden … (fixes/is fixing) the broken window glass now.
3. Her pistol never … (works/is working).
4. The Dean of the School of Law … (invites/is inviting) us to a party every month.
5. The President of the U.S.A. … (speak/ am speaking)! Could you please, pay attention?
6. When … (do/are) you …(leave/leaving) for the police station every morning?
7. Jane Doe …(plays/is playing) in a new TV detective serial.
8. Our Dean … (writes/is writing) a report that he will submit to the board.
9. Our Dean … (writes/is writing) reports that he submits to the board. (Adapted and abridged from English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch,
A Random House Company, 2004)
Keywords to be remembered: the British constitution, the British Cabinet, the Present Simple
Tense, the Present Continuous Tense
Comprehension Check:
Activity 1
A.Read the following words and learn their meanings.
Chancellor of the Exchequer = Ministrul de Finanţe
Speaker = Preşedintele Camerei Comunelor
Ombudsman = avocatul poporului
Home Secretary =Ministrul de Interne (B.E.); Minister for Internal Affairs (Am.E.)
Lord Chancellor = Ministrul Justiţiei, Preşedintele Camerei Lorzilor
Prime Minister = Primul Ministru
Foreign Secretary = Ministrul de Externe
civil servant = funcţionar public
life peer = pair pe viaţă
Lords Spiritual = arhiepiscopi/episcopi, membri în Camera Lorzilor, membrii de drept
Lords Temporal/Law Lords = membrii nereligioşi din Camera Lorzilor, pairi ereditari sau pe
viaţă
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Lords of Appeal in Ordinary/Law Lords = membrii din Camera Lorzilor, investiţi cu puteri
judecătoreşti, magistraţi
standing committee = comisie permanentă însărcinată cu examinarea unui vechi proiect de lege
B.Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct. Read and translate the following
sentences into Romanian.
1.The minister responsible for law and order in England and Wales is ... .
2.A member of the administrative and executive staff of government departments is a ... .
a.Foreign Secretary b.civil servant c.Chancellor of the Exchequer
3.The head of the judiciary is the ... .
a.Speaker b.Ombudsman c.Lord Chancellor
4.The minister in charge of dealings with other countries is the ... .
a.Foreign Secretary b.Prime Minister c.life peer
5.The Cabinet minister who is the political head of the Treasury and is responsible for the
control of public finances is the ... .
a.Law Lords b.Chancellor of the Exchequer c.standing committee
6.The person who presides over the House of Commons is the ... .
a.Lords Spiritual b.Lords of Appeal in Ordinary c.Speaker
7.An independent official who investigates complaints against the malfunctioning of
government departments is the ... .
a.Ombudsman b.Law Lords c.Lords Temporal
8.The head of government is the ... .
a.Lords Temporal b.Prime Minister c.life peer
9.A peer who may not pass on his title to his children is a ... .
a.standing committee b.Speaker c.life peer
C.Read and translate the following sentences into Romanian.
1.A generic term referring to hereditary or life peers as well as the Lords of Appeal in
Ordinary is Law Lords/Lords Temporal.
2.A permanent committee of MPs entrusted with the examination of Bills on specific matters is a
standing committee.
3.Archbishops and bishops of the Church of England that sit in the House of Lords are Lords
Spiritual.
4.Up to 11 holders of high judicial office who carry out the judicial functions of the Upper
House also called Law Lords are Lords of Appeal in Ordinary. (Adapted from: Brookes, Michael, Christiane Treutenare, (2002), 1000 de cuvinte-cheie în Drept,
Bucureşti:
Compania)
Activity 2.
A.Read the following words and learn their meanings.
Cabinet = Cabinet, Guvern, Consiliu de Miniştrii
Shadow Cabinet = cabinet fantomă
Bill = proiect de lege
hereditary peerage = rang/titlu de pair/nobil ereditar; titlu nobiliar ereditar; aristocraţie
Lower House = Camera Inferioară
Green Paper = schiţa unui proiect de lege (de origine guvernamentală)
White Paper = proiect de lege, raport de politică generală asupra unei probleme
to overturn, -ed, -ed (v) = (d.decizii, hotărâri) a revoca, a nula, a
invalida; a respinge, a răsturna, a da peste cap
statute (n) = lege, statut
Read and translate the following text into Romanian:
Common Law
Much of the English constitution is unwritten, having developed in
response to events over the centuries. Something similar is true of
the common law. As situations have arisen in which people have
been in dispute, judges have been asked to adjudicate. If no law
exists covering the exact details of the case, they make a judgment
based on cases that are comparable. These written judgments have
accumulated to form the common law. Where a litigant is unhappy
with the judge’s ruling, he/she may appeal to a higher court. If this
makes a different judgment, then that in turn, becomes part of the
law. A lower court cannot overturn the judgment of a higher court.
The judgments of the highest court in the land, the House of Lords,
are always supreme. The only way in which its judgments can be
overturned is by the passing of a new statute by Parliament.
(Adapted and abridged from: Seely, John, 2003, Law in Everyday Life,
Oxford University Press)
2.3.3.European Union Law
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Read and learn the following language notes, grammatical terms
and vocabulary:
the Commission (n) = Comisia Uniunii Europene/Comisia
Europeană
commissioner (n) = comisar;comisar european
to obey, -ed, -ed (v) = a respecta
to lie, lay, lain with (v) =a rezida în, a sta în puterea
to break-broke-broken a law = a încălca o lege
to be referred to (v) = a fi deferit, a fi trimis
guidance (n) = conducere, călăuzire
regulation (n) = regulament
Read and translate the following text into Romanian:
European Union Law
In 1972 the United Kingdom entered the European Union.
European Union law is superior to national law, namely to the
legislation passed by Parliament.
European Institutions
There are four E.U. institutions involved in European law:
The Commission, The European Parliament, The Council of
Ministers, The European Court of Justice.
The Commission
It is the E.U.’s civil service. It is headed by twenty four
Commissioners appointed by the member states. Each
Commissioner takes responsibility for a particular department. The
Commission’s role is to prepare legislation for debate and decision
by the Council of Ministers. The Commission also has
responsibility for checking that member states obey E.U. laws.
The European Parliament
Members of Parliament are elected by the citizens of the
E.U. The Parliament is consulted about proposed legislation by the
Council of Ministers, but it has very limited power to change
legislation. It has power to accept or reject the annual budget.
The Council of Ministers
The real power lies with the Council of Ministers which
debates and passes legislation. Each member state appoints a
minister to represent it at its meetings, normally, but not always, the
foreign minister. States have a number of votes proportionate to
their size.
The European Court of Justice
If states break E.U. law they can be referred to the
European Court of Justice. The Court makes judgments in disputes
between European institutions, between these institutions and
member states, and between member states. It also provides
guidance to the courts of individual states on matters of European
law.
European Law
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It is the court of the European Community which hears
cases relaing to E.U. law. European Union law is superior to the law
of individual member states; in other words, if there is a conflict
between the law of a state and that of the E.U., then the E.U. has to
be obeyed. European law can take four forms: Treaties,
Regulations, Directives, Decisions of the European Court of Justice.
(Adapted and abridged from: Seely, John, 2003, Law in Everyday Life,
Oxford University Press)
B.GRAMMAR SECTION:
Tense Revision & Consolidation
2.3.4. The Past Simple Tense and the Past Continuous
Tense
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Form
The Past Simple Tense of the regular verbs is formed by adding –ED
to the short infinitive. Irregular verbs vary considerably in their
simple
past forms and must be learnt by heart.
to play- played-played
to see-saw-seen
Affirmative Interrogative
S+V+ED/II FORM DID+S+SHORT INFINITIVE
I played. I saw. = M-am jucat. Am văzut.
Did I play? Did I see?
You played. You saw. Did you play? Did you see?
He played. He saw. Did he play? Did he see?
She played. She saw. Did she play? Did she see?
It played. It saw. Did it play? Did it see?
We played. We saw. Did we play?Did we see?
You played. You saw. Did you play?Did you see?
They played. They saw. Did they play?Did they see?
Negative
S+DID + NOT + SHORT INFINITIVE
I did not play. I did not see. I didn’t play/see
You did not play. You did not see. You didn’t play/see
He did not play. He did not see. He didn’t play/see
She did not play. She did not see. She didn’t play/see
It did not play. It did not see. It didn’t play/see
We did not play. We did not see. We didn’t play/see
You did not play. You did not see. You didn’t play/see
They did not play. They did not see. They didn’t play/see
Use
The Past Simple Tense is used:
1.when both actions and time are finished.
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E.g.:
1.They arrived here at 10 a.m. yesterday.
2.It took them twenty minutes to get there.
3.They e-mailed their papers yesterday.
4.He wrapped her present in paper.
5.We didn’t talk at all last night.
2.You don’t use did for questions or the negative of be:
E.g.:
1.He wasn’t at the office yesterday.
2.Weren’t you two best friends?
3.The Past with Used to + short infinitive
USED TO can introduce an action that was habitual, regular, or
customary in the past.
E.g.:
1.Ralph used to share a room with his brother when he was a boy.
2.When they lived in Texas, the Johnsons used to drive a lot more
that they do now.
3.I think it used to snow more when a I was a kid.
4.They used to walk to school every day.
Note! The question and the negative forms of this construction are:
use to
E.g.:
1.Did you use to share a room when you were a boy?
2.They didn’t use to drive more when they lived in Texas.
3.It didn’t use to snow more when you were a kid.
4.Did they use to walk to school every day or take the bus?
4.The Past with Would+short infinitive
Another way to talk about habitual past, especially when you want
to talk about repeated actions, is to use WOULD:
E.g.:
1.Every day she would walk into the office with a big smile and say
“Good morning!” to all of us.
2.Every Christmas my brothers and I would try to stay awake to see
Santa Claus. (Adapted and abridged from: English for the Real World,
Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch, A Random House
Company, 2004)
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: BE + V + ING
The Past Continuous Tense is formed by the past tense of the verb
BE and the –ING form (present participle) of the main verb.
to play, played, played
Affirmative Interrogative
I was playing = mă jucam Was I playing?
You were playing Were you playing?
He was playing Was he playing?
She was playing Was she playing? It was playing Was it playing?
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We were playing Were we playing?
You were playing Were you playing?
They were playing Were they playing?
Negative
Long form Short form
I was not playing I wasn’t playing
You were not playing You weren’t playing
He was not playing He wasn’t playing
She was not playing She wasn’t playing
It was not playing It wasn’t playing
We were not playing We weren’t playing
You were not playing You weren’t playing
They were not playing They weren’t playing
Use
The Past Continuous Tense is used to express an action in progress
in the past, whose exact limits are not known and are not
important.
It expresses:
1.activities in progress at a particular time in the past (at two
o’clock, (at) this time yesterday, all night, etc.):
E.g.:
1.He was playing tennis at this time yesterday.
2.She was reading a magazine at two p.m. yesterday.
3.They were talking when the phone rang.
2.continuous activities during a definite period of time
(temporary past):
E.g.:
1.We were playing tennis from 10 a.m. till noon.
2.She was having a bath between 9 a.m. and 10 a.m.
3.parallel continuous actions in the past:
E.g.:
1.I was listening to music while my mother was cooking dinner.
2.The students were writing something down and talking at the
same time.
4.definite future arrangements made in the past:
E.g.:
1.She put on an elegant dress as she was meeting the president at
seven.
2.Our friends refused the invitation because they were leaving for
Vienna tomorrow.
5.Other uses:
a.Polite inquiries: e.g.:
I was wondering whether you could give me a lift.
b.Reapeted annoying actions: e.g.:
When I worked here, I was always making mistakes.
c.Incomplete actions in the past: e.g.:
They were reading about it somewhere recently.
d.Casual past actions: e.g.:
I was talking to mom the other day.
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2.4. C.PRACTICE SECTION:
Key Answer Guide for Self-assessment Activities
The Synthesis of Learning Unit # 2 through Self-assessment Tests:
INTREBARI SI TESTE DE EVALUARE SI AUTOEVALUARE
A.READING SECTION:
1.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Statute Law.
Activity I
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.The Legislature makes laws which are administered by:
a.the Executive and by the Judiciary. b.the Executive c.the Judiciary
2.Most new laws are initiated by:
a.the Queen b.the Speaker c.the Government
3.A bill drafted and placed before Parliament receives:
a.two readings b.three readings c.four readings
4.A bill goes to the Queen for:
a.Royal Assent b.Royal Approval c.Royal Thanks
2.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Common Law.
Activity II
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.Common law is the type of law that has developed over the centuries by:
a. the accumulation of decisions by judges and courts.
b. the accumulation of sentences.
c.the accumulation of litigants.
2.The written judgments have accumulated to form:
a.the common law b.the civil law c.equity
3.The highest court in England is:
a.the House of Commons b.the House of Lords c.the Court of Appeal
3.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. European Union Law
Activity III
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.European Union Law is:
a.superior to national law. b.inferior to national law. c.inferior to Parliament.
2. There are … E.U. institutions involved in European law
a.three b.four c.five
3. European Union Law is … to the law of individual member states
a.equal b.inferior c.superior
B.GRAMMAR SECTION:
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Tense Revision & Consolidation
4.Self-assessment Test on Grammar Knowledge. The Past Simple Tense and the Past
Continuous Tense.
Activity I.
Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense. For example, if you see, “I go to the movies”,
you’d rewrite the sentences as “I went to the movies:
1.Jill thinks about her life in prison.
2.The advertising department spends a lot of money on commercials with criminals.
3.Harry e-mails ex-convict about the trip.
4.They do community service for nine hours.
5.Annette takes the bus to go to the Government headquarters.
6.Julie starts working in that prison on Tuesday.
7.We don’t take the bus to Law School every day.
8.Annette sees this prisoner a lot.
9.Emily does her shopping in the shopping area near the Houses of Parliament.
10.Charles Dickens describes the obscure legal system in his time in his novel Bleak House. (Adapted from: English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch, A Random
House Company, 2004)
Activity II.
Answer each of the following questions using the cues provided.
1.Would you wake up early to work every morning on the farm? (Yes …)
2.Did you use to live in a house or an apartment? (house)
3.Where did you use to go to school when you were a kid? (Kennedy Elementary School)
4.Did he use to see his friends every weekend? (No …)
5.Where did you use to go on vacation as children? (to the beach)
6.What would your professor wear to class every day? (the same hat)
7.Did you use to live in a small town or a city before you came here? (small town)
8.What would they eat for breakfast every day? (cereal)
9.When did she use to wake up before she got a job? (10:00)
10.When did they use to go for a walk together? (every morning) (Adapted from: English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch, A Random
House Company, 2004)
NOTIUNI CHEIE
Keywords to be remembered: Statute Law, Common Law, European Union Law, the Past
Simple Tense, the Past Continuous Tense
Comprehension Check:
Activity 1.
Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple Past or Past Continuous:
1.We … in our house when the phone … . (work, ring)
2.Vincemt … the book and … to read. (open, start)
3.Jude and Sue … the film when suddenly the electricity … off. (watch, go)
4.When I … the doorbell, I … downstairs. (hear, run)
5.Everyone … quietly. Suddenly the door … open. (talk, burst)
6.She … at over 100 mph when the fatal accident … . (drive, happen)
7.The burglers … while we … . (break in, sleep)
8.I … in C&A in Basel when I … my purse. (shop, lose)
9.John … tennis and he … his wrist. (play, break)
10.Someone … our clothes while we … in the lake. (steal, swim)
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(Adapted from English Practical Course, Camelia Boarcăş, Anca Magiru, Constanţa: Europolis, 2002)
Topics for presentation:
1.Statute Law.
2.Common Law.
3.The European Union Law.
Assessment and Self-assessment Test
Activity 1.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.Făceam o prăjitură când s-a stins lumina. A trebuit să o termin pe întuneric.
2.Ea nu vroia sa se întâlnească cu Robert, aşa că atunci când el a intrat în cameră, ea a plecat.
3.Sora mea făcea baie cand a sunat soneria. Foarte nervoasă, ea a ieşit din baie şi s-a dus să
răspundă la uşă.
4.In timp ce traversa strada, Jill a călcat pe o coajă de banană şi a căzut.
5.Unchiul meu era foarte politicos. De câte ori soţia lui intra în cameră, el se ridica în picioare. (Adapted and abridged from: English Practical Course, Camelia Boarcăş, Anca Magiru, Constanţa:
Europolis, 2002)
REVISION II:
Learning Unit # 2: THE BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEM
I. TEST YOUR LEGAL KNOWLEDGE
Revise: A.READING SECTION
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1.The Legislature makes laws which are administered by:
a.the Executive and the Judiciary
b.the Executive and William
c.the Judiciary and Mary
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
2.Most new laws are initiated by:
a.the Spanish boy
b.the Government
c.the teacher of German
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
3.A bill drafted and placed before Parliament receives
a.three boxes of chocolates
b.three blouses
c.three readings
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
4.A bill goes to the Queen for:
a.Royal Assent
b.Royal Bank of Scotland
c.Royal Thanks
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
5.Common law is the type of law that has developed over the centuries by
a.the accumulations of flowers.
b.the accumulations of decisions by judges and courts.
c.the accumulations of law books on the benches in parks.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
6.The written judgments have accumulated to form
a.a house
b.a university
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c.the common law
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
7.The highest court of England is:
a.the House of Lords
b.my house
c.a schoolyard
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
8.European Union Law is
a.inferior to any national law
b.superior to any national law
c.inferior to Parliament
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
9.There are … E.U. institutions involved in European law:
a.flowers
b.letters
c.four
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
10.European Union Law is … to any national law.
a.superior
b.equal
c.inferior
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
11.Jill thought about her life in prison, … .
a.now
b.at this time, yesterday
c.tomorrow
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
12.Faceam o prajitura cand s-a stins lumina.
a.You and Amber baked a cake when the light went off.
b.John and Harry were baking some cakes when the light went off.
c.I was baking a cake when the light went off.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
13.A trebuit sa termin prajitura pe intuneric.
a.I had to finish the cake in the dark.
b.You and Amber had to finish the cake in the dark.
c.John and Harry had to finish the cake in the dark.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
14.Ea nu vroia sa se intalneasca cu Robert, asa ca atunci cand ea a intrat in camera, el a plecat.
a.Susan didn’t want to meet William, therefore, when he entered the room, she left.
b.She didn’t want to meet Robert, therefore, when he entered the room, she left.
c.Celia didn’t want to meet Billy, therefore, when he entered the room, she left.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
15.Sora mea facea baie cand a sunat soneria.
a.My mother was having a bath when the doorbell rang.
b.My father was having a bath when the doorbell rang.
c.My sister was having a bath when the doorbell rang.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
16.In timp ce traversa strada, Jill a calcat pe o coaja de banana si a cazut.
a.While Jill was crossing the street, she stepped on a banana skin and fell.
b.While Willy was crossing the street, he stepped on a banana skin and fell.
c.While Roger was crossing the street, he stepped on a banana skin and fell.
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Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
17.De cate ori sotia lui intra in camera, el se ridica in picioare.
a.Whenever his mother entered the room, he used to stand up.
b.Whenever his wife entered the room, he used to stand up.
c.Whenever his father entered the room, he used to stand up.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
18.Obisnuiam sa beau ceai cu lapte cand locuiam in Scotia.
a.I used to drink tea and milk while I was living in Israel.
b. I used to drink tea and milk while I was living in Texas.
c.I used to drink tea and milk while I was living in Scotland.
ANSWERS
LEARNING UNIT # 2: THE BRITISH LEGAL SYSTEM
2.4.Key Answer Guide for Self-assessment Activities
A.READING SECTION:
1.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Statute Law
1.a; 2.c; 3.b; 4.a
2.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Common Law 1.a; 2.a; 3.b
3.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. The European Union Law
1.a; 2.b; 3.c
B.GRAMMAR SECTION:
Activity I. 1.Jill thought about her life in prison. 2.The advertising department spent a lot of money on commercials
with criminals.3.Harry e-mailed that ex-convict about the trip.4.They did community service for nine hours.5.Annette
took the bus to go to the Government headquarters. 6.Julie started working in that prison on Tuesday.7.We didn’t take
the bus to Law School every day. 8.Annette saw this prisoner a lot.9.Emily did her shopping in the shopping area near
the Houses of Parliament. 10.Charles Dickens described the obscure legal system, in his time, in the novel, Bleak
House.
Activity II. 1.Yes, I would wake up early to work every morning on the farm. 2.I used to live in a house. 3.I used to go
to Kennedy Elementary School when I was a kid. 4.No, we didn’t use to see his friends every weekend. 5.We used to
go to beach on vacation as children. 6.My professor used to wear the same hat to class every day. 7.I used to live in a
small town before I came here. 8.They would eat cereal for breakfast every day. 9.She used to wake up at 10:00 before
she got a job. 10.They used to go for a walk together every morning.
Comprehension check:
Activity I. 1.were working; rang; 2. opened, started; 3. were watching, went; 4.heard, ran; 5.was talking, burst; 6.was
driving, happened; 7.broke in, were sleeping; 8.was shopping, lost; 9.was playing, broke; 10.stole, were swimming.
Assessment and Self-assessment Test:
ActivityI. 1.I was baking a cake when the light went off. I had to finish it in the dark. 2.She didn’t want to meet Robert,
therefore when he entered the room, she left. 3.My sister was having a bath when the doorbell rang. Very upset, she left
the bathroom and went to answer the door. 4.While Jill was crossing the street, she stepped on a banana skin and fell.
5.My uncle was very kind. Whenever his wife entered the room, he used to stand up.
a.assault causing bodily harm b.murder c.driving with a licence
4.Give an example of hybrid offence.
a.theft b.careless driving c.roberry
B.GRAMMAR SECTION:
Tense Revision & Consolidation
3.Self-assessment Test on Grammar Knowledge. The Present Perfect Simple Tense and the
Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
Activity I.
Fill in each of the following blanks using the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1.Has your brother … to school yet, kids? (go)
2.Dana and Nick … a lot this summer. (swim)
3.What have you … so far during your Fulbright scholarship to San Antonio? (do)
4.We’ve … Museum McNey, the Sophia Orthodox Church and the big Texas HEB Mall. (see)
5.How many times have they … about the proposal? (talk)
6.Have you … for breakfast yet? (pay)
7.Terry has … a hole in the table cloth. (tear)
8.Has the play … yet? (begin)
9.You, kids, have already … too much television! (watch)
10.What have you … from the wine list? (choose)
11.It’s really … cold these past few days. (get)
12.Wow! I’ve never … so alive! (feel)
13.Has anyone … a law book? (lose)
14.Have you … your painting ? (finish)
15.I’ve never … someone so interesting. (know)
16.Has Ann ever … a bike before? (ride)
17.Becky has already … out the mail. (send)
18.The play hasn’t … yet. (start)
19.I haven’t … anyone their gifts yet. (give)
20.They’ve already … their names on the test papers. (write) (Adapted from English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch, A Random
House Company, 2004)
Activity II.
Use the clues provided to change each of the following sentences from the present simple or
continuous tense to the present perfect continuous tense.
1.I am reading. (for twenty minutes)
2.They are waiting for a table. (since 8:00)
3.The family lives on Cherry Tree Lane, in London. (since 2002)
4.Terry waches the news. (for twenty-fve minutes)
5.Monica is going to college. (for the past two years)
6.Are you living alone? (for the past four months?)
50
7.Who is talking on the phone? (for so long?)
8.I am working on the computer. (since I got home)
9.The neighbor’s dog barks. (for hours)
10.The child is coughing and sneezing. (since yesterday morning)
11.We’re walking on the beach. (for the whole morning)
12.The couple next door argues. (all night)
13.The sun is shining. (all day)
14.The brothers don’t speak to each other. (since they got into a fight last week)
15.Is he working on the same project? (since the last time I spoke to him) (Adapted from: English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch, A Random
House Company, 2004)
Keywords to be remembered: magistrate, Justice of the Peace (JP), Crown Prosecution Service
(CPS), Crown Court, the Present Perfect Simple Tense, the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Comprehension Check:
Activity 1.
Complete each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb given in
parentheses. Choose either the simple past, present perfect or present perfect continuous tense.
In some cases, there will be two correct answers.
1.Alice … here three times before. (be)
2.Richard and Ann … home at 8:00 last night. (go)
3.Anne … on the project since 7a.m. this morning. (work)
4.John and Ann … the film yet, so they’re eager to go to the movies. (not see)
5.Were you speaking? I’m sorry, I … . (not listen)
6.Do you want to stop again? We … three times already! (stop)
7.You … German for four years in college? You must speak well! (study)
8.Raluca and Andreea still … up their minds. (not make)
9.We … to San Antonio in 2008. (move)
10.Our baby … for two hours. (sleep)
11.He … Mr. Johnson yet today. (not see)
12.They … the news from her last night. (hear) (Adapted from: English for the Real World, Andrea Penruddocke, Christopher A. Warnasch, A Random
House Company, 2004)
Topics for presentation:
1.Magistrates’ Courts.
2.Crown Courts.
3.Criminal Offences.
Assessment and Self-assessment Test
Activity 1.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1.Ei sunt aici de joi, nu-i aşa?
2.Ei stau la voi de la Crăciun.
3.Ce-ai vrut să spui aseară?
4.Ea a fost împuşcată în timp ce încerca să scape.
5.Intotdeauna mi-am dorit să vizitez Ierusalimul.
6.Mi-ai comandat micul dejun?
7.Ce i s-a întâmplat fratelui tău săptămâna trecută?
51
(Adapted and abridged from: English Practical Course, Camelia Boarcăş, Anca Magiru, Europolis,
Constanţa, 2002)
REVISION III
Learning Unit # 3:
THE ENGLISH CRIMINAL COURTS
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
1. By whom are the cases heard in the local courts?
a. They are heard by a panel of magistrates or Justices of the Peace.
b. They are heard by Romanian stipendiary magistrates.
c. They are heard by the Lord Chancellor.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
2. Who are the Justices of the Peace?
a. They are Romanians.
b. They are lay people.
c. They are Americans.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
3. Who are the lay magistrates?
a. They are Barry and Harry.
b. They are full-time students of law.
c. They are lay people who give their time voluntary to determine certain types of cases.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
4. Who is the prosecution represented by?
a. The prosecution is represented by a solicitor/barrister from the CPS.
b. The prosecution is represented by William and Kate.
c. The prosecution is represented by Lillian and Carmen.
2.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Crown Courts.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
5. By whom are the cases heard in a Crown Court?
a. In a Crown Court cases are heard by Anna and John.
b. In a Crown Court cases are heard by a judge and a jury of twelve adults.
c. In a Crown Court cases are heard by Michael and Gabriel.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
6. The prosecution case is followed by:
a. Dan and Flora
b. Luke and Matthew
c. the defence case
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
7. Who has a chance to speak to the jury?
a. each advocate
b. each mother
c. each father
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
8. Who sums up the facts of the case?
a. mother
b. the judge
c. wives and husbands
3.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Criminal Offences
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
9. Name the three categories of offences.
a.Somerset, William, Jane
b.Mark, John, Peter
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c. summary, indictable, triable either way
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
10. Give an example of summary offence.
a.drink driving
b.Billy
c.Paul
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
11. Give an example of an indictable offence.
a. Inspector Japp
b.murder
c. Captain Hastings
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
12. Give an example of a hybrid offence.
a.Grace
b.Charles
c.theft
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
13. Ei sunt aici de joi, nu-i aşa?
a.They have been here since Thursday, haven’t they?
b.John and Raluca have been here since Thursday, haven’t they?
c.Sergiu and Rodica have been here since Thursday, haven’t they?
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
14.Ei stau la voi de la Crăciun.
a. Nick and Dana have been staying with you since Christmas.
b. They have been staying with you since Christmas.
c. Simon and Mr. Bean have been staying with you since Christmas.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
15.Ce-ai vrut să spui aseară?
a.What did Mom want to tell last night?
b.What did Roger want to tell last night?
c.What did you want to tell last night?
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
16.Ea a fost împuşcată în timp ce încerca să scape.
a. She was shot while trying to escape.
b. Lillian was shot while trying to escape.
c. Elizabeth was shot while trying to escape.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
17.Intotdeauna mi-am dorit să vizitez Ierusalimul.
a. Ralph has always wanted to visit Jerusalem.
b. I have always wanted to visit Jerusalem.
c. Rudolph has always wanted to visit Jerusalem.
Circle the correct answer. Only one answer is correct.
18.Mi-ai comandat micul dejun?
a.Has Joe ordered my breakfast?
b.Has Vincent ordered my breakfast?
c.Have you ordered my breakfast?
ANSWERS
LEARNING UNIT # 3: THE ENGLISH CRIMINAL COURTS
3.4.Key Answer Guide for Self-assessment Activities
A.READING SECTION:
1.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Magistrates’ Courts
1.a; 2.a; 3.b; 4.b
53
2.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Crown Courts
1.c; 2.a; 3.c; 4.b
3.Self-assessment Test on Legal Knowledge. Criminal Offences