The reformation

The Reformati

on

Roman Catholic Church dominated: EducationMoral valuesLiteracyMeans of communication

The Reformation

The church had a PopeHe was elected and resided in RomeHe was usually ItalianHe controlled the Roman ChurchThe papacy seemed to forget its

role.

In the fifteenth century there were many people who challenged the church

Some of them were Jan Huss and John Wycliffe

He was an intellectual German MonkIn 1517 he had some doubts about the way in

witch Tetzel raised money in GermanyThe method was called indulgences The church felt its authority challenged

Martin Luther

The condition of the Catholic Church at that moment.

The ideas coming out of the renaissance The rise of new nationalistic ideasThe evolution of new social and economic forcesThe Popes had been a poor example as religious

leadersA few Italians families controlled the Papacy.

Causes of The Reformation

Supremacy of the Pope in all matters of religion Beliefs based on Old and New Testament of the

Bible.The church was the only interpreter of the bibleMain beliefs in Ten CommandmentsBelieved in one God. The Trinity of God the Father, the son and the

Holy Spirit

The main beliefs of the Roman Catholic church

Good works help towards the salvation of the individual

Important role of the Virgin MaryRoute to eternal salvation lay through the

ChurchThe EucharistMonasteriesBelief in seven sacraments: Baptism,

Confirmation, Communion, Penance, Marriage, Holy Orders, Extreme Unction

The Papacy was corruptBishops failed to attend their dutiesPoor education of the priest Nepotism Clergy were not living up to their vows of

poverty, chastity and obedience. Bishops were youngSome clergyman had several posts

Why was the church in need of reform in the early sixteenth century?

He thought that personal belief of an individual would lead to eternal salvation

This view was against the Roman Catholic Church

In 1510 he visited Rome and saw too many corruption and immorality

Why and How did Luther start The Reformation process in Germany?

Why did Luther attack indulgences?

The arrival in a neighbouring area of Johann Tetzel, a monk who run a programme of selling indulgences.

Main points of the 95 Theses.Criticism of the practise of selling

indulgences.Criticism of papal taxation.Implicit criticism of the Pope for

allowing indulgences.Debating points about human

salvation.

Spalatin, Luther`s great friend and supporter helped to secure Luther`s position.

He was chaplain and secretary to Frederick,  Elector of Saxony

Luther started to write to justify and expand on his ideas

He took advantage of the approach of the Papacy towards him to write three of his most important works.

“ Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation” (1520)

“The Babylonian Captivity of the Church” (1520)

The freedom of the Christian Man” (1520)

How did Luther`s ideas spread?

Luther`s ability to get his points over.Luther was writing not only in Latin, but also

in German.The Papacy was inefficient and ineffective,

and failed to analyse the nature of Lutheran threat.

Printing press.

He translated the Old and the New Testament into German

What were the key reasons for Luther`s success?

The support of the princes and the inability of Charles V to manage Lutheran threat

His ideas were spread among cities where there was a tradition of anti-clericalism.

He was a creative genius and a powerful communicator

He was helped by Melanchthon, a great scholar and thinker

It has been argued that it was Melanchthon, and not Luther, who wrote the first pure work of Protestantism in 1521.

It included: The nature of sin Free will Canon Law The role of the Bible The importance of good works in

insuring salvation The mass The relationship between Church

and State

The confession of Augsburg made clear the differences between Protestantism and Catholicism

Justification by faithThe new role of the ministry and the Church

as a wholeThe sacramentsThe relationship between Church and StateAttitudes towards the saints and saint worship

Christian DenominationsRoman Catholic

Easterm Orthodox

Protestan

Anglican/Episcopalian

Amish

Baptists

Lutheran

Presbyterian

Sevanth-day Adventists

Henry VII (1485-1509)

He was actually King by conquest. He married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV`s

daughter, thereby joining the two rival houses of York and Lancaster.

Henry`s first Parliament revived an earlier statute against livery and maintenance

Henry`s Chamber Act (1487) revived the jurisdiction of his Council over all cases of livery and maintenance,bribery and civil disorder

Rival Claimants

Lambert Simnel Perkin Warbeck

Domestic Administration

Taxation Commerce Decline of the guilds Parliament and Council

Foreign policy

Henry VII arranged many marriages, they were: Arthur, his eldest son, to Catherine, daughther

of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Henry, his second son, to Catherine Margaret,his daugther, to King James IV of

Scotland Mary,his youngest daugther, to Charles of

Castile, the grandson of Emperor Maximilian

Continental Policy The English people considered France their

mortal enemy Spain made English aid against France a term

of the marriage treaty of Arthur with Catherine Maximilian of Austria and Ferdinand of Spain

allied with Henry VII against France Charles VIII of France quickly came to terms

with Henry to avoid fighting the English as well.

The Treat of Etaples (1492)

Scottish Policy James IV invaded England in support of

the pretender, Warbeck Henry reponded by threatening Scotland

with invasion The Anglo-Scottish treaty of 1499

Irish Policy Yorkist Irish had supported the

pretenders to the English throne Henry sent Sir Edward Poynings to

Ireland in 1494 to act as Lord Deputy and to reassert English Authority over the island

From this time on, no Irish laws could operate without the approval of the Crown, whereas All English laws automatically applied to Ireland

HENRY VIII (1509- 1547)•Henry came to the throne at the

age of seventeen.•He was well educated, intelligent and with a captivating personality.

• He was born to be a leader

Cardinal Wolsey

He was Henry´s closest advisor He managed the area of foreign policies

Italian Spanish politics: Italy had become the battleground of Europe The papacy organized alliances to prevent one-

power domination. England joined the Pope´s Holy league

Henry was married to Catherine Ferdinand and Henry started and expedition

against the French in 1512, but they failed. Later, Henry defeated the French by himself. Ferdinand abandoned Henry and made an

agreement with Louis XII He also tried to make a coalition against the new

King of France, Francis I, but he could not

The Spanish alliance

In 1519 there was a confrontation between Charles V, who was the Roman Emperor and Francis I

England made an alliance with Spain, which finished in a confrontation with France.

This cost a lot of money and he had to demand money for taxes

England and the Franco-Spanish rivalry

Charles V defeated The French at Pavia in 1525, sacked Rome and made the Pope his prisoner

Wolsey changed side and seek a peace with France

Wolsey´s strategy was ineffective In 1529 Francis I and Charles V signed the

Treaty of Cambrai without consulting Wolsey

Pro French policy

Scottish policy

In 1513 the Scots took advantage of Henry´s absence in France and invaded England, but they were defeated

His son continued, but they were defeated again defeated, and he finally died.

Mary Stuart came to the throne

Wales and Ireland

Wales was incorporated with England by the Act of Union in 1536

A second Act in 1543 joined the legal administrative procedures

Ireland Henry assumed the titles of Ireland and as

Head of the Irish Church

King and Church

Henry VIII had no theological argument with the Church, and he wrote a tract against Luther

In 1527 he desired to divorce Catherine and get married to Ana Boleyn

As Wolsey could not do anything Henry lost patience with the Pope and with Wolsey

He dismissed Wolsey and broke with Rome

Thomas Crammer and Thomas Cromwell (later to be chancellor)made his divorce

In 1533 Anne Boleyn was pregnant and they had a daughter, Elizabeth

Act of supremacy (1534): The break with Rome was complete and Henry was the supreme Head of the Church of England.

The Reformation of Parliament

The Reformation of Parliament passed 137 statutes, thirty two of them related to Church

In the Act of succession Parliament secured the crown to Elizabeth and declared Mary illegitimate.

Political consequences: The removal of abbots cut in half the number of ecclesiastical lords and changed the complexion of the House of Lords.

Social and economic consequences: King Henry became rich with the income from confiscated monastic lands. However, the war with France led him to the end of his reign.

Poor people lost social services that were offered by religious houses.

Church Practices English replaced Latin in Church services in

1535 Relics and shrines were discredited and

occasionally destroyed They declared the Bible and the creeds the

sole authority on matters of faith