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1 鎖國 The return of Sakoku: Reverse globalization in Japan Temple University Japan 14 December 2010 Robert Dujarric, Temple University Japan Ayumi Takenaka, Bryn Mar College
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The return of Sakoku: Reverse globalization in Japan

Dec 05, 2014

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Public Lecture:
The return of Sakoku: Reverse globalization in Japan

Speakers:
Robert Dujarric, Temple University, Japan Campus
Ayumi Takenaka, Bryn Mar College

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Page 1: The return of Sakoku: Reverse globalization in Japan

1

鎖國The return of Sakoku: 

Reverse globalization in Japan

Temple University Japan14 December 2010

Robert Dujarric, Temple University Japan

Ayumi Takenaka, Bryn Mar College

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Reverse globalization

Japanese globalization at a slower rate than the rest of the world:

• Immigration. 

• Foreign students.

• Foreign Direct Investment.

• International corporate management.

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% Foreign (‐born) population out of the total labor force

OECD 20103

Japan 0.3%

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# of foreign students in major destinations

U.S

U.K

France Germany

AustraliaChina

Japan

22%

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Japanese students overseas

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Outward foreign direct investment

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Absolute reverse globalizationJapanese students in the US

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Transnational networking – where is Japan?

• Educational networks:

– No Japanese university has a global alumni network.

• Diaspora networks:

– Japanese diaspora very small, diasporas in Japan (Chinese, Korean) also quite small.

• Professional networks: 

– Few Japanese professionals in foreign organizations (business, international organizations, NGOs).

• Political networks:

– Japanese political parties lack foreign connections.

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Origin of faculty in US

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Origins of foreign students coming to Japan

JASSO 2010

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Asia ahead of Japan

Students abroad (2008):• Japanese: 60,225• South Koreans: 101,913• Chinese: 417,351

Harvard students:  Trend 2001  2009:South Korea  212 314, Japan 126 101

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Internationally‐authored research

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Japanese scholars overseas

Long-term stay outside Japan

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Overseas Chinese population

• http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B

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IMF Professionals – Japan under 1.5%

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Corporate managementJapanese in foreign multinationals

• IBM

• AT&T

• Vodafone

• HSBC

• Nokia

• Vale

• Nestle

• AXA

• Citigroup

• Walmart

• SAP

• Procter & Gamble

• Microsoft

• Almost no Japanese directors/senior execs

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Japan’s elite bred behind a Wall

• Except for Chinese and Koreans few foreign students and professors.  Academic research cut off from outside world.

• Elite education: Foreign students: Tokyo University Law Faculty 1%, Keio Law Faculty 1.5%, Harvard University 19%.

• Overseas high school/college education relatively rare (no Erasmus, difficult to get credit for study abroad, school year different from the West).

• Due to low FDI few opportunities to join ranks of multinationals.

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Management’s Reading List

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Push for Internationalizationor just a bigger Deshima?

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Examples of Deshima

• Education:  Separate programs for foreign students.

• Labor market segmentation (foreigners as experts rather than core management). Few opportunities to work for foreign corporations in Japan.

• Tokyo: Like Edo, non‐cosmopolitan metropolis.

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Page 21: The return of Sakoku: Reverse globalization in Japan

蘭學 Dutch Learning vs. Globalization

• Sakoku Era Dutch Learning:  Small cadre of experts used to learn useful foreign science.

• Contemporary Dutch Learning:  Small number of Japanese with foreign education/linguistic skills serve handle contact with foreigners while most Japanese remain in Sakoku.

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Brain circulation vs. Sakoku

• Circulation of ideas, concepts, methods, thanks to mobile brains.

• International class of “ampersands (&)” individuals who belong to two or more countries.

Japan remains in Sakoku

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Why reverse globalization?

• Despite political changes, the fear of foreign influence overwhelming Japan has been a constant for several centuries.   Globalization seen by some as incompatible with survival of Japanese culture.

• Incentives to globalize are low in a country that is fully modern, rich, and very large.  It is thus easier for Japan to set its own standards at little cost (language, school year, foreign investment, etc.).

• Weak institutions – strong men (early Meiji) replaced by strong institutions – weak men (today).  Institutional obstacles to change are thus very high.

• Globalization opens opportunities to foreigners, women, and younger individuals, threatening the position of the older Japanese males who are at the pinnacle of almost every Japanese organization. 

• So far Japan is not facing an existential crisis (as opposed to Bakumatsu).

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Japan’s “globalization” paradox

• As more people have come, more people (esp. the skilled and educated) also have left (Takenaka)

• Growing gap in perception of “globalization”between Japanese in Japan and the outside world? (growing discourse on multiculturalism in Japan vs. external perception of Japan as increasingly isolated)

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Conclusions ‐ Questions

• What is the cost of reverse globalization to Japan?– Economic

– Political

– Cultural

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