The of Makingllrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_2286.pdf · 26 Table lining Gbing the groundwork Part 4 Basic constructions 27 Carcase constmction General note Methods

The Technique of Furniture Making

ERNEST JOYCE

B. T. BATSFORD LIMITED

Contents

Author's Note Acknowledgment Preface Introduction Scope of the work Craft socieries Craft-training in Great Britain Fur ure prospects Mefricatiun (metric system) Addendum

Part 1 Tools and equipment

1 Hand-tools ( I ) Saws and sawing Sharpening saws Sa 1v- d l ops Conlour cutting Controlling the saw care of saws Edge tools Ch iseb Gouges Grinding and honing a~lgles Hinge-slotting chisel Plan PS

Moulding-plapr es Scratch stock Miscellaneous planes Cutting angles Miscellaneous curring tools

2 Hand-tools '(2) Marking, measuring w d ~ e s f i n ~ tools Gauges Squares, bevels, eir. Sawing and planing appliances Mdre tools Holding devices Drills and drilling Types of bit Sharpening bits Striking and driving tools Grindjng and honing stenes

I 0 Strops 1 I Rasps, jles, e f t . i I Miscellaneous tools i 2 Sanding rubbers

Veneering-hammer Glue-pots Woodworking- vices Plug-cutters Tim her-scr ibe

I5 Cramps and cramping devices Special cramps

3 Portable electric tools and accessories 46 I 6 Portable power-tools

Circular saws Portable planes and woodworkers Hfgh-speed routers Veneer-trimmer Jigsow.7 Electric sanders Dustless belt sanders Pad fmishing sanders Drill-guns Accessories for drill-guns Vertical drill-stand Dovetailing nttachment Bencl1-grinder and dr ill-press General note

4 Workshop and workshop equipment 54 Production-workshop Hand- ~ ~ o r k s h o p s - p h i n g and equipment

30 Aegulrrdions Workshop equipment

fillings, $xt ures, loose foods, etc.-- storage-machines-circ~lar SOW-

bench-planer Band-saw, Combination tt'oodworker Safety pr.keaulions

5 Workshop organisation Costing and estirnarin~ Costing for handwork

EAnleriais Labour Machine costs Subcontracior.r Carriage of goods Percentage addiiions Estipnuting Iabour in hnndlzmorlr Setring our Jigs Teinp:ntes Measlrred ~rhurk Copying deiails Cuffing lists Timber ~alculalions

6 Workshop geometry Equipment DranYngs Scales Proportional division Atzgies Triangles ParaiIelograms Polyons Circles Conic serliona Ellipses Developments Sur f~res of double curwfure Geome!rir. decuration

tracery-reppal pulterns-proportional redrrotion and enlargement

Interserf ion of mouldings raking moulds--curved mouldingx

Prwjec fions orthographic (urrl~ogonal) projection- first-angle projection-ihird-nngfe

projection-iL~uomtri projection- a.ronometrir projection

Part 2 Materials

7 Timber (hardwoods) Timber gro~vih and strucrure Felling and conversion Saw-milli~rl: mark in^ and measuring timber

(Brif islz mrasure) Marking and mensirring (itnber (metric measure)

8 Timber, seasoning, movement, etc. Relative humidiry Equilibriwn inoisllrre confent Me(hods of seasoning Air drying Drying rimes Kfln drying Permissible nioisiure corttenfs Measuremeni o f rnnistztre in timber Shrinkage of' firnher Slrr ink nge for f ors

70 4pproxi~nai.e con~parative nlnve?nmt of. ~imbers

9 Timber characteristics and defects I 1 2

Grain, re,\-iurc nndj.qure Timber colorntion Timber ohttr Duruhilii,~ of iin~her Eire resisrorrce oj- li.uud Defects in limber Nuturai d~fcrts

knot-sl~akes--pitch reins, pitch pockets, etch-pith perks-rind gulls, err.-in ternal .~np~~uud-burrs

ArtiJichS defects ruppi i~g or rounding- bolt*ing- spr jnging-1 ~t*isling--~t~nrpi~lg, cas i in~ -end splill iprg-sun checking- flaking-diagonni xrain-rase hardening-honeyromhing-collapsc

Slairls in timber mordd- ar~d .rap-staining f u n ~ i , eft.- mineral stains-( lrerrtiral smins- laralural oxidisation, rreathering, etc.

Stain idelit 13ratiupr Bleucl~ing stains Timber diseases and pests

lvhife rots-brown rots-dore-true dry rot-insect pests-pinhole borers -1yrtru beetle-common furniture beetie-death -watch beetle-l~olrse

9 2 longhorn beef IP-g ian r u,oad-i~,asp Methods o f trealmcnt for insect pesis Notes on buying rimher Seasoned t itnber C I I O O S ~ P ~ ~ timber

10 Prefabricated timbers Advantages of solid limber Disadvan rages of solid rim her Advanrages of plywoods Discadvan mges of p l y ~ o o d ~ ~ plywood (rhree ply, multiply, etc.) Ply~'ood manufacture Grading and class$cation of plywood Plj+wood grades Foreign pbywoods Britisfi-made plywoods Types of plywood inferior qzlality plywoods Exterior guaiity ply roods Properties of plyct'ood, erc.

stability-bending properties-radius of curvature

Plyll.ood dimensions Blorkhoards, Iom/nboards, etc. Densified laminated wood, ere. Partiule-boards (r~h@boardsj

tt'orking properlies-bend in^ moduli Fibre-boards, efc. Hints on woi-king prefabricated timbers Defects in plywoods, ere.

11 Vcneers Mnnufaclure Q f o~vood veneers Rotary peering Flat curling or siicing Types of veneer Veneer varieties Man-made veneers

12 Adhesives History of glues Types of glue

animal glues-~~egerable ,ylues-- syntheric resin (pla,~tic) glues

Preparaiion, u-orking properties, elc. hide (Scotch) glues-.syn thet ic resin glue.--separate application resin glues -mixed application giues-misrel- Ianeous syn tlletic glues-Ileal accelerafid of glue sets-prepamtion of sui-facrs, elc.-$llers, e-rtenders, PIC .

Gluing d(ficult materials Definiriomrs Comparison of main types of glue ohrainable througll retail outlets

128 13 Abrasives 151 Sanding papers

glass-flint-garne f-aluminous oxide ( A 1oxite)-silica carh ide-grading of gapers (graiv or grit sizes)--approxi- mate comparable gradittgs in flint and gla~spaper-dis~ribut ion of grits- backings-sizes, etc.-sandinx techniques

--choice of grits-select [on of hand- and mnchine-sand in^ papers

Miscellaneous abrasive materials uhet and dry papers-cut ring-douw pastes, burnishing creams, etc.

Hardness of grits

14 MisceElaneous materials 157 Piast ics Types e f plastics Plast ics applications Cast and moulded structures and components

tLermosetting plastics-thermoplastics- extrusions and exrruded secrions- shaped forms and fabrications

Metal surfacing with plastics Polyester resin fibre-glass laminates (G R P )

GRP former mould--fittished mould 140 Perspex

Nylon Decorative prastic laminates

cutting procedures-trimming edges- laying techniques-treatmen f of edge3 -gluing procedures-bend in^-heat- resistant qualities

Real uhood Iaminates Plastic coverings, leathercloths, err.

'43 Leathers Metal furnirure

materials-manipulation

Part 3 Basic techniques

15 Preparation of timber 3n Sefting out

Sawing out P/aning ztp (surfacing) Shooting or squaring edges Edging thin bocard.~ Thicknessing, etc. Squaring ends

Marking nut Casting of surfaced hoards Jointing fecfiniques

jointing methods

16 Edge joints, housings, halved and bridle joints 173 Edge join is (butt joints) Plain glued edge joims Rubbed ,joinls Gluing up rubbed joints Tramped joints Ldge join ring rhin boards : bngued and grooved joints Dou-e/led edge j o i ~ fs ,Tiof-screwed joints ~ a r c h c d , cleated and battened joints Ho us in^ join t.7 Be~velled and covpered joints Jhlved joints Miire hnlvings Bride joints, efc.

17 Mortise and tenon joints 183 Haunches Setting out, etr. Types of fenon

wedged through mortise and tenon- stitb or blind rnoslise and tenon-long and shnrr shoulder wrorti.se and Tenon -moulded frame mortEse and tenon- miscellaneous renons-loose tenons

18 Dowelled joints Setling out, etc. Boring socket.^ Aswrnhling dowelled work Applications

19 Dovetail joints Dovetails Hand-cut dovetails Through dovetails set tin^ out Dovetail rakes or hevels Cutting the dovetails Lapped dove fails Secret (double lap) dovetails Secret mitre dovetails Decoratire through dovetails

Rehnded or rnirr~ box corner doverail joints Canted dove tails (bevelled work) Double bevel dovetail joints Carcase dovetails Slot (slip) dovetaiis Corner lock joint Maelline dovetails Do ve railing accessories

20 Mitre and scribed joints Curved mitres Mirve joints Culling mitres Gluing and cramping mitred work Mifre cuts for small breaks Masons' mirres Scribed work Cutting scribes

21 Miscellaneous joints Three-way joints Scarf joints Sho~lcase joints Mechanicad joints Finger joint and knuckle joint Sculptured joints

22 Veneering, marquetry and inlay Preparation of ground~vorks, etc. Ilrmd-veneering with hide glues Hand laying veneers Protecrion of e d g ~ s Trimming edxes Jo Jnting veneers (hide glues) Caul veneering (hide glues) Pressure veneering ndth resin glues Preparation and laying (resin glues) Veneering with casein glues Balancing veneers Flatting veneers Laying blisters Veneering chipboard Jointing veneers W e d g ~ ~ jointing (Jinger jointing) veveers Setting our finger jointing Cross veneering Cross veneering moulded frames Border crossbandings Crosshanding (counter veneering) Yorkite crossbanding veneer

Sarldbag veneering Rubber bag veneering Pattern veneering Cleaning o f patterned work CoEumn veneering Diaper-work Inlay lines, bantlings, ere. Inlay- work Intarsia-work Marquetry- work Curting and hying marquetry-~~ork Parquetry Boulle-work Oyster-shell veneering Overlay-{vork Miscellaneous materiais Plasr ic inIays Smd shlading (rnarquetr.v-work) Storage of veneers Moisture contents

23 Mouldings and lippings Types of moulding Cross-grain mouldings Composite mouldings Veneered mouldings Chamfers Working mouldings Flutings, reedings, etc. L ipp i n ~ s

24 Wood bending and laminating Wood bending Steam bending Bending methods Laminated bends Laminated insets Laminating compound shapes Heat setting of bends Continuous strip laminalions Bending plywoods, etc. Pr~ssing methods Saw kerfig

25 Heat acceleration o f glue sets Law-voltage (LF) heating Jigs and platens for LF heathg Radio frequency (RF) heating

26 Table lining Gbing the groundwork

Part 4 Basic constructions

27 Carcase constmction General note Methods of stifening carcases Carcase consfructions Constructionad methods Flush-top carcases Fixing tops, plinths, erc. Ply wood web reinforcements Dust boards Chipboard carcase conxiruction

jointing methods-carcase uassembly with knock-down $firrings

Carcase assembly

28 Carcase backs 283

29 Plinths and cornices Piinihs Project in^ plinths ~e&ssed$inths

243 cornices

30 Legs, underframings, stooIs and stands 288 Cabriok legs Trnditional legs Pedestal table or pillar legs Moulded legs Contemporary /eg treutmmfs Recralggular section legs Turned legs Jointing turned and shaped legs Timber for shaped legs Table and carrase stands and stools Shaped rai3s in leg framing Canted leg framing Finger join1 for Ieg framing Cabriole leg framings Romd leg framings Detachable fable I ~ g s Stretcher rails in srands, ere. Solid stands Levelled leg framings, etc.

259 31 Doorwork Framed doors Set ring out framed doors 'Grooved and moulded frarnenjorks

265 Muniins Framed bow doors

Fit ring doors Hinge posit [ens

Flush doors Dustproof doors Shaped f i s h doors Lipping sllap~d doors Barred glass doors Sash-bar assemB1y Slidingflush doors (wood) Sliding ac f ions Sliding rr~ardrohe doors Sliding glass doors Hancl l~ .~ for glass doors Dustproofinl: gla.7.~ doors

32 Drawer-work AfaieritlJs for drclwer-work Setting our and jointing up drawers Assemb!y Fii'rting drawers Drali3er srops Side-hunl: drawers Extension rlra~qers Drawer po.ribinaiug and depths Shaped drawer fron ts Cantedfronts Cock beads D I + ~ W E ~ rails, runners, kickers and guides

33 Fall flaps, secretaires, cylinder falls and tambours Fall flaps Secrefaires Cylinder falls Stationery cases Tambours Vertical ratnbours Horizon ral rambours Setting nul Working procedures Veneered ramhours

34 Trays Trays for specimefls Coin trays Entomological trays

35 Metal fittings and brasswork Nails, screws? eel. Recessed head screws Srrew sockets and cups

Hinges and hingeing practice Butt hinges Hingeing butts Rule joint hinge Counter flop and card-table h i n ~ e s Centre and pkor hinges Fixing pivot hinges Misceilaneozas hinges New hinges Locks and locking actions Types of luck Fii'ttirlg locks Sliding door locks Fall fIap locks Sliding glass door loclcs Pedestal locking actions

321 E S C U ~ C ~ I ~ D ~ S (key-plates) stays Cat clr es Bookcase j~ittings B o I E ~ Castors and gliders Height adjr aters Handles, knobs and p ~ l l s Number u ~ d p lac in~ of handes Wood handles Metal handles Knock-up ( X U ) and Knock- dot^ ( K D ) fiuings

Part 5 Furniture examples

36 Tables General nore T w e s nf table Re fectory-tables Fixing fops Exrending mbles Fixed starad extendkg fable Draw-ieaf tables Flip-top (lap and over) exrending fable

339 Gate-leg rables Concertina-action douhle-rop table E~tvelirpe-top card-fable Swivel-top tahle Fernbroke tables

342 Sunderland fables Sofa fables Side rable Coflep- tables

37 Chests, cabinets, sideboards Chesrs oJ drawers ,Malrugany chesf cfdrarcers Serpenrinr~front~d !ailbojb Caukrai/ rabinrr Sid~boards Writinx-desk Ofl re deed s Corner cahiners and r1rphonrd.7 Constrzrction oj'con~er cabinefs, etc. W~li$tments Wall rnbinets

38 Bedroom furniture Wardro bps Dressing- fahks Afirrors Framed ?nirrorLy Shaped m ir rt7r;r

Frnmele.r,r mirrors Hidden pillar nlirrors Bed.~teads and di i'uns, elc. Bed sizes BedsteuiJs Dilmz headbonrds

39 Chair-work Genera! note Chair sizes Chair conslruuriolz Ulra ir joints Simplc dining-chair 'Turned rush-seared chair Memorial chair Ensy or lounge chairs S ~ * i v e l chair Stools

40 Tea-trays, trolleys, library s teps Tea-tray Butler's fray Ten-trolleys Lihrnry steps

41 Church work General note Alfar-fables Choir-smli fronrs CIergyman's desk

Part 6 Miscellaneous techniques and infermatian

42 Wood finishing 462 Polishing ma~eriuls and processes

ir ux polis1~-oil paljsh-french polish - nirro-cellulose lacquers-syn thetic lacquers-acid catalyst luuquers- polyureil~ane lacquer

Dulling mcrkods 423 spray in^ ~quipmenr

Wood $ptirhing produrfjon methocls Wood stnins Pafnterl l r ork Compafihility in ~.nodJirlishes

43 Upholstery Rcsilio~t ~eeb hings Four-poinr piatfirms Fonm padding

44 Furniture restoration and repairs 474 435 Surface damage

Bli,rters, pic. Warped fops Drawer repnirs Slructural repnirs

45 Workshop drawing Equipment Dimenxioning Isometric projection AxoaonietrEc projecriun Orthographic, projection

448 Three-colour con version Perspecf ive projection

46 Timber species and terms Timber species Titnber rlassi$c~tio~1

452 List of fimbers Foreign Ilard~.oodii Home-prolz-n hardn'ooh Exoric hard~voods Orher exotic limbers oocnsiontlll~~ arailablt.

Timber terms terms denoting quality-terms denoting dimension-term denoting treatmen f

Metric conversions: Imperial to Metric unirs Metric conversions: inches to miliimetres Conversion factors Veneer thicknesses

Bibliography Index

Author's Note

Since publication of the first edition in June 1970 various revisions have become nccessarv. Wher - ever possible these have been incorporaied in the text, but others have been added as footnotes or included in the Addendum on page 15. Addition- ally certain firms have changed thcir names or formed groupings; amongst them, Ciba (ARL) Limited which is now restyled Ciba-Gcigy (UK) Limited, and C . & J. Harnpton Limited now Record Ridgway Tools Limited. Hoivever, poten- tial users will find the old names are not forgotten.

Various changes have also occurred in some of the tools listed. A few have disappeared owing to lack of demand, a fcw new ones of minor interest added. The styling of some has also been altered but neither the function nor the performance, and generally speaking no radical changes have been made.

The growing use of plastics in furniture would seem to call for fuller information than that given in Chapter 14, but it must be stressed that plastics in general are for the mass producer and not the hand worker for whom this book is primarily written. Plastics are highly complex chemical

substances; their successrul use calls for the close collaboration of designer, chemist and engineer, and they need extreme1 y expensive equipment for their manipulation; rnoreoever research and development arc so rapid, any written informa- tion is often dated almost before the ink is dry. Readers wishing Tor fuller information are there- fore referred to the specialised literature on the subject.

The author is grateful for many lctters of appreciation from readers here and abroad In-

cluding the USA, whcrc the American edition has been welI received. To those who ask where and how they can be taught h a w to make furniture of the highest quality, at the risk of appearing pontific he can only say that in the end they w ~ l I have to teach themselves. Basic instruction is not hard to come by, hut from then an it is a question of practice and of patience, of setting a high standard and striving to reach it. Those who achieve exceJlencc do so by never resting content, the next one must always be better.

September 1973

Index A B R A S I V E S , sec also sanding materials 15 1

ccmparable gradings 152 hardness of grits 156 papers 151, 155

Adhesives, see also g f u ~ s I43 Altar-rails 457

tables 452

B A L A N C I N G VENEERS 219 Bandings 232 Bead, cock 326 Bed sizes 432 Bedsteads 432,433 Belt sanders 49 Bench, cabinet maker's 56

-drill 52 -grinder 53 -hook 33

Bending module, chipboards 137 plywoods 1 34, 254 timber 250, 252

Bevel joints 178 Bird's beak lock 353 Bits, wood 36 Bleaching stains 121 Blisters, laying, etc 216, 221,474,

in plywoods 138 BIockboard 135 Bolts, cabinet 362 Bookcase 4Q8

fittings 362 Borders 225 Boultbwork 240 Box lock joint 48,200 Brasswork 342 Bridles 182 Bureau 33 1,407,408 Burnishing creams 155 Bmrs 1 18

C A B I N E T M A K E R " S BENCH 56 Cabinets 403, 404, 405

cocktaiI 403 corner 41 6

Carcase assembly 277 backs 283 construction 267

dovetaits 199 frarnings 270

Carcase rigidities 268 chipboard 276 flush top 274 setting up 280 stiffening 267

Case hardening 1 19 Casting, warping 171 Castors 362 Catch, wood spring 385 Catches, ball, etc 360

magnetic 360 Caul veneering 21 7 Chair-work 435

acrylic sheet 445 Bishop's 461 construction 435, 436, 437 dining 438, 439 lounge 440, 444 memorial 440, 443, 461 sizes 435 swivel 440

Chamfers 245 Chest of drawers 400

coin 406 print 414 serpentine front 403

Chipboard (particle board) 136 bending module, 137 carcases 276, 278, 279 veneering 221 working properties 137

Chisels 20 cutting actions 21

Choir-stall fronts 452 Church furniture 452 Circular saws 47, 48 Clergyman's desk 452 Cockbeads 327 Column veneering 23 1 Combination woodworker 60 Compound shapes, forming 227, 228,254 Conic sections 78 Contour cutting 19 Copying details 68 Cornices 287 Costing and estimating 64

Countersinks 38 Counter veneering 226 Craft Societies 13

-training 13 Cramp, edge tipping 249 Cramp rack 56 Cramps and cramping devices 43 Cross banding 224

-grain mouldings 243 veneering 223

Cutting-down pastes 155 Cutting angles, chisels and planes 2 1, 28 Cutting lists 68 Cupboards, corner 416

wall 420 Curvature, compound SO, 254

D E N S l P I E D L A M I N A T E D WOOD

136 Desks, clergyman's 452, 453,454

office 411,412,413,414,415 pedestal 273 writing 411, 414

Developments 78 Diaper-work 232 Divan headboards 432,433 Divans 432,434 Door panels 306 Doors, barred gfass 312

concertina 31 7 dustproof 310, 320 fitting 309 flush 308, 310 framed 305 framed bow 309 hinge positions 310 raised Rap 317 sliding 315, 316, 318 sliding glass 3 18

Dote 121 Dovetailing accessery 202, 203

attachment 53 machines 201, 202, 203 practice 194

Dovetail joints 193 marker 33, 195 rakes 194

Dovetails, box 199 canted 199 decorative 197, 198 double bevel 199 double lap 196 lapped 196 machine cut 201 secret mitre 198 slot 200 through 194

Dowel pop 190 Dowelled joints 190

joinr, applications 192 work, setting out 190

Dowelling jig 191 practice 190

Dowels I90 Drawer positioning 324

rails, runners and kickers 328 repairs 476 stops 324, 333 unit, polystyrene 161 work 321

materials for 321 Drawers, extension 325

filing 325 fitting 323 plan 325 shaped front 326 side-hung 324

Drawing, geometric TO instruments 70

Dressing tables 423, 426, 427 Drill-guns 5 1

gun accessories 52 Drills and drilling tooIs 35 Drying oven 108 Dust boards 276

E D G E TOOLS 20 Edging thin boards 170 Electric tools, portable 46 Ellipses 78 Entasis 82 Epoxy resin glues 145, 147 Equilisation moisture content 103 Escutcheons 358

F A L L F L A P S 330 Falls, cylinder 330 FI bre- boards I37 Files and rasps 42 F~nge r joints 200, 210, 222, 301 Fire precautions 55 Flatting veneers 219

Flutings 246, 405 Font cover 460 Formica 162 Frames, mitre keyed 204

rebated 186, 189, 307 Furniture repair work 474

G A U G E S 30 Glass fibre plastic mouldings 160 Glasspaper 151 Gliders 362 Glue, heat acceleration of 259

-pots 43 spreader 21 8

Glues, see also adhesives 143 comparison of various types 149 impact 147 preparation of i45 types of 144, 149 working properties 145

Gluing difficult materials I48 Go-bars 257 Gothic tracery 82 Gouges 20 Grasshopper gauge 33 Grinding and honing angles 21

wheels 40 Grits. abrasive 40

H A N D L E S , glass door 320 metal 365 wood 363, 365

Handrail bolt 189 Hand saws 16, 17 Haunches 183, 184 Height adjusters 363 Hides, leather 165

measurement of 165, 166 Hinge, mangle top 385, 387

slotting tool 22, 351 Hinges, hingeing practice 344

types of 343 Holdfast, bench 3 5 Holding devices 35 Honing angles 21, 28

I M P A C T GLUES 147 InEaid lines 232 Inlays, plastic 241 Inlay-work 236 Jntarsia-work 236 lronmongery 342

J I G S 67, 260 Jigsaws 44

Jointing details 170 Joints, bevelled and coopered 178

bridled I82 cleated and battened 176 corner lock 200 cramped 173 dovetailed 193 dowelled 190 dowelled edge 174 edge or butt 173 halved 181 housed 178 machine 176 matched 176 nlechanical 210 miscellaneous 209 mitred 181, 204 mortice and tenon 183, 185, 186, I87 rubbed 173 scarfed 2 10 scribed 208 sculptured 210 showcase 210 slot-screwed 176 tongued and grooved 174 three-way 209

K E R F , kerfing 17, 256 Key-plates, see escutcheons 358 Keyed joints 189 Kiln drying 106 Knobs, see handles 363 Knock-down (KD) fittings 365, 367. 368 Knock-up (KU) fittings 365, 367, 368

L A C Q U E R S , see woodfiishirfg 462 Laminated bends 252

continuous strip 254 insets 254

Laminating compound shapes 254 Laminboard F 35 Leather 165

upholstery 470 waste factors 165

Leathercloth 165 Lecterns 454,455, 456,457, 458, 459

adjustabIe 456 Legs, cabriole 288

canted 301 contemporary 292

jointing methods 294 levelling framings, etc. 304 moulded 242 rectangular section 292 shaped 296,297 traditional 290 tripod and piIlar 292 turned 294

Library fitting 421 steps 45 1

Lining, table 2665 Lippings 248, 3 I2 Lock chisel 353 Locks, fitting 354 Locks and locking actions 351 Locks, fall flap 355

pedestal desk 356 types of 351

M A C H I N E COS'CINC 64 layout 61

Machines, portable 46 woodworking 58

Marking out 17 1 Marquetry-work 236,477, 478 Masons' mitre 207 Measured work 67 Mechanical joints 210 Metal fittings 342

furniture 166 gIues 148 sections 166

Metrication 14, 16 conversion factors 499 tables 489

Mirror supports 429,430,43 1 Mirrors, cheval 429

framed 428 frameless 43 1, 432 shaped 428,430

Miscellaneous materials 157 Mitre, curved 204

cutting 204 halvings 181 joints 204 template 34, 309 tools 34

Moisture contents 103, 107, 108, 242

meter 109 Mortice and tenon joints I83 Morticieg machine 60, 61 Moulded details 247, 248

intersections 85 Moulding-planes 26 Mouldings, chamfers 245

composite 245 cross grained 243 types of 243 veneered 245 working methods 246

Muntins 323 Multiply, see plywoods 129

N Y L O N 162

e I L for honing 41 Oilstone box 41 Oilstones 41 Overlay-work 241 Oyster-work 240

P A D D I N G , foam 470 Parquetry work 233,240 Particle-boards, see chipboards 136 Pattern veneering 228 Pedestal desk 273 Pencil gauge 170 Perspective drawing 487 Perspex 161,445 Piano manufacture 255 Pilasters 267, 271 PIanes 22 Planing 167

devices 33 Plastic coverings 165

inlays 241 laminates 162, 163

Plastics 157 Platens 260 Plinths 285

fixing 274 Plug-cutters 43 Plywood, bending 254

dimensions 135 grading and classification 1 3 2 manufacture 130 properties 134 web reinforcements 275, 276

Plywoods 128 defects in 138 hints on working 138

Polishing materials and processes 462 Polyvinyl acetate glues (PVA) 145 Portable electric tools 46 Power-tools 46 Prefabricated timbers 128 Press 263, 264 Projections 87

Proportional division 71 reduction, and enlargement 83

R A D I O F R E Q U E N C Y (RE) heat- ing 262 Raking moulds 85 Rasps and files 42 Reedings 246 Regulations, Factory Acts, etc. 5 5 Relative humidity 103 Resin glues 145 Router cutters and operations 48, 50 Routers, hand 24

portable electric 48 Rule joint 344, 346, 387

S A F E T Y P R E C A U T I O N S 63 Sandbag veneering 227 Sanders, electric 49 Sanding materials 15 1

operations 51 papers 151 techniques 153

Sand shading, marquetry 242 Sawbenches 55

-chops 18 kerfing (bending) 258

Sawing and planing appliances 33 Sawing horse 58 Saw-milling 99 Saws and sawing I 7

care of 19 power 47 sharpening 17, 18

Scales and scak drawings 71, 88 Scarf joints 210 Scotch (hide) glue 145 Scrapers, cabinet 29, 246 Scratch stock 27, 293 Screws, placing of 368

types of 342 Scribed joints 204 Sculptured joints 210 Seasoning timber 103 Seat frames 439, 446 Secretaires 330 Setting out 66 Shakes in timber 1 16 Sharpening wood bits 38 Shooting boards 33, 35,221,224 Showcase joints 210 Shrinkage in timber 109, 11 1

in carcases 269 plates 275

Sideboards 408 Site measurements 67 Sliding actions 3 I6 Spokeshaves 25 Spraying equipment 465, 467 Squares and bevels 33 Squaring rods 30 Stains in timber 1 I9 Stains, wood 466 Stands, carcasc 297

solid 302 Stationary cases 333 Stays 358

fixing positions 360 Steam bending 250 Stickers, timber 104 Stools 446,447 Storage units 408, 410, 41 1 Straight-edges 30 Stretcher rails 302 Stringings 232 Strops 41

T A B L E F R A M I N G S 297 lining 265 tops, fixing 274, 374

Tables, coffee 389 concertina-action 382 draw-leaf 376 envelope-top, card- 382 extending 376 fl ip-top 379 gate-leg 382 knock down 301,396 mosaic top 392 Pembroke 387 pillar 385, 399 refectory- 374 side 389 sofa 389 swivel-top 385 tile top 396 types of 371

Tallboys 403 Tambours 333

backings for 33s veneered 33%

Templates 67 Tenons, types of 185, 187 Thermoplastics T 58 Thermosetting plastics 158 Timber, advantages and disadvantages of solid 128

calculations 69 choosing 126 classification 479

conversion 94, 99 defects 115 drying times 106 durability 114 fire resistance 1 15 grain, texture and figure I12 growth and structure 92 jointing 167, 170 marking and measuring 102 moisture contents 103, 107

measurement of 108 meter for 109

moulds and fungi 1 19 odaurs I14 preparation of 167 seasoning 103 shrinkage 109, 1 l l species 489 stacking 104 stains in 119

identification of 121 terms 486 thickncssing 170 waste factors 69 wood boring insects 122

Timbers, list of 480 Tools, cramps and cramping 43

drills and drilling 35 driving and striking 39 grinding and honing 40, 41 holding devices 35 marking, measuring and test- ing 30 miscellaneous 29, 42 mitre 34 planes 22 routers 24 saws, hand 17 squares and bevels 33 wood bits and braces 36

Training, industrial 14 Trammel points 33 Trays, butlers 449

coin 339 entomological 334 storage 339 tea- 448

TrolIeys 449, 450 Try square 181

V A L U E ADDED T A X 1s Veneer, flatting 219

guillotine 222 jointing 2f6

presses 217, 218, 219 splicer 223 thicknesses, table of 498 -trimmer 48, 216

Veneering, caul 21 7 chipboard 22I column 231 counter 226 crossbanding 223, 224 -hammer 43, 2 15 hand- 21 5 pattern 228 practice 2 1 3 press 217 reasons for 213 rubber bag 227

Veneers, balancing 219 man-made 142 manufacture of 140 matching 228 moisture contents of 242 storage of 56, 242 types of 141 varieties I42

Volutes and spirals 81

W A L L FITMENTS 408,418,419, 420 Wardrobes 423,424,425 Warp, correcting 474 Webbings, upholstery 469 Wedge jointing, veneers 223 Wet and dry papers 155 Winding sticks 30 Wood bending 250

buttons 277 finishes, cornpatability of 468 finishing 462 Iaminatiens 252 staining 466

Woodboring bits, types of 36 sharpening 38

Workshop equipment 55 drawing 479 geometry 70 layout 61 lighting 55 organisation 64 planning 54 regulations 55 safety precautions 63

Woodworker's vice 56 Woodworm 123

YORKITE C R O S S B A N D VENEER 226