The Two INO Sites • Underground facility for conducting experiments in Science and Engineering • First Phase : Iron calorimeter experiment using RPC for Neutrino oscillation detection. PUSHEP at Singara RAMMAM at Darjeeling
Dec 29, 2015
The Two INO Sites
• Underground facility for conducting experiments in Science and Engineering
• First Phase : Iron calorimeter experiment using RPC for Neutrino oscillation detection.
PUSHEP at Singara RAMMAM at Darjeeling
Risk factors and Safety issues
Rock condition Environmental risk
Seismic risk
Availability and accesslong term ownership
Sharing / Dedicated facility
Criteria for good sites
Physics issues
Depth and all round cover Distances from Neutrino beams
Infrastructure
Housing, ConnectivityLocal Help & Awareness.
Time & Cost
Time to install detectors forfirst experiment
Construction costRunning cost
Muon Intensity vs. Depth in m.w.e.
Present International Scenario of different underground facilities.
PUSHEP at Singara in the Nilgiris (Pykara Ultimate Stage Hydro
Electric Project)
Position : Lat. North 11.5 &
Long. East 76.6
Distance : 7 Km from Masinagudi
30 km from Ooty
Airports : Coimbatore & Calicut
( Domestic) ;
Bangalore (intl)
Railhead : Chamrajnagar
Climate : Moderate (12-25oC)
Rainfall : Low (100-150 cm)
Access : All days around the year
Some basic facts about PUSHEP
Some basic facts about RAMMAMRammam at Darjeeling Dist. of
West Bengal.
Position : Lat. North 27.4 & Long. East 88.1
Distance : 8 Km from Rimbik, 66 Km from Darjeeling 140 Km from Siliguri.
Airport : Bagdogra ( Domestic) Kolkata ( Intl.)
Railhead : New Jalpaiguri
Climate : Moderate ( 5-200 C)
Rainfall : 300-400 cm.
Access : Almost all days
Tunnel alignment at PUSHEP
Alignment location Length Portal Level Vertical cover
All round Cover
From access Tunnel 1867 m 1019 m 1313 m > 1000 m
Next to access tunnel 2129 m 1050 m 1299 m > 1000 m
South of Adit 4 of hydel project
2380 m 1025 m 1340 m > 1000 m
Around Adit 4 inlet of hydel project
3194 m 966 m 1453 m > 1000 m
Alignment 2 preferred. Detailed report on alignment 2 already made
Reverse gradient of 1:15
The detailed geological features along alignment 2
Details of Joints, Shear zones, Fracture zones identified.
Rock mass rated fair to very good
Tunnel Alignments at RAMMAM
o Horizontal tunnel with slight gradient for exit of water. No pumping required
o Adit of 2000 m as an escape route
o Depending on the present need one can stop at any depth and go deeper in future
Alignment location Length Portal Level
Vertical cover
All round cover
L1/1 – N2 3251 m ~1100 m 1400 m 1250 m
L1/1 – M1 3080 m ~1100 m 1405 m ~1300 m
L1/1 – N1 3590 m ~1100 m 1560 m 1400 m
L1/1 – N1 – O1 4850 m ~1100 m 1780 m 1650 m
Comparison of PUSHEP & RAMMAM
Geo-technical data PUSHEP RAMMAM
Rock type
Specific gravity
Q-factor of tunnel. medium
Horz. / vert. stress ratio
Seepage
Geological adversities
Rock radio-activity
Charnockite (Monolith)
2.62-2.9
4 - 45: good to very good
1.6 (approx.)
Moist to Dry
Shears, dykes, joints are mapped from both surface projections and underground tunnels
0.005 mR/hr
Gneiss
2.79-2.84
2 – 40 ; Fair to very good
Not available
Moist
Shears, dykes, joints are mapped from surface projections
Less than 0.01 mR/hr
Comparison of PUSHEP & RAMMAM (contd.)
Risk factors PUSHEP RAMMAM
Seismic Risk
Environmental Risk
Civil unrest / Terrorism
Zone –2
No discernible fault
Reserve forest. Portals are inside the TNEB / private land
None so far
Zone – 4
No faults on alignment
Reserve forest. Portals are inside the WBSEB / Govt. land.
None so far
INFRASTRUCTURE
• PUSHEP
• Inspection bungalows• Surplus housing• Masinagudi exchange
connected by optical fiber . Radio link with Ooty with high speed data connection
• Water, Electricity
• Access road, Security
• Road connection to neighbouring cities good
• RAMMAM
• Inspection bungalow
• Housing available
• Telephone exchange, Optical fiber link in future
• Water & electricity
• Metal road to portal, security
• Road connections to neighbouring cities need improvement.
Helipad facility
BOTH SITES NEED CLEARANCE FROM FOREST DEPARTMENT.
29 th April, 2005
MOU signed between NTPC Hydro Ltd. and WBSEB.
90 MW RAMMAM III to be commissioned by 2011.
~ 450 Crores Project
WILL RESULT IN SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND THE AREA
Underground Power House Caverns : Himalayan Geology
Hydel Power Station Size of Underground Cavern
Naptha Jhakri project
Machine Hall – 221m X 20m X 50m
Transformer Cavern – 196m X 18m X 29 m
Tala H.E. Project
Bhutan
P.H. Cavern – 206 m X 44m X 20 m
Transformer Hall – 191 m X 26.5m X 16m
Chuka H.E. Project
Bhutan
P.H. Cavern – 141m X 24m X 38 m
Larji H.E. Project P.H. Cavern – 110 m X 20 m X 42m
Underground tunnel and caverns in the Singara region :
New 150 MW hydel power house cavern (constructed) : 70 m x 20 m x 39 mNearly 12 km of tunnels in the immediate vicinity of the project site and 60 km Of tunnels in the Nilgiris
Distances from the neutrino beam lines
PUSHEP RAMMAM
CERN 7150 Km 6850 Km
JHF 6550 Km 4850 Km
Fermi 11300 Km 10600 Km
Lab. (with 3700 Km (with no core)
of core )
Atmospheric muon background as a function of depth in Meters water equivalent. PUSHEP is at the same depth as Gran Sasso. RAMMAM has much more depth with a reduction of background : 1/10 of PUSHEP / Gran Sasso
PUSHEP
RAMMAM
Facility : backgrounds and depth requirements for Future Experiments
Experiment Details Depth Requirements
Solar Neutrinos HERON, CLEAN 4500 m.w.e
Geo Neutrinos 1 kton liquid scint. (like Borexino) -
Proposed
6500 m.w.e
Dark Matter
(WIMP)
EDEL WEISS (Frejus Tunnel)
Next Generation Expts.
4800 m.w.e
> 6000 m.w.e
Double beta-decay MOON
(100Mo)
Will require 34 tons of natural Mo.
~ 6000 m.w.e.
Cost
&
Time
A ) Tunnel & Cavern
Tunnel Vertical Cost Time
Length (Km) Cover (m) (Crores) (Month)
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PUSHEP (2) 2.13 1299 35 22
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RAMMAM 2.69 1203 39+20* 24
3.59 1560 50+20* 31
4.85 1780 65+20* 41
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* Rs. 20 crores for adit
B) Civil work ( surface & underground) in
(i) tunnel, (ii) Cavern (iii) Surface laboratory and
(iv) housing/accommodation : Rs. 35 Crores
C) Facilities in the cavern :
i) Overhead Crane ii) Air circulating system
iii) Air conditioning in the labs.
iv) electrical works : Rs. 20 Crores
Time needed before tunnel construction : 12 – 18 months Time needed for civil work etc. after cavernConstruction : 12 – 18 months
Acknowledgement
GSI Chennai & GSI East Region, Kolkata
TNEB & WBSEB and Department of Power, W.B.
NIRM, Kolar
Larsen & Tubro
Possibility at ROHTANG PASS
Connects Kullu – Manali valley (2100 msl) to Lahaul – Spiti valley ( 3080 msl)
South Portal : 25 Km from Manali
Length : 8802 m
10 m wide ; 10 m high
Rock type : alternate sequence of Quartzite, Quartzitic schist and Schist
Project time: 7-9 years
Seismic zone : 4
Above snowline
Vertical cover : up to 1910 m