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19 Mei 2011 Metodologi Riset & Bisnis Lanjut 1 of 30 THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF CORPORATE LEADERS
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THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF CORPORATE LEADERS filecapital and leadership literature reveals that there is no body of empirical research that links social capital to leadership. ... kepemimpinan

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Page 1: THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF CORPORATE LEADERS filecapital and leadership literature reveals that there is no body of empirical research that links social capital to leadership. ... kepemimpinan

19 Mei 2011 Metodologi Riset & Bisnis Lanjut 1 of 30

THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF CORPORATE LEADERS

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Penulis:

Michael J. Hennelly, B.S.F.S., M.A.

Lembaga Institusi:

University of Arkansas

Tahun Terbit: May 2006

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INFORMATION OF AUTHOR

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GRADUATE COUNCIL

Dissertation Director

Alan E. Ellstrand, Ph.D

Dissertation Committee

Jon Johnson, Ph.D

John E. Delery, Ph.D

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ABSTRACT

The concept of social capital has been linked to a variety of individual outcomes but a review of social capital and leadership literature reveals that there is no body of empirical research that links social capital to leadership.

The general thesis of this research is that the social capital of leaders can be a significant source of their ability to influence others and that the nature of the relationship between social capital and leadership influence is moderated by the leader’s level of authority.

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ABSTRACT (2)

I argue that social capital is a resource for leaders in much the same way that human capital is considered a resource. For example, types of social capital might serve as cues for the cognitive processes that people use to perceive and evaluate leadership. This observation, while applicable at all levels of leadership, is moderated by the organizational level at which leadership is exercised.

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ABSTRACT (3)

In order to analyze this relationship, I collected survey data on the social networks of approximately two hundred corporate leaders while collecting leadership ratings on these leaders from more than one thousand of their co-workers. The subsequent analysis provided insights of interest into the amount and type of social capital of different sets of corporate leaders.

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ABSTRACT (4)

This dissertation sought to identify and examine possible theoretical linkages between the two previously unrelated concepts of social capital and leadership. Although this research did not identify any significant support for the hypothesized relationships, it provided support for many earlier findings in the field of social capital and leadership. This research also developed theoretical insights into the contingent nature of the relationship between the concepts of social capital and leadership.

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ABSTRACT (5)

The result of this analysis suggests that there is a need for relevant network measures based on the nature of contacts in individual social networks for the study of social capital and leadership. A further exploration of the role that social capital plays in the exercise of leadership could provide a more multi-dimensional perspective to a range of issues that are of importance to the field of strategic management.

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HYPOTHESIS 1

Bridging forms of social capital possessed by leaders are significantly and positively associated with perceptions of effective leadership. (Menjembatani bentuk-bentuk social capital yang dimiliki para pemimpin secara signifikan dan positif dihubungkan dengan persepsi kepemimpinan yang efektif)

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HYPOTHESIS 2

Bonding forms of social capital possessed by leaders are significantly and positively associated with perceptions of effective leadership. (Mengikat bentuk-bentuk social capital yang dimiliki para pemimpin secara signifikan dan positif dihubungkan dengan persepsi kepemimpinan yang efektif)

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HYPOTHESIS 3

The bridging forms of social capital of strategic leaders are more positively associated with perceptions of effective leadership than are the bridging forms of social capital of leaders at lower organizational levels. (Lebih menjembatani bentuk

social capital pemimpin strategis yang lebih positif dihubungkan dengan persepsi kepemimpinan efektif daripada menjembatani bentuk-bentuk social capital para pemimpin di level organisasi yang lebih rendah)

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HYPOTHESIS 4

Tho bonding forms of social capital of strategic leaders are more positively associated with perceptions of effective leadership than are the bonding forms of social capital of leaders at lower organizational levels. (Mengikat bentuk social capital

pemimpin strategis yang lebih positif dihubungkan dengan persepsi kepemimpinan efektif daripada menjembatani bentuk-bentuk social capital para pemimpin di level organisasi yang lebih rendah)

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HYPOTHESIS 5

Bridging and bonding forms of social capital are more positively associated with transformational leadership than with transactional leadership. (Menjembatani dan mengikat bentuk-

bentuk social capital yang lebih positif dikaitkan dengan kepemimpinan transformasional daripada dengan kepemimpinan transaksional)

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THE GOALS OF DISSERTATION

Tujuan utama adalah memberikan argumen yang rasional bahwa hubungan kepemimpinan dan social capital layak untuk diselidiki.

Mengusulkan model teoretikal terhadap hubungan antara social capital dan kepemmpinan.

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THE GOALS OF DISSERTATION (2)

Dengan kata lain, tujuan penelitian ini adalah kombinasi (menghubungkan) antara studi teoritikal dan studi empiris, dengan konsep kepemimpinan (leadership), khususnya di level strategik pada organisasi.

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LANDASAN TEORI

Landasan teori yang digunakan adalah adopsi dari penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya (Burt 1995, 1997, 2000; Coleman 1988, 1990; Erickson 2001; Lin 1999, 2001a, 2001b; Portes, 1998) yang fokus pada implikasi dari pemimpin individu terhadap pengembangan dan mobilisasi social capital yang mereka miliki.

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KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN

Bridging forms of Social Capital

Bonding forms of Social Capital

Human Capital (control variable)

-educ/training, -functional, -tenure

Leadership Effectiveness

Active Management by Exception

Contingent Reward

Passive Management by Exception

Individualized consideration

Intellectual stimulation

Idealized influence

Inspirational motivation

Contingent factor- Level of authority

H5

H3 H4

H1 H2

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MODEL

Hipotesis akan menyentuh semua komponen utama dari model penelitian yang fokus utamanya pada independent variable, kedua pada moderating variable, dan akhirnya pada aspek dependent variable. Set pertama dari hipotesis secara khusus menggali konsep bentuk spesifik dari social capital, seperti human capital, yang secara signifikan terkait terhadap persepsi leadership. Set kedua dari hipotesis mengkaji efek dari tingkat otoritas pemimpin pada hubungan antara social capital dan persepsi leadership. Hipotesis terakhir fokus pada aspek dependent variable dan mengkaji dimensi leadership (aspek kepemimpinan transformasional atau transaksional) yang sangat dekat dengan social capital.

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DESKRIPSI METODOLOGI RISET

Langkah pertama adalah mengukur social capital dan human capitaldari kelompok pemimpin organisasional dengan meminta setiap individu mengisi kuesioner social network yang telah dikembangkan oleh Burt.

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DESKRIPSI METODOLOGI RISET (2)

Langkah kedua adalah mengukur ke-efektif-an kepemimpinan yang dirasakan oleh setiap individu dengan menghubungkan setiap individu pada kelompok A yang telah mengisi Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ –dikembangkan oleh Bass & Avolio) berdasarkan persepsi mereka terhadap kualitas kepemimpian setiap individu pada Kelompok A.

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DESKRIPSI SAMPLING

Elemen sampling

Sampling diambil dari perusahaan Fortune 100 yang berlokasi di Amerika Serikat.

Population

Populasi yang diambil adalah seluruh pimpinan perusahaan mulai dari level tertinggi (strategic level) sampai level menengah (tactical level)

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DESKRIPSI SAMPLING

Sampling Unit

Sample diambil dari unit Divisi SDM

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DESKRIPSI SAMPLING

Sampling Size

Jumlah sample terdiri dari 1.033 dari 1.360 responden (75,96%)

Sampling Procedures

Responden di survei terkait elicit demographic dan human capital information.

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DESKRIPSI SAMPLING

Method of Collecting Data

Data dikumpulkan dari responden level manajemen (top & middle management) dengan memberikan kuisioner terkait social network dan social capital.

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VARIABLES

Independent variable (social capital)Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur social capital yang disurvei dan pengukuran networks menggunakan teknik sampling ego-network

Control variable (human capital)Dengan metode survei terhadap responden yang dibagi menjadi2 group (Group A dan B) . Questionnaire diberikan ke setiap manajer tentang (lama bekerja dalam industri yang sama, lama bekerja di perusahaan saat ini, lama bekerja di posisi saat ini)

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VARIABLES (2)

Moderating variable (levels of authority)Survei terhadap manajer level taktikal (store manager & assistant manager) serta level corporate (direktur, wakil presiden, atau diatasnya). Pertanyaan survei adalah tentang level of authority terhadap prosedur pengambilan keputusan.

Dependent variable (leadership effectiveness)Pengukuran dilakukan dengan MLQ, yang mengukur tentang faktor-faktor transformasional: idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, dan individualized consideration. Respon untuk setiap item dengan format range 0 = not at all sampai 4 = frequently

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IMPLIKASI PENELITIAN

Kemampuan untuk menunjukan bahwa social capital adalah komponen kepemimpinan yang memiliki keanekaragaman konsekwensi yang signifikan. Umumnya, fakta hubungan yang diusulkan akan memberikan penjelasan yang lebih teoritikal terhadap nilai dari social capital dan sifat dasar kepemimpinan (leadership).

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KESIMPULAN

Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa konsep social capital dapat sangat bermanfaat bila dikaitkan dengan dengan konsep leadership, karena kedua konsep tersebut adalah similar. Social capital merupakan konsep berdasarkan interaksi antar aktor manusia. Social capital tidak akan ada tanpa social networks seperti halnya leadership tidak akan ada tanpa interaksi antara leader (pemimpin) dan followers (para pengikut).

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MANAGERIAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Eksplorasi lebih lanjut mengenai social capital yang memainkan peran sebagai latihan kepemimpinan dengan menyediakan perspektif yang lebih multidimensi sampai pada tingkat pentingnya social capital dalam bidang manajemen strategis.

Dapat juga dikembangkan untuk menilai kinerja organisasi terkait social capital dan leadership.