29
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RUBU MUJAYYABIn the early period of Islamic
glorious, Rubu 'Mujayyab is perhaps the most famous in Astronomy.
Definitely, this is origin instruments was invented by Muslim
Astronomers in the golden age of Islam. Thus , this instrument was
used by many Islamic scholars during that period. The most famous
is Al- Biruni, Ibnu Syatir, Al-Khwrizm and others. Rubu' Mujayyab
as a adaptation instrument from the astrolabe because there is
improve and advance done in Rubu' Mujayyab. Also, this tool has
become a great tool for the ability to observe the position and
circulation of the star before the invention of the telescope
equipment.[footnoteRef:2] Absolutely, it is like a device have a
simple designed but very impressive and incredible of abilities.
Exclusively, as Muslims this tool is guidance to perform regular
worship, such as prayers and fasting. Some of them have to be
completed certain times and some to be done on specific time. Every
Muslim can consider confidently when it prayer time or when the
appearing sunset to break fast in Ramadan. [2: John Daintith &
William Gould (eds), 2006.The Fact on File - Dictionary of
Astronomy,New York : Facts On File, , p. 381.]
1.1.1.DEFINITIONS OF RUBU MUJAYYABThe literal meaning of Rubu
Mujayyabis combination from two words which isRubu and Mujayyab.
This is derived from the Arabic words Rub meaning a
Quarter[footnoteRef:3] and Mujayyab is context marked with sine
instrument. Another frequently names is rub al-muayyab or rub
al-uyb. In English term for it is "Sinecal Quadrant". In Latin
world, it is known as quadrans vetus tissimus, to distinguish it
from the quadrans vetus and from quadrans novus.[footnoteRef:4]
There are various definition about Rubu' Mujayyab. [3: Dr. Rohi
Baalbaki.1995. Al- Maurid A Modern Arabic- English Dictionary.
Beirut-Lubnan: Dar Elm-Ilm Lilmalayin.p.575.] [4: U. Vermeulen
& J. Van Steenbergen. 2001. OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta.
Belgium: Peeters. p.164.]
First and foremost, Rubu Mujayyab as equipment used to know the
location of ship position on the sea. Hence, it is also need to
determine the latitude distance on the sea. In additions, it is
known as a graphical device because its ability for finding the
time. In ancient times, Astrologers used Rubu' Mujayyab to observe
an eclipse of the sun or to forecast someone's destiny with help
from the stars, while surveyors make it to measure the height of a
building or a mountain and to guide aim a cannon to hit an enemy
fortress.[footnoteRef:5] [5: Robert Ossions.n.d.The Quadrant.
http://www.thepirateking.com/historical/quadrant.htm]
Apart from that, it well-known as devices which important to
measure the height of Polaris for sailor. Polaris or commonly North
star is useful to count north direction and it makes fixed point
greatly for measurements drawing for celestial navigation.In
Islamic era, this are also known as instrument that used aim to
calculate mathematical model sphere. The outer view, It have
ecliptic line sun, global grid for trigonometric calculations
,division constellation for calendar, and spherical trigonometry to
solve sphere sky mathematical problem and earth and line asar
prayer time to Syafi'e and Hanafi scholar. Jamaluddeen Abdullah
Maradeeni described about the Rubu Mujayyab as a tool that to
discovery of the horizontal altitude of a celestial object and
searching of latitude a some place. According to the Ensiklopedi
hisab rukyat, written by Susiknan and Azhari explained the Rubu
'Mujayyab is a tool have a quarter circle (900) shape that used to
calculate the geometric solving and to identify accurate
calculations of celestial objects on vertical
circle.[footnoteRef:6] [6: Susiknan Azhari.2005. Ensklopedi Hisab
Rukyat.( Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar), p. 129]
1.2. HISTORY OF RUBU MUJAYYABThe ability to know the time of a
day and position of geographic accurately actually has started
since ancient times. Later, it continued to spread greatly on over
the time. Early astronomy flourished on practical needs of
primitive civilizations around 35,000 years ago.Everyday life,
their job heavily reliant sunlight .They will work during sunrise
and return during sunset. Eventually they realized a size from
their shadow change from time to time . Therefore, they determine
time of day by looking shadow which appears on the some object such
as trees, stones and so on. Then, they inverted a Gnomon as tool to
indicate time by using length shadow method. Astronomers were
unanimous that Gnomon is first instrument were generated to fulfil
primitive societal needs at that time. Later, development of using
sundials to determine the passing of time which is connected by sun
appearance.[footnoteRef:7] The shadow from the sun is moves as the
sun changes position in the sky throughout the day and directly,
the dial tracks this movements. Continuosly, discovery of astrolabe
and Rubu' Mujayyab. Both are type of ancient astronomical computer
which were used to solve problems relating to time and the position
of solar system.[footnoteRef:8]. An early astrolabe was introduced
by Hipparchus in 150 BC. It was started and introduced to the
Islamic world om the seventh and eighth centuries and are often
translations of earlier Greek. The Astrolabe able to locate the
latitude of ship by measuring celestial altitudes, known as the
mariner's astrolabe. [7: Chrsitopher St J.H.Daniel. 2004. Sundials.
United Kingdom. Shire Publications Ltd. p.5] [8: James E. Morrison.
2010. The Astrolabe: An instrument with a past and a future.
http://www.astrolabes.org/]
David A King in the book is entitled ''The Astronomy of the
Mamluks'' defined that Ibnu asy Syatir is first inventor was
created Astrolabe at the beginning 14th century.[footnoteRef:9] In
Islamic world, this instrument was inherently valuable in Islam
because of its ability to determine prayer times and finding the
direction to Mecca. Muslim Astronomers developed and modified the
astrolabe with many new design and decoration . Further, the
astrolabe as symbolic of astronomy in Islamic art. [9: n.a,1
Disember 2011. Rubu' Mujayyab Dalam Lintasan
Sejarah.http://aliephzone.blogspot.com/2011/12/rubu-al-mujayyab-dalam-lintasan-sejarah.html]
Therefore, Astrolabe has some lacking, such as the form that
complicated and only applicable at certain places. Therefore, have
a few astrolabe type that can be used at all crosses like astrolabe
that was done by Ibn al-Sarraj in 13th century.[footnoteRef:10] As
the way of solving, Muslim Astronomers expanded uses of [10: James
Evans, Op. cit, hal. 153-155 dan David A. King, Astronomy in the
Service of Islam, London : VarioumReprint, 1986, hal.112.]
Rubu' Mujayyab or it called sine quadrant in western
world.Generally, it take over from Astrolabe functions because is
more compact and flexiable. In early introduced, Rubu' Mujayyab
usage as observation heaven device and it used to calculate angles
in astronomy field.In Greek world ,the original creation of the
Quadrant by Ptolemy's Almagest which is made from wooden that
shaped quarter that containing a graduated arc of 90 . The Quadrant
Potelemy function is able to determine time and height of sun in
summer and winter . Apart from that, it finding the latitude and
longitude of sun. Also, it helps to finding out the located of
latitude and longitude some of place. The early exposed in 9th
century in Baghdad by Al-Kharizmi.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Franois
Charette.1970.Mathematical Instrumentation In Fourteenth-Century
Egypt And Syria.The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden.
p.209.]
In 11th, Mesir astronomers began developing this instrumentation
in conducting religious subject. The daily rotation that seen on
the sky is simulated by the movement of a taut thread attached at
the center of the instrument and provided with a beads which moves
on the thread to a position reaction to that of the sun or certain
star. Directly, that position being read according to sign that
exist on rubu surface. Much easier to perform rubu' compared by
using astrolabe. Rubu' Mujayyab at that moment used to resolve
astronomy problems related to certain latitude.Followed by 14th
century,the Rubu' Mujayyab construction by Ibn Al-syatir, he was an
Syrian Muslim astronomer conducted muwaqqit (religious timekeeper)
at the Umayyad mosque in Damascus who responsible to define times
of prayer. Ibn Al-syatir only modified Rubu' Mujayyab from
Al-Khawarizmi with adding ecliptic line on rubu mujayyab surface.
At the same year in Egypt, created a Rubu Mujayyab' that produced
from the types of ivory. The inner, standard set of markings on the
front serves the latitude position of the Cairo and the outer
nonstandard grid for use in solving trigonometric problems
numerically.[footnoteRef:12] Followed in 16th century, It is
decorated with beautiful sculpture and design that is attractive.
It is a standard sinecal grid for operating trigonometric functions
and the grid is the medieval equivalent to a slide
rule.[footnoteRef:13] Before introducing of usage Rubu Mujayyab in
Malay world is best knowing history of the beginning spreaded of
Astronomy field in Malay world. The first introduced is Muhammad
Tahir bin Sheikh Muhammad or known as " Sheikh Muhammad Tahir
Jalaluddin Al-Falaki Al-Azhari ". Named ''Al-Falaki Al-Azhari''
because studied astronomy in Azhar University of Cairo. He was born
on Tuesday, 4 dates Ramadhan, year of 1286 Hijri in Bukit Tinggi
Western Sumatra.The great contribution is producing Natijah al-Ummi
(The Almanac : Muslim and Christian Calender that published in 1936
namely Taqwim Hijri and the equation with Taqwim Miladi (Masehi),
Qiblah direction and prayer time to evergreen. Also, he write book
that is entitled Pati Kiraan Pada Menentukan Waktu Yang Lima
(Singapore : Al-Ahmadiyyah Press, 1357 H/1938 M) namely guide to
determine prayer time and Kaabah's direction use logarithms
calculation method. Lastly, Direction of Qiblat according to Shafie
Sect (Taiping, Perak : Matbaah al-Zainiyah, 1951).[footnoteRef:14]
[12: Howard R. Turner. 1995. Science In Medieval Islam. United
States Of America. Library Of Congress Cataloging.p.99] [13:
Ibid.p.100] [14: Abu Bakar Hamzah. Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin, Medium
Majalah Ilmiah Akademi Islam Universiti Malaya, Tahun 1, Bil. 1,
Muharram 1409/September 1988, h. 92.]
For instance, the famous treatise is Tuan Haji Mohd. Khair Bin
Hj. Mohd Taib was birth in Kedah in date 8 September 1922. He first
learned to use Rubu' Mujayyab in Mahad Mahmud, Kedah teaches by
Tuan Guru Ku Arifin and also, Syeikh Tahir Jalaluddin's students .
With him he learn method time reckoning prayers. The teacher also
teach him use Rubu' Mujayyab, a type of equipment universe that is
famous used in tradition universe Islamic a previous occasion. He
is the only astronomer at that time that were capable of doing
calculation accurately until acknowledged by many his ability in
calculation that is amazing. By using calculator and Almanac, he
make related hilal calculation, eclipse and prayer time. his
ability is can remember number digits in calculation universe that
usually achieve 8-12 digit without having to write it in any paper.
Once he wants think overall number, he continue to can remember
those digits without one digit that left. In 1969 , he was choose
by Islamic Centre of Malaysia as a member of ruyah al-hilal
committee and assigned as a trainer for Falak Course run in
1979.The contribution writing about this tool continued by Umar
Nurudin in ''The Guiding Light To Success Trigonometry'' or
Al-Jaibiyyah(The Trigonometrical Sine) in 1925.[footnoteRef:15] He
di Kampung Atas Banggol, Kota Bharu in date 17 September 1867. He
life contemporary and get to be friend Pulau Pinang Falakians,
Abdullah Pahim.The Falak teachers while studying knowledge in Mecca
are Syeikh Ahmad Khatib, Syeikh Muhammad bin Yusof al Khayyat dan
Syeikh Abu Bakr Syatta.[footnoteRef:16] [15: Mat Rosa Ismail, Kamel
Ariffin Mohd Atan. 2008. Algebra In The Malay World: A Case study
Of Islamic Mathematics. Encyclopaedia Of The History Of Science
Technology And Medicine In Non-Western Cultures.v.1. USA:Springer.]
[16: Dr. Baharuddin Zainal, Menggelintar Budaya Intelek Ilmuan
Falak Alam Melayu Kertas kerja dalam Seminar Penghayatan Ilmu Falak
2008M, Auditorium Kompleks Falak al-Khawarizmi Kg. Balik Batu,
Tanjung Bidara, Melaka pada 26 Julai 2008M/23 Rejab 1429H.]
Haji Ab.Rahman Salleh born in year 1930, and get religious
education early in Mecca and Kelantan . He is teaching in astronomy
subject during that subject become part of curriculum subject in
religious school in Kelantan. Oustanding contribution in book
writing tiltle Qawaidul Miqat in three volumes. First volume issue
year 1959 M, second year 1961 and third year 1963. All three books
in Arabic and are published by Kelantan Islamic Religious Council.
The content on miqat knowledge with focus to method calculation
prayer time and Kaabah's direction use quadrant sinus and third
volume about calculation Islamic Almanac. After that connected by
Haji Ab.Rahman Haji Hussain born on 11 September 1945, in Kg.
Padang Pak Amat Pasir Putih. He pursues Falak knowledge since year
1961 to 1980an starts in early stage learning when in Maahad
Muhammadi until enter to nature job. He obtained guidance from a
few teachers that are famous in Falak field among them is Hj. Mohd.
Saleh b. Hj. Daud, Dato' Hj. Mohd. Nor b Hj. Ibrahim (Mufti
Kerajaan Kelantan), Dato' Hj. Ismail Yusof (Mufti Kelantan), Hj.
Mohd. Khair Taib and Hj. Ab Rahman Hj. SallehAmat is skilled in
usage Rubu' Mujayyab a type of tool carried out in Muslim society
once upon a time to determine prayer time fardhu, Kaabah's
direction, measured height object, knew zodiac and trigonomeric
calculation. Therefore, he often invited teach instrumentation in
Jabatan Selangor Mufti and Akademi Nilam Puri Islamic Studies.
Then, Astronomy have studied seriously in Kelantan by religion
students in Pondok Kelantan such as Kota Bharu Pondok Masjid
Muhammadi, Tapah Pasir Mas Pondok Lubuk, Pondok Kota Bharu Bunut
Payung, Pondok Tok Selihor Tumpat, Pondok Pasir Tumboh and others
more.Followed by expertise students use Rubu Mujayyab for purpose
count prayer time and determining direction of Mecca. They uses
type of Rubu' Mujayyab that created by Ibnu Syatir. Furthermore,
The astronomy subject was taught in schools religion and it is one
of the subject that is compulsory start in form 5. Major precursor
to this learning Hj. Mohammad Nor bin Ibrahim Kelantan Government's
mufti.In 1995, University Of Technology Malaysia (UTM) have put
Rubu` Mujayyab as additional subject for students of department of
Geometric Engineering who Falak Syar`i is their elective course.
This course consists of important subjects of Islamic astronomy,
range from cosmology to issues of Islamic astronomy in Malaysia,
such as prayer time calculation Islamic calendar and determination
of Qiblahs directionAs tool carrier that have popular in time once,
however Rubu' Mujayyab / Quadrant Sinus begin to disappear drowning
by technological progress. In fact inside a Rubu' Mujayyab Quadrant
Sinus that kept academic treasure that should be preserved and in
develop. The young generation future that will know on progress
achieved by muslim scholar
1.3. PARTS OF A RUBU' MUJAYYAB
1) Markaz () -A hole included thread which hung reach to qaus
irtifa'. The thread is use to measure angles.2)Qaus irtifa' ( ) -
The line which divide to 90 degrees at the right and the left with.
The surface have a line and degree number which calculations
beginning from the right marked with 0 degrees and ending on the
left with 90 degrees. The number located from right division to
left position named by number and the number located from left
division to right position named by number. [footnoteRef:17] [17:
Al-Malakawi Mohamad Elias.24 Mac 2010. Rubu Mujayyab
http://almalakawi.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/rubu-mujayyab- ]
(3Jaibu-tamam ( )-The straight line started from ( )until ().
There have 12 boxes ,each box calculated 5 degrees and all amounted
to 60 degrees.[footnoteRef:18] [18: Al-Malakawi Mohamad Elias.24
Mac 2010. Rubu Mujayyab
http://almalakawi.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/rubu-mujayyab- ]
4( Sittini () - Namely line that begin from () until the end of
().The number degree is equal to ( ).
5) Dairatut-tajyib ( )- It is semicircle initiated from until
qaus end called by , meanwhile that start from that end up in early
qaus named by .
6) Juyub ma'kus ) )- The vertical axes, starting from (sitini)
declines to qaus.(7Juyub mabsuthoh ( ) - This means a Horizontal
axes that begin from to qaus.[footnoteRef:19] [19: Al-Malakawi
Mohamad Elias.24 Mac 2010. Rubu Mujayyab
http://almalakawi.wordpress.com/2010/03/24/rubu-mujayyab- ]
8)Dairatul al-mail( ) - A curve line like busaran arrow that the
distance from is 24 degrees.The located at the end and another in .
The curve is divided into 90 divisions or degrees. Starting from
the right marked with zero and ending on the left with 90
degrees
9) (Qaus dua asar) - There is two lines marked by broken lines.
This line start from early qaus until 42.33 degrees named early
afternoon prayer (Syafie's afternoon prayer church) A lagai to 26.5
degrees named second afternoon prayer (Hanafi's afternoon
prayer).
.
10) Qaimatu-zilli ( ) - Two lines with point. One of them start
from sittini to qaus irtifa named by .And that another from jaib
tamam to qaus irtifa named by .
11) - The place to use for measuring the shadow or target in
some objects.[footnoteRef:20] [20: Rahman Salleh. 2012.Rubu'
Mujayyab. Tinta Publishing. Ilmu Miqat p.7]
12) The small thread that entered to Markaz or known as degree
pointer.13) - The thread that is short that binds in Khoit , that
will frictional up and down14) (Syaqul) -It is a Bandul that used
as to Khoith weight.
1.4.TYPES OF RUBU MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY
1.1.1THE SINE QUADRANTThe tools using for solving trigonometric
problems . In physical, it have shaped plate, which contains grid
lines of the scale of trigonometric functions, by which readings
and one of way to solve trigonometric equations.[footnoteRef:21]
This equipment can also be setup to measure the altitude of object
on the sky ,measure the celestial angle, telling time, determining
the time of prayer and Qiblah for Muslim. [21: Kassim Bahali. 7th
March 2010.by
http://astronomyandyou.blogspot.com/2010/03/rubu-mujayyab-or-sine-quadrant.html]
Figure 1 :The view of Sine Quadrant by al-Khwarizmi in 9th
century in Baghdad
1.1.2 THE UNIVERSAL (SHAKKZYA) QUADRANTThe main functions is to
solving latitude problems in any places. These quadrants had either
one or two sets of shakkzya grids and were developed in the
fourteenth century in Syria. [footnoteRef:22] Jamal al-Din
al-Maridini defined an analog computer for solving problems of
spherical astronomy.[footnoteRef:23] [22:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)] [23: King,
David A. (1974), "An analog computer for solving problems of
spherical astronomy: The Shakkaziya quadrant of Jamal al-Din
al-Maridini", Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences
(International Archives on the History of Science) 24: 21942 ]
Figure 2 :The view of Universal quadrant, Jonathan Sisson, c.
1730.
1.1.3 THE HORARY QUADRANTThis famous instruments was opposed as
graphical equipments for finding the time of day in terms of the
solar longitude and the instantaneous altitude.[footnoteRef:24]
Horary quadrants calculate the time from the altitude of the Sun.
The major functions is to finding the direction of Qibla because
important direction that should be faced when Muslims pray. Also,
it be able to determine prayer times by guidance locations of the
Sun or stars. Horary quadrants is markings on one side as guidance
for the user to calculate the time of day. [24: Franois
Charette.1970.Mathematical Instrumentation In Fourteenth-Century
Egypt And Syria.The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV,
Leiden.p.116]
Figure 3 :The view of Horary quadrant by Muhammad ibn Mahmud in
10th century in Iran, Nishapur.
1.1.4 THE ASTROLABIC QUADRANTThe first-rate category known is
the astrolabe quadrant, introduced in Islamic world before 1100 .
This is a quadrant advanced from the astrolabe.The astronomical
instrument which is compatibility for usage in any location on
Earth. The lines that carved on the front indicates the position of
the Sun across the sky. According Ali ibn Khalaf al-Shakkaz
Astrolabic Quadrant able to solve problems of spherical astronomy
for any geographic latitude, though in a somewhat more complicated
fashion than the standard astrolabe.[footnoteRef:25] [25: n.n.
n.a.Islamic astronomy
http://islam.wikia.com/wiki/Islamic_astronomy#cite_note-King-1983-533-200]
Figure 4 :The view of Astrolabic Quadrant by Muhammad al-Sakasi
al-Jarkasi from Damascus in 14th century.
1.1.5 THE MURAL QUADRANTMural quadrants known as one of the
largest astronomical instruments which were measuring device
constructed on or completed into a wall. It permanent setup to a
meridian wall and usually used to measure meridian
altitudes.[footnoteRef:26]In additions, it was performed to measure
the altitude of stars above the horizon at their transportation at
the celestial meridian. This devices have the strength to measure
angles from 0 to 90 degrees. [26:
http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/quadrant.html]
Figure 5:The view of Mural Quadrant (Libna) of Taqi Al-Din
CHAPTER 2
2.1. THE FAMOUS INVERTORS OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC WORLD
2.1.1 IBNU SYATTIR 2.1.2 AL-KHARIZMI 2.1.3 AL-BIRUNI2.2. THE MUSLIM
TREATISES ON THE RUBU MUJAYYAB2.3. THE NEW INSTRUMENTS REPLACEMENT
OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB 2.3.1. COMPASS 2.3.2. THEODOLITE 2.3.3. PERSONAL
DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA) 2.3.4. SOFTWARE
2.1. THE FAMOUS INVERTORS OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC WORLD
2.1.1 IBNU SHATIR
Figure 6 :The potrait of Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim
Ibn al-Shatir
Ala Al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Shatirwas a
Syrian-born in 1304th and he dies in year in 1375th the age is
seventy third year. He mastery in mathematics and engineering,
automatically it enabled for him to learn in field of astronomy. In
additions, Ibnu Shatir work as muwaqqit or religious timekeeper at
the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria which he called Sanduk
Al-Yawaqit.. Ibnu al-Shatir divided time in the day with 12 hours,
in winter brief periods, whereas in summer time longer. It regarded
as highest achievement for creation sundial. Plus, Ibn al-Shatir
attended extensive observations which led to some of his
theoretical contributions, designed and constructed new devices,
and made contributions succesfully to Islamic astronomy in the
field of Planetary theory.[footnoteRef:27] [27: ^ Dallal, Ahmad
(2010). Islam, Science, and the Challenge of History. Yale
University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780300159110.]
Ibnu Shatir contributed in astronomical instruments in produce
astrolabe that tool used to calculate star's distance more
accurately. He wrote on the ordinary planispheric astrolabe called
alla aljmia (the universal instrument). Also, described the two
most important used quadrants, the astrolabic and the trigonometric
varieties. These designed were renovations and modifications of the
simpler more useful sine quadrant which is one astrolabe and one
universal instrument.It produced from wood material that in the
edge have degree measurement and in the middle of him indicator
needle that can move.Then, Ibnu Shatir continued to make
astronomical tools at an advances age, for the creation of Rubu'
Mujayyab. Rubu' Mujayyab,that possessed by Ibnu Shatir made from
metal which described as equipment which contains grid global
trigonometry. From outside view like a part of astrolabe with
ecliptic circle sun but it is replace from Astrolabe. Hence,
furnished a few lines related to find Kaabah's direction and
calculate time prayers. Also used to measure height sun or other
planet. Nowadays, Rubu mujayyab' that generated by syatir expanded
and is still used by universal society especially in Sumatra.Apart
from that, he also writed 30 book are mainly in field astronomy,
there is "Zaij Ibnu Asy-Syathir","Risalah Fi Al-Hai'ah Al-Jadidah"
An-Nujum As-Sahirah Fi Al-Amal Bi Ar-Rub'i Al-Mujib Bila Maryi Wala
Dairah", "Risalah Fi Al-Amal Bidaqaiq Ikhtilaf Al-Afaq Al-Mar'iah"
and so on.
1.1.2 AL-KHAWARIZMI
Figure 7 : Al-KhawarizmiAb Abdallh Muammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm was
born in Persia of that time around 780 and died after 850. He was a
mathematician, astronomer,geographer, scientist and astrologer.
Often called the "father of algebra," because was the first founder
algebra method to the world.In fact, his name appeared from the
title of his book Al Kitab Al Jabr Wa'al Muqabelah.[footnoteRef:28]
Shmith and Karpinski characterized Khawarizmi as one of the first
Muslim writers who collect the mathematical classic of both of the
east and west.[footnoteRef:29] In mathematics, one of the most
important acknowledges of al-Khwarizmi in the creation of the
number zero and Hindu-Arabic numerals. In Latin translation,
identified as Algoritmi de numero Indorum and in English world
namely Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning Mohaini
Mohamed.2000. Great Muslim Mathematicians . [28: Ian Stewart .
2013. The Great Mathematical Problems. Pofile Books LTD. Britain]
[29: Mohd Rashidi Md Razali. ed. 1. Johor: Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia. Cipta Murni Sdn. Bhd.p.17.]
Al-Khawarizmi played a paramount role in the development of
knowledge enormously contributed to the field of Astronomy. He was
given the responsibility as the Director of Astronomy Research
Bureau at Darul Hikma (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad during the
patronage of Caliph al- Mmm. His task as translater manuscripts of
Greek scientific. While working, he successfully published book Al
Kitab Al Jabr Wa'al Muqabelah (The Compendious Book on Calculation
by the Restoration and the Opposition) which most popular in that
time. The book was a compilation and extension of known rules for
solving quadratic equations and for some other problems, and
considered to be the foundation of algebra, establishing it as an
independent discipline.[footnoteRef:30] [30: n.a.n.d.The
Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Compendious_Book_on_Calculation_by_Completion_and_Balancing]
Other than writing book, he also involved in produce the
astronomy instruments. There is sine quadrant which comes in 9th
century Baghdad. It is come up as a graph-paper like grid on one
side that is divided into sixty equal intervals on each axis and is
also bounded by a 90 degree graduated arc.[footnoteRef:31] For
using this tools, it is involves al-gebra calculation which was
used to measure time, angles and latitude. Then, produced a
Quadrans Vetus a types of horary quadrant for analysing specific
latitudes and used to determine time in part of prayers times by
observations of the sun or stars. Al Khawarizmi writes many books
and successfully produced much knowledge. Among the most important
books is Shuuratul Ardh "Book on the appearance of the Earth",
(Risla fi istikhrj tarkh al-yahd "Extraction of the Jewish Era")
and Taqwiimul Buldaan [31:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)]
1.1.3 AL-BIRUNI
Figure 8 : Al-Biruni
His real name was probably Ab Rayn Muammad ibn Amad Brn was born
was born in the city of Kath, Khwarezmin[footnoteRef:32] in 5
September 973 C.E and died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni, todays
Afghanistan. Al-Biruni is greatest scholars in end century to 4
Hijri who expert in physics, astronomy, mathematics, language, and
history. Famous with title "father of geodesy" because his
contribution in Earth sciences and geography. [32: ^ Al-Biruni,
D.J. Boilet, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb,
J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986),
1236.]
Al-Biruni get a lot of knowledge from one prince Persian King
namely Abu Nasr Mansur bin AliJilani, a mathematical expert
knowledge. His life contemporary with Ibnu Sina or famous name
Avecenna. Based on his background, as someone who thirsts his
knowledge did not like to waste time. Lifelong the life
concentrated on area of research and writing. Therefore, he gain
control two great civilization at that time that is Arab
civilization and Greek civilization. He has close ties with Islamic
scholars and Christian. One of from him is Christian physicists
namely Abu Sahl. He also close connect with Syrian traders
Christian that aims to study Greek names and reference and medical
terminology correctly in spelling .Between his work that considered
supreme is Rasa 'il al-Biruni, a encyclopedia astronomy and
mathematical.
Al-Biruni himself makes observation on the sky , that most first
developed in Khwarazm. He also been known had made some observatory
astronomy in several districts in Khurasan and reported have used
quadrant during 3 meters. he able to calculate ecliptic declination
and geographic coordinate.Among his work that supreme is Qanun
al-Mas'udi that is comparable to Almagest book by Ptolemy. Also, in
book titled by Ifrad al-Maqal Amr al-Dalal's uses technique
geometry to distance between two places and determine perimeter of
earth. Plus, he wrote entitled Maqalid 'ilm al-hay'a (Keys to the
Science of Astronomy).
2.2. THE MUSLIM TREATISES ON THE RUBU MUJAYYAB
Names
Books
Jamal al-Din, Abi al-Hajjaj, Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi
was an (Al-Mizz)
- [footnoteRef:33] [33: U. Vermeulen & J. Van Steenbergen.
2001. OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta. Belgium: Peeters. p. 166]
- (The disappearance of the doubts about the use of the sine
quadrant)
Muhammad ams Ad-Dn B. Al-azl
- -(Treatise on the use of the trigonometrical grid without
grid)
aml Ad-Dn Al-Mridn
- .- ( Synopsis of questions about the use of the sinecal
quadrant)
'Izz Ad-Dn 'Abd 'Al-Azz B. Mas'd[footnoteRef:34] [34: Ibid
p.167]
-- ( Treatise on the applications of the sine quadrant)
Ab a'far 'Umar B. 'Abd Ar-Rahmn B. 'Abu Lqsim At-tnis
At-Tzar
- -( Answer to the questions about the use of the Sine
Quadrant)
ihb Ad-Dn 'Ahmad B. 'Ibrhim B. Hall Al-Halab[footnoteRef:35]
[35: Ibid. p. 168]
- -( Treatise on the use of Sine Quadrant)
Haji Abdul Rahman Salleh
- -(Method of Miqat)
Badr Ad-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad B. Ahmad Sibt
Al-Maridini[footnoteRef:36] [36: U. Vermeulen & J. Van
Steenbergen. 2001. OrientaliaLovaniensiaAnalecta. Belgium: Peeters.
p. 168.]
- -(Treatise on the use of the Sine Quadrant or Inductory
treatise on the applications of the Sine Quadrant)
Ibn 'Abi l-fath A-f
- -(Treatise on the applications of the sine quadrant)
Umar Nurudin
- ( The guiding light to success Trigonometry).[footnoteRef:37]
[37: Mat Rofa Ismail & Kamel Ariffin Mohd Atan.Algebra In The
Malay World: A Case Study Of Islamic Mathematics. Encyclopaedia of
the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western
Cultures.p.118]
2.3. THE NEW INSTRUMENTS REPLACEMENT OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB
2.3.1. COMPASS
Figure 9 : Qiblah compass
The first compass was introduced in China between the 2nd
century BC and 1st century AD during the Han
Dynasty.[footnoteRef:38] Early made from naturally magnetized piece
of the mineral magnetite called lodestone. In Islamic world, this
tool is preeminent due to function can help determine Qiblah
direction from any place on earth, the sacred direction of Islam.
Qiblah is a direction to face for Muslims during their daily and it
is one of prerequisite to pray . The famous treatises is the Yemeni
Sultan al- Ashraf (ca. 1290) and the Cairene astronomer Ibn Simun
(ca. 1300). The Yemeni Sultan al- Ashraf invented form of magnetic
needle by using water in bowl. Neither, the Ibn Simun illustrate a
dry compass for usage as a "Qibla (Kabba) indicator" to discover
the direction to Mecca. [38: Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael
W. (1983). The Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and
planetary perspective (2nd printing ed.). San Francisco: Academic
press. p. 1. ISBN 0-12-491242-7]
The compass is showing cardinal direction, namely north,
southern, west, and east on the surface. Basically, it is known as
navigational instruments to finding and determine direction of
destination or landmark. The direction which indicated by compass
is direct refers to direction magnetic north .The magnetic north
depends on earth magnetic field which variable from time to time
due to change geology and physical earth .Hence, it helps to
identify what we are looking for in the field or on a map. It able
to make measurement of the angle up to as accuracy of 30. Nowadays
, people need a compass for instance with hiking or camping. In
those scenes, use basic compasses such the thumb compass that are
clearly accuration and can be read over a map are compatible.
The terms of pricing that is reasonable and it is one of reason
that influence encourage public to use it. Furthermore, The
physical form is small and compact. The simple form that does not
require a large space to keep it until could be brought any place.
It does not need battery energy for it operation because the nature
already given easier to bring in anyway and any situation. In
situation, when someone in jungle to find way out when lost. There
are many of different types and replica of compasses, such as thumb
compass ,base plate, sighting, prismatic, and electronic.
Among of types of compass is popular used by Muslims is kiblah
compass because specially designed to determine the precise
direction of Kaabah for prayer five times each day. The method to
use the Qibla Compass to determine the direction of Mecca, early
thing to do is put that tools on the hand surface or on the surface
of object is stable. Also, make sure have no interference from
material magnetic attraction that will affect needle in compass
because will give direction sign that is less precise. Then, look
up the direction Qibla code for our location by refer an
instruction booklet that contain list of cities. Then make a rotate
on the compass until the compass needle named as the red North end
points to the number of our location. Finally, the Minaret pointer
that located at 0 on the Qibla Compass and that is points display
the direction of Kaabah.
2.3.2. THEODOLIT
Figure 10 : Theodolite
The beginning introduction of this devices from the Egypt. They
have been measuring used groma, an first version of a theodolite,
to help construct the pyramids. After that, there are also report
that sign the Romans used dioptra for similar functions. A dioptra
is a classical astronomical used to measure the positions of
celestial stars. Next, reuse of the word "theodolite" defined by
Leonard Digges in his books Pantometria (1571)[footnoteRef:39]. In
the Latin words known as theodelitus. Joshua Habermel from German
in 1576 built a surveying theodolite that be equipped compass and
tripod. The next level in the transformations of the theodolite was
the creation of the Vernier that taken from name Pierre Vernier in
1631. [39: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite]
A modern theodolit is more precision equipment , light in weight
that are widely used for the measuring horizontal and vertical
angles. The simplest design can be used toughly and the size
described by lower graduated. The theodolite is mounted on a tripod
that can be adjusted by a leveling system. The rule of geometry of
triangles used by surveyors for calculation distance of angles in
engineering work such as road building or aligning tunnel. It is an
instruments support very accurate readings.The accuracy of angles
can be measured up to and accuracy of 10, 20.Thus, ability to
determine direction of Qiblah is more correctly by using digital
theodolite. There are variety types of theodolite such as vernier,
optic, electronic and etc. The preparation for setup theodolite in
general is determining the location that wish to be measured the
Kaabah's direction. The preparation of information data about the
Longitude and Latitude on place completely and readily
understandable. Later,make the calculationKaabah's directionfor
thatplacewhich use the specific mathematics formula. The data
Kaabah's direction need to be measured from point North to West and
complete astronomy data in day or year measurement. Next, bring
together a clock is has accurately indicator. Finally, setup the
theodolite properly to use.
2.3.3. PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT (PDA)
Figure 11 : Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
The first announced the personal digital assistant by Psion
company in 1984 namely the Psion I. It is also known as personal
data assistant[footnoteRef:40] as "World's First Practical Pocket
Computer".The feautures is 8-bit Hitachi 6301-family processor,
running at 0.9 MHz, with 4kB of ROM and 2kB of static RAM, and had
a single-row monochrome LCD screen. The size in mm with the case
closed is 142 x 78 x 29.3, and the weight is 225
grams.[footnoteRef:41] Followed by, Apple, Motorola, Sharp, and
Sony, started launching more PDAs. The designing is lightweight and
hand-held computer. PDA is device that combines computing often
used to organize personal information manager initially. However
because the development, then increased the many usage function,
like calculator, indicator hour and time, gaming, web browsing,
recipient and sender electronic mail (e-mail), radio receiver,
Global Positioning System (GPS)and video recording. Many PDAs
provided a pen-like stylus to get input information , while for
input system that work based on a keyboard. [40: Viken, Alexander
(April 10, 2009). "The History of Personal Digital Assistants 1980
2000". Agile Mobility. Retrieved February 18, 2011.] [41:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psion_Organiser#cite_note-3]
There are amazing and compatible applications for PDA user,
BeeLine GPS and Islamic Pocket .From the PDA, we click on the
BeeLine GPS application. In that application there is menu to
adding waypoint , a point on this earth which represented by
Latitude parameter and Longitude. After entering number of
coordinate remember giving name, for example Kaabah. Beeline GPS
will set up waypoint that we included in sequence alphabet, until
ease to us seeking a new name 'Kaabah' whenever there are hundred
waypoint that reserved. The method to determine Kaabah direction,
first we should switch on the GPS signal first so that device know
our position this moment. after that, fixed and detected from
Waypoint menu we choose Go to xcsa Waypoint. The list of waypoint
will appearance and will kept. Next, we choose Kabah. In
calculation moment, BeeLine GPS will view our position and line
direction that towards Ka'bah. The line Ka'bah direction
determinant from our position the moment.
Also available application for PDA users is Islamic
Pocket.[footnoteRef:42] This application load whatever our
requirement issue on religious worship such as reciting Quran,
recognition prayer time , hadist, Hijriah calendar and determine
direction based on sun or moon. [42:
n.a.n.d.http://www.smartnetwireless.com/PocketIslamPPC.htm]
The first acting to know prayer time, we should know our
position this moment because by deciding our position, this
application will tell to us prayer times in our place well off
altogether determine Kaabah's direction. Certainly quite difficult
because we should know the Latitude and Longitude before looking
where the locations sun or well off month. Especially we need
Google Earth help. We enter in Finding box the name of city that we
will need to know. After that, Google Earth will go through and we
note Latitude and Longitude.In Islamic Pocket, we towards Setup
> Settings > Adjust City Location, and include Latitude
parameter and Long that got from Google Earth. To direction of
Mecca pointer, we really include this parameter and we find sun or
moon outdoors. When saw sun or moon , immediately open Pocket Qibla
menu and directed sun indication line to sun or moon towards moon.
Then, look up on the screen capture picture this position direction
that in line with direction of the sun. That our Kaabah's direction
the moment.
2.3.4 SOFTWARE
Figure 12: Islamic software
Software familiarly known as programs is essential and vital to
a computer because it manage everything the computer does. All of
the software that we use to perform helpful tasks beyond the
operating of the computer itself. The terms used for process of
obtaining software including executing, running, starting up,
opening, and others.[footnoteRef:43] [43:
http://www.grassrootsdesign.com/intro/software. Introduction to
Computers]
Currently, various software emergence that useful for Islamic
follower among them is determine direction of Kiblah and time for
performing prayer. Whether can install by computer or mobile phone
The easiest ways is using Google Map. This is a web services and
need to connect by internet to find out direction of Mecca from
anywhere in the world based on shortest distance or great circle
calculation utilizing Google Map.[footnoteRef:44] The first thing
we do to discovery Mecca locations is searching the place of we
interest by typing the address or city name and the country. For
example: Malaysia, Peninsular, Kelantan. The Qiblah direction will
be automatically detected with calculations and displayed on the
map. [44: http://www.al-habib.info/qibla-pointer/]
Another kind of ways is we can also browse the map bring the
place of interest into view, zoom it in and out, to find our
interested location. Changing map or satellite version may also
help. In the end, click on the location we wish to determine its
Kiblah direction, and it will be pointed out by a red line and the
compass will show you the angle, clockwise, from geographical
North.[footnoteRef:45] [45:
http://al-habib.tripod.com/qiblapointer/index.htm]
The outstanding software among the windows user is Athan (Azan)
allows we to listen automatic Athan (Azan) at the right time five
times a day on every prayer time without need to connect by
internet. Also, most accurate daily prayer times all the five
scheduled for more than 6 Million cities Qiblah direction, Hijri
Islamic Calendar, and many amazing Azan sounds. It provided more
than 10 Million Athan available to downloads in worldwide. It
coincide with technological progress with have many accessible
applications For androidians, iphoneian or windowians is helpful to
perform our obligatory duty such as Muslim Pro, Athan notify , and
etc. No doubt excuse and take granted for us to leave from doing
duty particularly prayer.
CHAPTER 3
3.1. FUNCTION OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY3.1.1.
RECOGNIZE TIME OF PRAYER3.1.2. DIRECTION OF QIBLAH3.2.
CHALLENGES3.3. CONTRIBUTION3.4. CONCLUSION
3.1. FUNCTION OF RUBU' MUJAYYAB IN ISLAMIC ASTRONOMY3.1.1.
RECOGNIZE TIME OF PRAYER
3.1.1.1 Zohor TimeZohor time calculated equivalent to 12 p.m. to
make time malaysia increases or less time difference refer schedule
4 and difference longitude in schedule 2.3.1.1.2 Asar TimeDetermine
Asar time by calculate the end of shadow and then added to the
object shadow that called shadow afternoon prayer. After that
calculated on the other hand height shadow that called height
afternoon prayer. after that calculated time height with according
to method height westside. from there we achieve early asar prayer
time.[footnoteRef:46] [46: Rahman Salleh. 2012.Rubu' Mujayyab..
Ilmu Miqat. ed.1. Kuala Lumpur .Tinta Publishingp. 16.]
3.1.1.3 Maghrib TimeThe completed Maghrib time can be known by
half day view radius with make him a few hours and minute. Then
added on the other hand to him according to time malaysia that
calculated early dusk.3.1.1.4 Isyak TimeIt calculated using 17
height time calculation method morning that is contrary method
practised according to difference and equation in expansion and
bud'al-qutr rate reduction. So from here we will obtain the real
time for that, make time Malaysia as early evening.3.1.1.5 Subuh
TimeIt begin with calculate 19 height evening time. That time is
different like familiar ways that used based on the equation and
difference. so from here real time is by making time Malaysia as
early at dawn3.1.1.6 Syuruk TimeSyuruk Time can be found through
half night view radius with make it real time, then make it
according to Malaysia time.[footnoteRef:47] [47: Rahman Salleh.
2012.Rubu' Mujayyab.. Ilmu Miqat. ed.1. Kuala Lumpur .Tinta
Publishing. p.17]
3.1.1.7 Imsak TimeDeduct 10 minutes from early Subuh
time.AttentionsDefinitely, to get confidence advance on enter the
any kind of prayer time is encouraged to increase 2 minutes.
Method to calculate prayer timedays7 May
location of sun16 Thur
Declination of sun16 2/3 North
Bu'd al-qutr1 4/5Using Rubu' Mujayyab
Asal mutlaq57 1/5Using Rubu' Mujayyab
Nisf al-fadhlah1 4/5Using Rubu' Mujayyab
Latitude Kota Bharu6 7'Schedule 2
Longitude102 15'
Longitude different1:11Schedule 1
Zuhur TimeSun on the horizon12:00
Different time- 0:03Schedule 1
Wasotiah time11:57
Kota Bharu longitude+ 1:11
Tamkin+ 0:02
Early Zuhur time13:10 (1:10 p.m)
Asar TimeThe endLength of Object
Shadow of AsarLength of AsarTime Length of AsarDifferent
time
Half timeKota Bharu LongitudeTamkin79 2/3+ 2 1/512
14 1/540 1/43.18- 0:03
+ 3:151:110:02Using Rubu' Mujayyab
Using Rubu' MujayyabSchedule 1
Asar time4:28
Maghrib TimeHalf circleThe middle dayNisf al-fadhlah
Half circleThe real dayHorizon difference degreeThe day circle
quarterThe time day circle quarterDifferent time
The middle time
Kota Bharu logitude
Tamkin
+ 901 4/5
+ 91 4/5192 4/56:12- 0.03
+ 6.091.11
0.02
Using Rubu' Mujayyab
Schedule 1
Maghrib time7.22
Isyak Time
Time achievedFor the Isyak time+1:19Using Rubu' Mujayyab
Half circleThe middle dayThe real timeDifferent time
Middle timeKota Bharu longitudeTamkin6:007:19-0:03
+ 7:161:110:02
Schedule 1
Isyak time8:29
Subuh Time
Time achievedFor the Subuh time
Wasotiah time
Kota Bharu Longitude
Tamkin
4:33-0:03
+4:30
1:110:02Using Rubu' MujayyabSchedule 1
Subuh time5:43
Imsak Time
Subuh time-5:430:10
Imsak Time5:33
Syuruk TimeThe radius middlenight radiusThe quarter of dayThe
quarter of nightThe quarter of nightDifferent time180- 92 4/5 87
5:48- 0:03
5:45
Schedule 1
Kota Bharu longitude 1:11
Syuruk time6:56
3.1.2. DIRECTION OF QIBLAHThe determine direction of Qiblah that
started on the al-Ashl al-Muthlaq and Bu'du al-Quthr using the by
using longitude places and mail kail (21 30) 38.1. Determine the
Bu'du al-Quthr a. Put khoith at al-sittini and marking jaib
longitude places with muri (810). b. Replacing khoith until achieve
side of mail kal (21 30). c. Value of jaib al-mabsuthah on the muri
place that is the results (3).QausBusursin
HourMinuteHourMinute
Longitude7 49
Jaib8 10
Mail kail21 30
Bu'du al-Quthr3
d. Simple formula: Bu'du al-Quthr = sin x sin mail kail.
Multiply 60 to find out value of Jaib. Whether find the side with
using formula arc sin Bu'du al-Quthr.2. Determining al-Ashl
al-Muthlaq a. Put khoith on al-sittini and marked jaib tamam on
longitude places (90o - ) bymuri (59o 26). b. Replace khoith until
achieve tamam mail kail 68o 30 minutes. c. Value of jaib
al-mabsuthah on muri that is, 55o 12.
QausJaib
HourMinute
Qaidah90
Longitude749
The complete longitude8211
Jaib sin59 26
Qaidah90
Mail kail21 30
The complete Mail kail68 30
Al-Ashl al Muthlaq55 12
d. Simple formula: al-Ashl al-Muthlaq = cos x cos mail kail.
Multiply 60 .to find the value jaib. Whether find the side with
using formula arcsin al-Ashl al-Muthlaq.3. Determining al-ashl
al-mu'dala. Put khoith on al-sittini and marked jaib al-Ashl
al-Muthlaq with muri(5512). b. Replacing khoith until achieve
contradict between longitude (112 2) and location of Mecca (40 8),
71 54. c. Value of jaib al-mabsuthah on the muri is (17
9).QausJaib
HourMinuteHourMinute
Longitude112 2
Mecca40 8
Contradict71 54
Alashl almudal17 9
d. Simple formula: al-ashl al-mu'dal = ashl al-muthlaq x cos
contradict. multiply 60 to find value of Jaib.
4. Determine irtifa al-simtu, tamam irtifa al-simtu, and Jaib.
a. Decrease Bu'du al-Quthr on al-ashl al-mu'dal, the result is
irtifa al-simtu 13 38. b. Decrease that number to 90 , results
irtifa al-simtu sempurna, 72 22. refer to jaib, 58 19.
QausJaib
HourMinuteHourMinute
Al-ashl al-mu'dal17
9
Bu'du al-Quthr
3
Jaib Irtifa Al-Simtu14
9
Irtifa al-simtu
13 38
Qaidah90
Irtifa al-simtu13 38
Tamam Irtifa Al-Simtu76 22
Jaib irtifa al-simtu
58 19
c. Simple formula: irtifaal-simtu = sin al-ashl al-mu'dal sin
Bu'du al- Quthr. multiply 60 to find value of jaib.5. Determining
Jaib al-siah a. Put khoith on Longitude and marking jaib kail with
muri. b. Change khoith until al-sittini. Angel between muri with
markaz is value ofJaib al-si'ah.Explanation :QausJaib
HourMinuteHourMinute
Tamam lintang Kediri82 11
Jaib kail22
Jaib al-si'ah22 10
c. Simple formula is Jaib al-si'ah (Js) = sin m : cos . Multiply
60 to find value of jaib.6. Determine hishah al-simtu and ta'dil
al-simtu a. Putting on the longitude like before. b. Take the muri
until goals to jaib al-mabsuthah from irtifa al-simtu.c. Look out
cutting between jaib al-mabsuthah with jaib al-mankusat. Value on
jaib al-tamam is cutting result of hishah al-simtu, Completely
formula is hishah al-simtu (hs) = sin Is x tan . Lastly multiply 60
to find value of jaib.d. Adding jaib value from hishah al-simtu
with jaib al-saah that answers is ta'dil al-simtu.QausJaib
HourMinutesHourMinutes
Tamam lintang Kediri82
11
Irtifa al-simtu13
38
Hishah al-simtu2
Jaib al-siah22 10
Tadil al-simtu24 10
7. Determining direction of Qiblaha. Putting khoith on
al-sittini and marking jaib tamam irtifa al-simtu with muri.b.
Adjusting khoith until muri stated on the jaib al-mabsuthah from
tadil alsimtu.c. Angle between khoith with awal qaus is simtu
al-qiblat.d. Conclusion formula is sin simtu al-qiblat = ts : cos
Irtifa al-simtu. multiply 60 to find value of jaib.
QausJaib
HourMinuteHourMinute
Jaib tamam irtifa al-simtu58 19
Tadil al-simtu24 10
Qiblah direction24 29
Formula:Based on the explanation, it can conclude as follows :1.
Determine irtifa al-simtu (Is)Is = arc sin (cos m x cos SBMD sin Lx
sin m)2. Determine direction of Qiblah west- northdirection of
Qiblah =
L: Longitudem: Longitude makkah / mail kail/ kabahIs: irtifa
al-simtuCLM : contradict with Longitude of Mecca bujur tempat
dengan bujur makkah.(SBMD : selisih bujur tempat dengan bujur
makkah)Explanation of formula :
1. Budu al-quthur = sin L x sin m2. Ashl al-muthlaq = cos Lx cos
m3. Ashl al-mudal = Ashl al-muthlaq x cos SBMD4. Sin Is = ashl
al-mu'dal bu'du al-quthurSin Is = ashl al-muthlaq x cos SBMD bu'du
al-quthurSin Is = cos Lx cos m x cos SBMD sin Lx sin m, atau,Is =
arc sin (cos Lx cos m x cos SBMD sin Lx sin m)5. Jaib al-siah (Js)
= sin m : cos L6. Hishah al-simtu (hs) = sin Is x tan L7. Tadil
al-simtu = js + hs8. Simtu al-qiblat (Direction of Qiblah = arc sin
(ts : cos Is)= Arc sin ((js+hs) : cos Is)
) + tan L ) )
3.2. CONTRIBUTION
In general, already know that Islamic Astronomy had given a lot
of contribution in astronomy especially in age of the glorious of
Islam in the past. This knowledge has been explored by majority of
Islamic scholar based on spirit pioneer knowledge and research
planted by Rasulullah SAW through many of hadith about this
knowledge. Among factor which encourages this knowledge development
that is knowledge closely related to religious worship practice
daily .It coincide with the advantages of Rubu' Mujayyab is plays
role that very superior and impressive to Islamic astronomy once in
solving inside community problem religious affair one of is
Kaabah's direction.Entire life force us to know knowledge namely
knowledge uses Rubu' Mujayyab to ensure religious worship can
fulfill condition like know the direction of Qiblah. Furthermore,
it is first thing must we do to perform our prayer. Qiblah is the
direction that should be faced when a Muslim perform
prayers.[footnoteRef:48] The Quran records: [48:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla]
(Verily, We have seen the turning of your (Muhammad's) face
towards the heaven. Surely, We shall turn you to a Qiblah (prayer
direction) that shall please you, so turn your face in the
direction of Al-Masjid Al-Haram (at Makkah).)
(2:144)[footnoteRef:49] [49: n.a.n.dChanging the Qiblah @ Direction
of the Prayer http://www.qtafsir.com/]
In addition, Rubu' Mujayyab is compatible tool to signify prayer
time. Moreover, this tools not need to use battery and compact
form. Each prayer is given a specific time during which it must be
completed and are direct link between the worshipper and the
greatest of creator. Performing zuhr prayer when after midday
before the Asr time and have different formula to calculate it
between another prayer time. Another benefit is understanding the
calculation of Islamic month calendar. Definitely, Islamic month
calendar is different with Gregorian calendar. Islamic month
calendar has 12 months that are according on a lunar cycle which
consist of 354 or 355 days. Actually, it first introduced in 638 AD
by the `Umar ibn Al-Khattab'.[footnoteRef:50] References through
this calendar we able to observe the moon accurately. such as the
annual fast, to attend Hajj , and Islamic New Year. [50: The Twelve
Months of the Islamic Lunar Calendar
.http://www.ramadan-islam.org/ramadan/12months.html]
In conclusion, It show the various of Rubu' Mujayyab benefit for
us. Also, showed the scholars is struggle to create specific
formula to calculate each prayer and must be us to appreciate it.
Among ways is understand and apply inside in our life so that not
ignorance by future generations.
.
3.3. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
There are a lot of donations by scholars for development in this
knowledge. Based on this writing we can look Rubu' Mujayyab is
influential in term Islamic obligations and research to cultivate
into a self astronomical society. Rubu' Mujayyab should include in
the subject for all levels students especially in Islamic school
because based on the functions of Rubu' Mujayyab is majority for
Islamic purposes. Therefore, it also can use to attract another non
Muslim in term of Malaysia when we are using this instruments for
public views like outside complex or mall. They will wondering the
creations of Rubu' Mujayyab by Islamic scholars and more to learn
this skill, automatically for affairs religion. In addition, the
government should have lecture or programs for community in reveal
using and practising Rubu' Mujayyab. Ignorance minority of
community because they not know yet anything about this tools and
assume that is important for those take subject astronomers. For
that reasons, this field not have place in our minded. The solving
ways is publishing many of simple note that list the introduction
of Rubu' Mujayyab. As parents is plays important role with spent
time preciously through practicing for their children because the
children is easy to mastery in new knowledge . Also, adding the
books knowledge in this tools. They will be continue connector
knowledge heritage. Optimistically, all the community can be
realized the necessary and participation from all levels of
community.
3.4. CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, outstanding in Islamic religion is depends in
greatness of knowledge of scholar. They leaved completely knowledge
in Astronomy for the next generation. Therefore, that time is
really difficult life for them that different in now life. We can
see they are hard try to create some of instruments that no one
create before. Particularly in creation of Rubu' Mujayyab that
given a lot of advantages. Based on this writing, I believe there
are many of people is interesting to know about this instrument
properly but not know the best medium to find it. Honestly,
thankful to God for this opportunity for entire life.According on
the information given above, it could be said that this
RubuMujayyab plays a great role in providing an advantages for
Muslim community.It changed human living from darkness to live a
civilization life. Therefore, the government should more aware and
caring about this field such as construct more are specific place
for this instruments for the public viewing to practise it. This
equipment is necessary contribution highlighted in the present.
This is because not many of us who know concerning interest in the
future e.g. in the field of Astronomy. this area is very
marginalized and not many who want to learn and master In effect,
Muslims will face problems the computation time, the direction and
the Islamic calendar. Keep in mind the Islamic astronomers observed
the development of the community when there are differences in the
initial determination of the fasting month of Ramadan, Shawwal, and
Dhulhijah. At that time the Muslim community was also curious why
the difference appear. Therefore, should be make compulsory subject
for every school not only in undergraduate level. Indeed. so that
people do not forget and appreciation of the contributions those
who contributed in the creation of this instrument.
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