The Resisting Violence Project presents:

The Resisting Violence Project presents:

A panel discussion on sexual violence in our

community.

With four speakers from different backgrounds and different experiences with the topic, this event aims to raise awareness about sexual violence and what

can be done to end it.

Thursday 15 November, 7pm

Schwartz 156

‘Throne of weapons’BM collection 2001; Mozambique

Drift towards Total War• assassination of Austrian

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

• European nations: joined by Ottomans, Japan, USsupported by their colonies

• Total War

• altered political landscape:destroyed dynastiessuccessful socialist revolutionpromoted nationalism in colonies

Nationalisms and War

• middle classes, liberalism socialism, science

• Nationalism and self-determination

• Pan-Slavism (irredentalism)

• Britain vs. Germany

• popular opinion

Lead-up to warImperial

1. Moroccan (Agadir) Crises 2. Tripolitan War3. Balkan Crises4. Other crises: Boer War

Boxer CrisisRusso-Japanese War

Count Alfred von Schlieffen

General Helmuth von Moltke

British lines east of Zillebeke, Belgium 1917

2nd Lahore Light infantry

Colonial troops in Europe& the war outside of Europe

Experience of War: Colonial/Imperial

WWI and its Effecton reform in South AsiaIndia ‘declared to be in a state of war’• exodus of ICS, army (15 000) and Europeans civilians• politically, professionally, ‘their chance’• support for the effort – with expectation of Home Rule• increased radical action• 2 million men; £ 100 million ‘gift’ • rise in Muslim nationalism – allied with Congress 1916

In active service• fought, wounded and died alongside fellow critics of

British rule• enjoyed the pleasures of Europe – no divide• nationalism

Does spilled blood make citizens?

As with other colonies:men volunteered for

paypride in communityprotect nationconnection to the

Crown Unlike settler colonies:

no dominion status

The War in AfricaTwo phases:

1. knock out German offensive capabilities in Africa

2. occupy German territories

Lomé in Togo

Duala in KarerunSwakopmund and

Lüderitz Bay in SWAfrika

East Afrika

Kamerun monument to French dead, Duala

German East Africa

Colonial Administration

Former British Administrators – Nigerian Regiment (1918) Henry

Rider Haggard German Mission School, SW Africa(1859-1925)

General Smuts inspection

Africans in the War

Recruitment

ResultsAnti-colonial movements

Economic: depressionsfamine

New technologies and infrastructure

Demography and social structure:new opportunitiesmodern nationalisminfluenza

Bengal Lancers, Palestine, c. 1918

Turning point

Africa reordered: Germany outFrance in CameroonBritain in Togo German East AfricaUnion of South Africa and SW AfricaBelgium in Rwanda and Burundi

Ethnic tensions in specific regionsAim of resistances changed – ‘quiet’ for roughly 20

yearsWWII then changes

What does ‘quiet’ look like: internationalism, western/non-western peoples and the mandate systema. Rough justice: violence to control demob., etc.

b. League of Nations –

Mandate system:territories established under Article 22

previously controlled by states defeated in WWI

different from the protectorates • formal removal of sovereignty of previous states • transfer of powers to individual states

of Allied Powers

Class A mandatesIraq, Palestine, Syria Lebanon, Hatay

Class B mandatesRwanda-Urundi, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Kamerun, Togoland,

Class C mandatesformer German New Guinea Nauru, German Samoa, South Pacific Mandate, South-West Africa

nearly all the former mandates were sovereign states by 1990

Conclusion

British empire its largest post-WWI

And arguably,‘eight-knives’ embroidery –

Hausa, 1860sSokoto Caliphate, British

Museum

British empire its most oppressive post-WWI