1. What is globalization? 2. How Anthropologists Interpret Globalization 3. Sociology, Globalization, and Inequality 4. Psychology and Globalization Globalization.
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Slide 1
1. What is globalization? 2. How Anthropologists Interpret
Globalization 3. Sociology, Globalization, and Inequality 4.
Psychology and Globalization Globalization and the Social
Sciences
Slide 2
What is Globalization? Globalization the coming together of
regional, national, and continental organizations to integrate the
entire world into one economic system Globalization is an
overpowering force of social change in the 12st century
Globalization has inadvertently caused the erosion of local
cultures because of the onslaught of economic pressures and the
overwhelming influence of Western culture
Slide 3
How Anthropologists Interpret Globalization 1. Studying
Cultures 2. A New and Powerful Force 3. The Culture Cost 4. The
Result 5. Anthropological Theories about Globalization
Slide 4
Studying Cultures Globalization can have a large effect on
culture selling products and services around the world increases
the diffusion of a culture (i.e. US has many large companies with
economic means to sell to many countries resulting in mass
diffusion of American culture around the world) Diffusion of
American culture can lead to the deterioration of unique cultures
and languages around the world Tribe a human organization ruled by
an uncentralized form of government Nation a human organization
ruled by a centralized form of government Tribalism and Nationalism
an were the focus of Anthropological focus for much of the 20 th
century, a lot of study went into understanding the cultural
evolution that led to the formation of nations
Slide 5
Studying Cultures Tribal vs. National FactorTribal
StructureNational Structure Method of ExistenceSmall-scale
agriculture and livestock cultivation Intensive agriculture and
industry LeadershipCharismatic individual with little formal power
but some influence and authority Formal leadership with supporting
institutions Method of Social Integration Kinship, voluntary
associationsLoyalty to the state overrides all kin/class loyalties
Economic StructureSharing and exchangeFormalized taxes, monetary
values, trading partners Social StratificationEgalitarian (equality
for all)Classes and ranks Property OwnershipCommunal, by kinship or
by clanPrivate and state ownership; little communal ownership Law
and EnforcementLittle formalized law, right to punish belongs to
kin or clan Formal laws and punishments controlled by the state
ReligionShamans interpret divine laws among their regular duties
Religious figures interpret divine laws and support the state
Slide 6
A New and Powerful Force Western counties looked for sources of
cheap raw materials which drew developing countries into their
sphere of influence (area over which a society has economic and
cultural influence) Transnationalism organizations (charitable or
business) operate freely in a number of nations 3 groups advocating
globalization Large manufacturing corporations Nike, Mattel, Sony
(produced in countries with tax incentives and low wages, sold in
places where people have disposable income) Banks RBC, HSBC (sell
financial services throughout the world, led to financialization
increasing flow of money between nations, causes concentrated
wealth in the hands of the elites) International government
organizations UN, WTO, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (all
promote globalization)
Slide 7
A New and Powerful Force Globalization is caused by 2
processes: 1. Culture has become increasingly international Western
industrial/capitalist countries have greater dominance over other
nations 2. Increasing concentration of wealth within financial
elites, particularly in the developed countries Supporters of
globalization believe that it allows developing countries to make
the transition to development (increased financial assistance,
trade, investments, etc.) What do you think? Do you think that
globalization is beneficial to developing nations?
Slide 8
The Cultural Cost Globalization has tended to internationalize
culture Anthropologists think that globalization causes
homogenization of peoples and culture Deterritorialization of
cultures distinct cultures are no longer firmly attached, in
relative isolation, to specific regions of the world (cheap air
travel has greatly impacted this) Globalization may devastate
cultures as it causes people to become uninterested in their
culture resulting in a loss of sense of identity
Slide 9
The Result What might happen to society in a globalized world
(as suggested by sociologists? 1. Independent nations will become
overwhelmed by global forces and unable to regulate their
societies, leading to their destruction 2. Human cultures and
societies will become more alike, and new forms of world government
will replace existing national ones 3. National societies,
cultures, and governments will remain intact, but will adopt an
increasingly global focus in order to do so Do you think there
could be other results of globalization? Of the options presented
by sociologists, which do you think is more likely?
Slide 10
Anthropological Theories About Globalization 1. Modernization
theory Disproved ideas of Herbert Spence backwards regions of the
world benefitted by globalization because they learned capitalism
and entrepreneurial skills, making them more modern 2. Dependency
theory Explains the lack of economic development in many developing
countries as stemming directly from the treatment they received
under colonialism (cultures distorted and people exploited to meet
the needs of the colonial power) 3. World-system theory
Wallersteins theory that the basic relationship between developed
and developing countries was established in colonial times,
unlikely that an exploited nation will move to a dominant position
(or vice versa) 4. Neo-Marxian theory A theory based on Marxs
original observations, that sees globalization as a negative force,
because capitalism places humans in direct competition with one
another 5. Globalization theory A theory that suggests that Western
transnational corporations have gained control of global trade and
development, and continue to grow in power and influence
Slide 11
Sociology, Globalization, and Inequality 1. Thinking Globally
2. Sociological Theories of Globalization 3. New Technologies
Supporting Globalization 4. Globalization and Poverty 5.
Globalization and Literacy
Slide 12
Thinking Globally Global village McLuhans principal that the
world is a single community, connected by its telecommunications
network Coined in 1962 by U of T Prof: Marshall McLuhan Positive
outcomes of thinking globally Increased awareness of global values
(i.e. clean environment) What are other positives of thinking
globally
Slide 13
Sociological Theories of Globalization Go to pages 337-338 and
write a summary for each of the sociological theories of
globalization: 1. Richard Robertson 2. Anthony Giddens 3. Martin
Albrow Which views do you think make the most sense? What are the
benefits and detriments of each? To what extent is globalization a
form of colonialism? Would globalization have developed eventually
without transportation and communication technology?
Slide 14
New Technologies Supporting Globalization Sociologists see
technological developments as crucial in the globalization of the
world Technological changes are a paradigm shift in the way they
transform the interrelationships of different parts of the world
Within the globalized world, technologies have increased
inequalities of income, as countries who lack the infrastructure
for informational technology become poorer Transnational
clothing/toy manufacturers can exploit workers by hiring
subcontractors that employ children, pay low wages, expect long
hours, or provide unsafe working condition New medical technologies
allow for global trade and increase the inequalities between the
rich and poor
Slide 15
New Technologies Supporting Globalization Read the Case Study
on Pages 340-341. Be ready to discuss the Case Study questions.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T80B3u0h8c
Slide 16
Globalization and Poverty Various organized religions have been
accused of contributing to generalized poverty by supporting
governments that favour the rich. Liberation theology approach in
Latin America which combines spirituality with political activism
to obtain better conditions for the poor Gustavo Guttierez a
liberation theologys founder, found that extensive poverty was
caused by structural factors such as a lack of free education,
little investment at home by financial elites (causing a lack of
jobs), emphasis of the private profit motive over the general
welfare of the community, and governments committed to serving the
needs of the wealthy
Slide 17
Globalization and Literacy For low-income women, a womans
decision to learn to read and write depends on her occupation Woman
will likely reject a government-sponsored literacy program unless
she can see that she might be able to use her new-found skill in
her job Success or failure of all social movements depends on many
personal and family decisions The policy of a national government
to extend or restrict, female literacy will succeed or fail largely
on how well it addresses the needs of individuals and groups How do
you think a government could increase its countrys literacy rate?
Do you think that people in Canada with weak reading and writing
skills dont think theyll need to use reading and writing in a job?
What other factors might affect literacy?
Slide 18
Questions to Assess Your Knowledge Try the following questions
to have a better understanding of your comprehension of the
material presented today: Page 336 #s: 1-3, 5. Page 247 #s: 1-2,
5
Slide 19
Psychology and Globalization 1. Our Perception 2. Globalization
and Our Sense of Ourselves 3. Canadas Uneasy Relationship with Our
American Neighbours 4. Talking to Americans
Slide 20
Our Perceptions National identity: a countrys unique values,
beliefs, and programs that sets it apart from other nations
Perception the process by which our brain tried to make sense of
incoming messages Canadian have different views about themselves,
their families, their local communities, and their countries
because of the different ways that we interpret the onslaught of
information we encounter in our daily lives What is Canadas
national identity? What do we value? What do we use to distinguish
ourselves from America? Does a single set of ideas exist that can
define our nation? Do we have a national identity?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRI-A3vakVg
Slide 21
Our Perceptions What we perceive is not uniquely determined by
the physical stimulation we experience Constance our perceptual
world tend to remain the same despite drastic alterations in
sensory input Unconscious inference von Helmholtz explained
constancy, people make judgements based on a limited amount of data
Selective attention ability to focus on certain physical stimuli
and exclude others Cocktail-party phenomenon coined by Cheer to
characterize the ability to attend selectively to a single persons
speech in the midst of the competing speech of many others
Misperceptions can be caused by motivation and emotions Perceptual
set set of assumptions about the world For example, you may have a
perceptual set that all Americans are polite, and when you meet a
rude American you assume that they are having an off day rather
than change your perceptual set
Slide 22
Globalization and Our Sense of Ourselves How do you develop
your particular views? Newspapers Books, media Internet Use outside
information to form/revise your views so that they fit reality
Remember, not all of your views are true Canadians may see
themselves are racism-free what about the Japanese Canadians in
WWII? Canadian may see themselves as classless how many prostitutes
went missing in BC before police got involved? What other views do
we as Canadian hold about ourselves that might not be accurate? We
need to recognize that who we are has changed, or was never true in
the first place, to make changes to our perceptual set
Slide 23
Canadas Uneasy Relationship with Our American Neighbours
Canadians have often felt unease towards Americans (an inferiority
complex, perhaps?) Post 9/11 Canadian views towards Americans
softened, Americans appeared more vulnerable and human than they
ever appeared previously and this change in perception made
Canadians feel closer to Americans What do you think of Canada-US
relations? Did your viewpoint towards Americans shift
post-9/11
Slide 24
Talking to Americans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFgPX0hnNfA