The Periodic Table H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Be Mg Ca Sr Ra Ba F Cl Br I Uus At O S Se Te Uuh Po N P As Sb Uup Bi C Si Ge Sn Uuq Pb B Al Ga In Uut Tl ScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZn.

The Periodic TableThe Periodic TableH

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ra

Ba

F

Cl

Br

I

Uus

At

O

S

Se

Te

Uuh

Po

N

P

As

Sb

Uup

Bi

C

Si

Ge

Sn

Uuq

Pb

B

Al

Ga

In

Uut

Tl

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

Uuo

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk

Dy

Cf

Ho

Es

Er

Fm

Tm

Md

Yb

No

H

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Mg

Ca

Sr

Ra

Ba

B

Al

Ga

In

Uut

Tl

Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub

C

Si

Ge

Sn

Uuq

Pb

N

P

As

Sb

Uup

Bi

O

S

Se

Te

Uuh

Po

F

Cl

Br

I

Uus

At

He

Ne

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

Uuo

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk

Dy

Cf

Ho

Es

Er

Fm

Tm

Md

Yb

No

AtomsAtoms All matter is made of themAll matter is made of them Idea came from Greek philosopher Idea came from Greek philosopher

DemocritusDemocritus 400 B.C400 B.C Greek word “atomos” – not to be cutGreek word “atomos” – not to be cut Did not use scientific methodDid not use scientific method No experiments to support ideaNo experiments to support idea

John DaltonJohn Dalton Late 1808 look at all the data Late 1808 look at all the data

from experiments- his and from experiments- his and othersothers

Developed his own theoryDeveloped his own theory Was accepted because of all Was accepted because of all

the evidencethe evidence

Dalton’s Atomic theoryDalton’s Atomic theory1.1. All matter is made up of atoms- tiny All matter is made up of atoms- tiny

particles of that can’t be broken upparticles of that can’t be broken up

2.2. Atoms of the same element are identicalAtoms of the same element are identical

3.3. Atoms of different elements join to form Atoms of different elements join to form molecules.molecules.

The smallest part of an element with all The smallest part of an element with all the properties of that element.the properties of that element.

Join in certain ratios to form moleculesJoin in certain ratios to form molecules

Parts of AtomsParts of Atoms Atoms can be broken.Atoms can be broken. There are many different particlesThere are many different particles We will learn about the three most We will learn about the three most

important to chemistryimportant to chemistry ProtonProton – positively charged, big mass – positively charged, big mass Electron Electron – negatively charged, very small – negatively charged, very small

massmass NeutronNeutron – no charge, about the same – no charge, about the same

mass as a protonmass as a proton

Parts of AtomsParts of Atoms Proton and neutron are about 2000 times Proton and neutron are about 2000 times

heavier than the electronheavier than the electron Protons and neutrons are located in the Protons and neutrons are located in the

nucleusnucleus Electrons outside the nucleusElectrons outside the nucleus An atom is mostly emptyAn atom is mostly empty If the atom were the size of a baseball If the atom were the size of a baseball

stadium, the nucleus would be the size of stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a marblea marble

Bohr’s ModelBohr’s Model Niels BohrNiels Bohr Why don’t negative Why don’t negative

electrons fall into positive electrons fall into positive nucleus?nucleus?

They move like planets They move like planets around the sun.around the sun.

Each electron in it’s own Each electron in it’s own energy levelenergy level

Energy LevelEnergy Level Describe the path the electron takes Describe the path the electron takes

around the nucleusaround the nucleus Farther from nucleus is more energyFarther from nucleus is more energy Gain energy they move awayGain energy they move away Lose energy they move towardLose energy they move toward Only certain energies are allowed in each Only certain energies are allowed in each

atomatom

Energy Energy LevelsLevels

2e-

8e-

8e-Like an elevatorLike an elevatorit can only be on certain it can only be on certain floorsfloorsNever in betweenNever in betweenEnergy levels get closer Energy levels get closer together the higher you together the higher you gogoEach has room for a Each has room for a certain number of certain number of electronselectrons

Current ModelCurrent Model Treats electrons as waves, not particlesTreats electrons as waves, not particles Talks only about the probability of finding Talks only about the probability of finding

an electronan electron Region called the electron cloudRegion called the electron cloud Where are the blades in a fan?Where are the blades in a fan? It is impossible to know the exact location It is impossible to know the exact location

and the speed and direction of an electronand the speed and direction of an electron

OrbitalsOrbitals Regions where you have a chance of Regions where you have a chance of

finding the electronfinding the electron There are different types of orbitalsThere are different types of orbitals

s, p, d, fs, p, d, f Each has its own shape or shapesEach has its own shape or shapes Each shape has room for two electronsEach shape has room for two electrons Each can be found in the energy levelsEach can be found in the energy levels

S orbitalS orbital Shaped like a sphereShaped like a sphere Room for 2 electronsRoom for 2 electrons

P orbitalsP orbitals 3 dumbbell-shaped regions3 dumbbell-shaped regions One on each axes of a 3-D graphOne on each axes of a 3-D graph

P orbitalsP orbitals Each shape can hold two electronsEach shape can hold two electrons Total of 6Total of 6

d orbitalsd orbitals Five different shapesFive different shapes More complexMore complex Each can hold 2 electronsEach can hold 2 electrons Total of 10 electronsTotal of 10 electrons

d orbitalsd orbitals

f orbitalsf orbitals seven different shapesseven different shapes Much more complexMuch more complex Each can hold 2 electronsEach can hold 2 electrons Total of 14 electronsTotal of 14 electrons

f orbitalsf orbitals

Valence electronsValence electrons The electrons in the outermost energy The electrons in the outermost energy

levellevel Responsible for most of the chemical Responsible for most of the chemical

propertiesproperties When two atoms interact, the outside When two atoms interact, the outside

electrons are the ones affectedelectrons are the ones affected

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table Listed in order of increasing number of Listed in order of increasing number of

protonsprotons When you do this the properties of the When you do this the properties of the

elements repeat.elements repeat. Periodic Law-Periodic Law- when the elements are when the elements are

arranged in order of increasing number of arranged in order of increasing number of protons, the properties tend to repeat in a protons, the properties tend to repeat in a patternpattern

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table Atoms in the same column have similar Atoms in the same column have similar

propertiesproperties Columns are called Columns are called groupsgroups or or familiesfamilies They have similar properties because they They have similar properties because they

have the same number of valence have the same number of valence electronselectrons

Rows are called Rows are called periodsperiods

Group 1 all have one Group 1 all have one electron in their outside electron in their outside s orbitals orbital

Group 2 all have two Group 2 all have two electrons in their outside electrons in their outside s orbitals orbital

The middle of the table is 10 elements The middle of the table is 10 elements widewide

This is where the d orbitals are fillingThis is where the d orbitals are filling

On the right hand side Group 13 -18 the s On the right hand side Group 13 -18 the s orbitals are full, and the p orbitals are orbitals are full, and the p orbitals are fillingfilling

Group 13 s has 2 eGroup 13 s has 2 e--

p has 1 ep has 1 e--

Group 14 s has 2 eGroup 14 s has 2 e--

p has 2 ep has 2 e--

Group 18 s has 2 eGroup 18 s has 2 e--

p has 6 ep has 6 e--

p and s both fullp and s both full

IonsIons Atoms with a chargeAtoms with a charge Different number of protons and electronsDifferent number of protons and electrons Form by changing the number of electronsForm by changing the number of electrons IonizationIonization- adding or removing electrons - adding or removing electrons

from an atom or group of atomsfrom an atom or group of atoms Two typesTwo types

CationsCations Ions with a positive chargeIons with a positive charge More protons than electronsMore protons than electrons Formed by losing electronsFormed by losing electrons Happens to atoms with few valence Happens to atoms with few valence

electronselectrons Lose electrons to get down to full outside Lose electrons to get down to full outside

energy levelenergy level Written as a superscript NaWritten as a superscript Na+ + CaCa2+2+

AnionsAnions Negative ionsNegative ions More electrons than protonsMore electrons than protons Form by gaining electronsForm by gaining electrons Happens to atoms with many valence Happens to atoms with many valence

electronselectrons Fill up outer energy levelFill up outer energy level Written as a superscript FWritten as a superscript F- - OO2-2-

Counting the piecesCounting the pieces Atomic Number-Atomic Number- the number of protons the number of protons Determines the type of atom and elementDetermines the type of atom and element Mass number-Mass number- number of protons and number of protons and

neutronsneutrons All the heavy piecesAll the heavy pieces Electrons are the same as protons if Electrons are the same as protons if

neutral.neutral. If an ion, it gained or lost electronsIf an ion, it gained or lost electrons

IsotopesIsotopes Atoms of the same type can have different Atoms of the same type can have different

numbers of neutronsnumbers of neutrons These are These are isotopesisotopes They behave identicallyThey behave identically They just weigh different amountsThey just weigh different amounts Mass number is written after the nameMass number is written after the name Hydrogen – 1Hydrogen – 1 Hydrogen – 2Hydrogen – 2

In the symbolIn the symbol

P-33

115

ChargeMass Number

Atomic Number

Find the Find the number of protonsnumber of protons number of neutronsnumber of neutrons number of electronsnumber of electrons Atomic numberAtomic number Mass NumberMass Number NameName

F19 9

Find the Find the

–number of protonsnumber of protons

–number of neutronsnumber of neutrons

–number of electronsnumber of electrons

–Atomic numberAtomic number

–Mass NumberMass Number

–NameName

Br80 35

-

if an element has an atomic number of 34 if an element has an atomic number of 34 and a mass number of 78 what is the and a mass number of 78 what is the number of protonsnumber of protons number of neutronsnumber of neutrons number of electronsnumber of electrons Complete symbolComplete symbol NameName

The Mass of AtomsThe Mass of Atoms Very, very smallVery, very small Can’t use gramsCan’t use grams Use the Atomic Mass Unit (amu)Use the Atomic Mass Unit (amu) One twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atomOne twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom Since carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6 Since carbon-12 has 6 protons and 6

neutrons makes the mass of a proton or neutrons makes the mass of a proton or neutron 1.0 amuneutron 1.0 amu

Atomic MassAtomic Mass Mass of the average atomMass of the average atom Since there are isotopes of atoms two Since there are isotopes of atoms two

things affect the averagethings affect the average The mass of the isotopesThe mass of the isotopes How much of each isotope there isHow much of each isotope there is

These are the decimal numbers on the These are the decimal numbers on the periodic tableperiodic table

Atomic MassAtomic Mass Two isotopes of copper Two isotopes of copper

72% copper-6372% copper-63 28% copper-6528% copper-65

Makes the average 63.56 amuMakes the average 63.56 amu

MetalsMetals

MetalsMetals Luster – shiny.Luster – shiny. Ductile – drawn into wires.Ductile – drawn into wires. Malleable – hammered into sheets.Malleable – hammered into sheets. Conductors of heat and electricity.Conductors of heat and electricity.

Transition metals The Group B

elements

Non-metals Dull Brittle Nonconductors

- insulators

Metalloids or Semimetals Properties of both Semiconductors

Group 1 are the alkali metalsGroup 1 are the alkali metals Group 2 are the alkaline earth metalsGroup 2 are the alkaline earth metals

Group 17 is called the HalogensGroup 17 is called the Halogens Group 18 are the noble gasesGroup 18 are the noble gases

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals Very reactiveVery reactive Not found alone in natureNot found alone in nature Have one valence electronHave one valence electron Easily lose it to form a 1+ ionEasily lose it to form a 1+ ion

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals Les reactiveLes reactive Have two valence electronsHave two valence electrons Lose them to form a 2+ ionLose them to form a 2+ ion

Transition MetalsTransition Metals Less reactiveLess reactive Often found alone in natureOften found alone in nature Form many different ionsForm many different ions

HalogensHalogens Very reactiveVery reactive Have many valence electronsHave many valence electrons Gain one electron to form a 1- ionGain one electron to form a 1- ion

Noble GasesNoble Gases Do not react Do not react Will not form compoundsWill not form compounds

Counting the ParticlesCounting the Particles Atoms are too small to be counted one at Atoms are too small to be counted one at

a timea time We count them in groups called the moleWe count them in groups called the mole One dozen is twelveOne dozen is twelve One gross is 144One gross is 144 One mole is One mole is

602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000 6.022 x 106.022 x 102323

The moleThe mole 6.022 x 106.022 x 1023 23 is called Avogadro’s numberis called Avogadro’s number Abbreviated molAbbreviated mol The mass of 1 mole is the The mass of 1 mole is the molar massmolar mass For an element it is the same as the For an element it is the same as the

atomic massatomic mass The decimal number on the periodic tableThe decimal number on the periodic table

Conversion FactorsConversion Factors A fraction with even top and bottomA fraction with even top and bottom But with different unitsBut with different units 1 m is 100 cm1 m is 100 cm Can make two conversion factorsCan make two conversion factors 1 m and 100 cm1 m and 100 cm

100 cm100 cm 1 m 1 m Multiply by conversion factors to change Multiply by conversion factors to change

unitsunits

Conversion FactorsConversion Factors Choose the conversion factor with the unit Choose the conversion factor with the unit

you want in the numerator and the unit you you want in the numerator and the unit you don’t want in the denominatordon’t want in the denominator

56 cm is how many meters?56 cm is how many meters? 56 cm x56 cm x 1 m 1 m

100 cm 100 cm= 0.56 m= 0.56 m

AmountAmount(mol)(mol) Mass (g)Mass (g)

Conversion FactorsConversion Factors

xx 1 mol of element1 mol of element

molar mass of element molar mass of element

xx molar mass of element molar mass of element

1 mol of element1 mol of element