The New York Forest Owner - Volume 23 Number 2

MudSeason

-ctherorest O-wnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Forestry DayOn April 27, 1985, the West-

chester County Department ofParks, Recreation and Conser-vation will conduct a Forestry andConservation Day at Ward PoundRidge Reservation in Cross River,New York. The event will be aseries of forestry programs allcombined in a one day celebration.For information call 914-285-2651.

- Ted KozlowskiForester

New LookJust received the January/Feb-

ruary issue of The Forest Owner.Nice job! It looks great. The newproducts section should be quiteuseful to the readers. Keep up thegood work. It can only help theassociation grow.

- George MitchellNortheastern Loggers'

Association

SuggestionsHere are some topics for your

consideration: The Empire ForestSystem and its insurance program;soil erosion on logging roads and

letters posted &

IN THE MAILBOX ...passed along.

'l<.ld Irails; fast-grown hardwoodplantations in New York; and thepros and cons of establishingwood-using plants that depend onlow grade wood chips.

- DavidW. TaberRenewable ResourcesExtension Associate

Thanks for the tourAbout the NYFOA tour this

past August ... our impression ofthe United Kingdom? The most

--The Cover---------WoodlotIt's been said that New

York has fiveseasons: spring,summer, fall, winter, andmud. This month'sillustrationcomes to us from atongue-in-cheek calendarproduced by VermontCastings wood stove com-pany, Randolph, Vermont,and is reproduced with theirpermission.It may be mud season, but

it's also maple time. Thismonth we feature severalitems about opportunities forforest owners in the maplebusiness. Look inside theback cover for "Ask aforester" to read maplespecialistLewStaats' advice.

2

April 13: Spring meeting 0.

NYFOA. Marshall Hall, SUNYCollege of Environmental Scienceand Forestry, Syracuse. Awards,elections, seminars for landowners.

April 27: Westchester CountyForestry and Conservation Day.Pound Ridge Reservation, CrossRiver, New York. 914-285-2651for details.

May 4: Woods walk at R. BamberMarshall's "Deerhaven," nearYorktown, New York.

June 22: Woods walk at wood-lands and Christmas tree plan-tation of Norman Richards,Delaware County, New York.

July 20: Woods walk at EvanJames' place, Franklinville, NewYork.

delightful rural countryside we'veever seen. Our travelling com-panions were congenial, a few weknew from previous trips. Much ofthe time we hiked or drove throughforests and Christmas tree farms.We were invited into historicnrivate castles owned by the samefamily for two and three hundredvears, cold and grand, more likemuseums than homes.

- Philip and Elisabeth JonesShelton, Connecticut

Datebook----<\'ugust 17: Woods walk at proper-ty owned by Willard Ives, Troy.New York.

September 13-14: Fall meeting ofNYFOA, to be held in cooperationwith Catskill Forest Association atFrost Valley YMCA.

October 5: Woods walk at Jeffer-son County woodlands owned byWilliam Lynch, Jr.

October 13-16; IlOth annualmeeting of American ForestryAssociation, Traverse City,Michigan. Theme: Private Forests- Centerpiece of America's ForestResource. Contact AF A, 1319Eighteenth St., N.W.,Washington, D.C. 20036.

vlarch, 1986: NYFOA tour to NewZealand. 607-659-5275 for details.

Association Officers

Mary Soons McCarty, President4300 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14618

Douglas B. Monteith, 1st Vice President58 E. Elizabeth SI., Skaneatles, NY13152

A.W. Roberts, Jr., 2nd Vice President981 Route 222, Cortland, NY 13045

William H. Lynch, Jr., 3rd Vice Presi-dent502 Thurber SI., Syracuse, NY 13210

Linda D. Thorington, SecretarySky High Rd., R.D. 2, Tully, NY 13159

Stuart McCarty, Treasurer4300 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14618

Howard O. Ward, Assistant Treasurer240 Owego St., Candor, NY 13743

George Mitchell, Membership SecretaryBox 69, Old Forge, NY 13420

Kenneth Eberley, Director9 Edgewood Dr., Whitesboro, NY13492

Richard E. Garrett, Director1261 Apulia Rd., Lafayette, NY 13984

John Hamel, DirectorBox L, Jamesville, NY 13078

Allen F. Horn, Director3978 Pompey Center Rd., Manlius, NY13104

John W. Kelley, Director1036 Snyder Hill Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850

J. Claude LecoursBox 452, North St., Old Forge, NY13420

Harold Petrie, DirectorR.D. 1, Box 117, Parish, NY 13131

Earl Pfarner, DirectorAllen Rd., Chaffee, NY 14030

Alec C. Proskine, Director9370 Congress Rd., Trumansburg, NY14886

Norman A. Richards, Director156 Westminster Ave., Syracuse, NY13210

Materials submitted forpublication should be ad-dressed to: Alan R. Knight,Editor, N. Y. Forest Owner,257 Owego Street, Candor,N.Y. 13743.

Written materials, photos,and art work are invited.Although the return of un-solicited materials cannot beguaranteed, they are normallyreturned after use.

The first day of the monthprior to publication is thedeadline for submission.Published January, March,May, July, September, andNovember.

The NY Forest Owner

A Message From the President

No matter where we go, trees seem tofollow us. Perhaps we're following thetrees!

The first week in January we were inBermuda with an interesting Elderhostelgroup. We took a course entitled Ber-muda and Its Delicate Balance. The sitewas the Bermuda Biological Station.Some facts we gleaned were: populationdensity-3,000 persons per square mile;housing shortage, a waiting list of 900-1,000; each household responsible for itsown water supply (from the root); onesmall car per household; one boat perhousehold; only 5070of the food con-sumed grows on the island; tourism istheir only industry.

Therefore, all the fuel for electricpower, autos, and desalination plantshas to be imported - total dependenceon the outside. An interesting analomyof this is the Casurina Tree, also knownas the whistling pine or Australian Pine.Introduced to the island after the cedarblight killed native cedars in the early4Os, this fast growing tree has been

Mary Soons McCartyMarchi April 1985

useful as a windbreak and fuel for themany fireplaces that do not have, orneed central heating.

The scene shifts. Stuart and I are nowin the Florida Keys where we have a cot-tage 150 miles south of Miami. The verysame Casurina that provides fuel andwindbreaks in Bermuda is considered apest here, a weed tree. A recent article inthe Miami Herald about the forest firesin southwestern Florida commentedthat some good comes from the fires.

"Limited fires help maintain theregion's ecological balance. Fires helpcontrol the exotics that are making asteady march on the native wilderness:the Brazilian Pepper, Australian Pine,and melaleuca."

So, I wonder about species and theirpopularity. Many were favored by theforestry people and the state forreforestation in past years, and thenthere was little market for the species.Perhaps one man's jewel is another'sjunk. We all know that the black walnutis a money tree, but maybe the lowlycasurina can be useful in both Bermudaand the Keys. We are having a hard timeparting with our junk trees as we havebeen advised to do.

A parting word: in the photo with thisarticle there is the NYFOA Membershipsign, with the slogan "GrowingTomorrow's Trees Today." Not all of ushave the foresight to plant a crop thatmight take thirty years or more tomature. There was a young investmentcounselor who had a new 90-year-oldclient. He said to her, "Madam, if youwill let me invest $10,000 of your money,I can double it in two years." She lookedat the young man, and said, "Youngman, at my age, I don't even buy greenbananas."

We of the Forest Owners will keep onbuying green bananas. We're in thebusiness of leaving the forests betterthan we found them. +

It Is Not EnoughTo Own a Forest.

The challenge is to nurture it, to fulfilladestiny of beauty, productivity, and familypride ... while turning enough dollars overto hang on to it. But how?

There are no easy answers, only ideas toponder by the woodstove. That's whatNYFOA is all about: ideas, family pride inforest management, and sharing ofdreams.

Through regular issues of The ForestOwner magazine, frequent seminars andwoods walks in one another's woodlots,and extended tours to extend thefellowship and learning in foreign lands,members of the New York Forest OwnersAssociation are growing as surely as thetrees in their woodlots.

---------New York Forest OwnersAssociationPost Office Box 69,Old Forge, New York13420-0069Yes, I'd like to learn more about The

New York Forest Owners Associationand how to get more out of my woodlan ds.

Name _

PhoneAddress _

City

State/Zip

March: Mud,Maple andMoney

Mud season. New York's fifth season.The season of goose music, Phoebe callsfrom Chickadees, iced mud ruts andsugaring.

Paul Reed, who lives near me in Can-dor and who retired ... sort of...from thesawmilling business half a decade agostill makes maple syrup. He is a lankygrizzled fellow. When you look at him,the first thing you notice is his sharp,clear blues eyes. He looked vaguely offinto the distance when I asked him aboutmaking money at sugaring.

"Oh, there's a romance to it," he said,acting almost as though he were em-barassed to say it.

He'd do it if he had to pay for it.But Lew Staats, a Cornell University

extension service maple syrup specialistheadquartered at Lake Placid, saysthings may be better than that, especiallynow. Demand outruns supply, and therearen't many agricultural commodities

HAULIN'INTHE SAP

Buckets have been used for collectingsap since the very beginning of sugaringin this country, the only real changesbeing from wooden to metal and plasticbuckets and the increased use of bucketcovers. These changes added im-measurably to sap quality and to thequality ofthe final product.

The most common used metalbuckets are zinc coated and hold 15quarts. Minute amounts of zinc dissolvein the sap and help reduce microbialgrowth. Lead coated metal or leadsoldered buckets and buckets paintedwith lead paint should not be used forsap collection because lead may dissolvein the sap and exceed safe levels in syrup.

4

Aluminum buckets are popular inCanada and are considered verysatisfactory ., Plastic bags have been used to someextent. They keep the sap cleaner and thesterilizing affect from the sun'sultraviolet light improves sap quality.When stored, they take up very littlespace, but the seams may split when thebag freezes full.

Sap gatheringGathering sap, whether from buckets

or plastic bags, is very laborious. Mostoften a gathering tank on a sled orwagon is drawn through the sugarbush.Each bucket is emptied into a gathering

you can say that about nowadays. Staatssays a concerted effort by the New YorkMaple Producers Association and theNew York State Department ofAgriculture and Markets has openednew markets for New York maple syrupin supermarket chains and in the Sun-belt. Moreover, the age-old problem ofirregular, undependable supplies hasbeen moderated to a high degree by newtechnology. Suction pumps will take thesap out of a tree even when naturedoesn't cooperate, and reverse osmosisequipment enables serious producers toobtain greater sap and fuel efficiencythan before.

Addressing a meeting of mapleproducers in Cortland in January,Staats said, ''This is the year to put outmore taps." If so, it is also the year forthe newcomer to the sugarbush to lighthis own romantic fire.

- Alan Knight

pail and that pail is emptied into thetank. Sap loss from spilling and missedbuckets may be considerable. A systemis needed to prevent missing a bucket orlosing time checking an already emptiedbucket. Some producers color-codetheir trees to identify the roadway fromwhich the tree is to be serviced. Anotheridea is to bore two holes on oppositesides of each bucket and painting a stripeon one side. Each time a bucket is em-ptied, it is turned and hung from theother hole. Whether the stripe is exposedor hidden indicates readily whether ornot a bucket has been emptied.

Pumps can be used to reduce handlabor, and dumping stations caneliminate the movable sap-gatheringtank. Dumping stations are simply largebuckets, milk cans or tanks strategicallylocated in the sugarbush. Sap flows bygravity through a plastic tubing networkconnecting the several dumping stationsin the sugarbush to the sugarhouse ormain storage tank. Although this systemis an improvement over older systems,sap can be collected more efficiently by acomplete tubing system.

Plastic pipelinesAn early version of the plastic tubing

system was installed in the 1930s, usinggalvanized steel tubing supported by

The NY Forest Owner

wires and stakes. But it leaked and wasdifficult to install and never attainedwide usage. Plastic pipelines solved theproblems, developed in the 1950s. Itsadvantages are considered to be: betterdistribution of labor; great reduction inamount of labor needed for sap collec-tion; more sanitary collection and tran-sportation of sap; elimination of costlybuilding and upkeep of roads in thesugarbush; and higher yields byreducing infection in the taphole by air-borne microorganisms.

Plastic pipelines were not im-mediately accepted. Some producers ob-tained excellent results while otherscould not make it work. When first in-troduced, the tubing went directly fromspout to spout, from tree to tree, then toa larger main line and then to a storagetank. But during periods of weepingflows and when only a few trees areflowing, considerable quantities of sapmay be absorbed by trees that are notflowing. Also, one taphole may be drip-ping sap while another taphole on thesame tree may be reabsorbing it. Resear-ch in Vermont found that using adrop line down from the spout to thetubing system solved the problem.

The value of the drop line wasestablished, but other questions per-sisted. Should tubing be suspended orlaid on the ground? Should the systembe vented or not? An aerial system ismore difficult to install than a groun-dline, but it thaws earlier and freezeslater, allowing a longer flow period, andit can traverse irregularities intopography smoothly. Groundlines maybe more labor-efficient during in-stallation where the topography isfavorable, but they must be pulled fromsnow covering in order to thaw, and theyrequire much more care to avoid hollowsand hummocks. Gas exuding from thetree along with sap forms so-called gasor vapor locks, often cited as a cause ofsap flow restriction. Venting wasrecommended as a solution to thisproblem. Each of these ideas had its ad-vocates, and the design of plasticpipelines became very confused.

Aerial or Groundline

It is difficult to compare aerial andgroundline systems without also con-sidering the question of venting. Ingeneral, sap yields from groundlinesystems were not significantly differentfrom those of aerial systems. However,unvented aerial systems seem to fun-ction better than similar un vented

Marchi April 1985

groundline systems.The more important differences be-

tween the aerial and ground systems arein installation and maintenance. Thesuspended system is above the snow, andless likely to be blocked by ice. Thegroundline will absorb enough heat tobury itself in the snow and will need to bepulled up to surface again almost daily.Installing a groundline is more than justlaying tubing on the snow or ground.Depressions and hummocks must beavoided, as they create low points thatearn impeded sap flow. Further,drop lines must be long enough to reachthe ground after the snow has meltedotherwise they can also create bumps inthe line that will hinder sap flow. Auniform grade can be achieved in aproperly installed taut aerial system ifthe trees are not too far apart. Excessivesag is difficult to avoid on very long ex-panses (over 30 feet) without inter-mediate supports, especially in warmweather. Groundlines require muchmore tu bing than aerial systems.

Venting versus non- venting

Results of important tubing ex-periments can be summarized asfollows: natural vacuum, which will in-crease sap yield, can be developed in

\ 'H

---~--

carefully graded unvented lines onsloping land; natural vacuum developsto a lesser degree in unvented groun-dlines than in unvented aerial systems;with vented spouts, the method oftubing installation (aerial or groundline)makes little difference in total sap yield.

The Best Idea ?

The closed drop line aerial system ap-pears to be the most productive of thevarious installations tested. In thissystem, the lateralS/16th inch tubing isusually hung 2 to 4 feet above the groundor snow level. Droplines 18 to 24 incheslong are used to connect the spouts to thelateral lines. The longer drop lines areespecially helpful on trees that havemore than one taphole because theyprovide greater flexibility in locatingnew tapholes in subsequent years.Lateral lines, in turn, are connected bymanifolds or four-way Y joints intolarger (112 inch or more) conduits ormain lines to form an overall networkfor an entire sugarbush. Advantages ofthe closed dropline aerial system are:minimizing of freezing problems; slopeoftubing lines is easy to control; amountof tubing is minimized; problem areasare easier to locate and correct; andtubing can beused on nearly flat areas.

Tubing and vacuum pumps have prac-tically revolutionized the maple syrupbusiness.

On the other hand, it is harder to in-stall than groundlines. It can developsags, but it must not be stretched tootight or it will pull loose of its fittings.

VacuumpumpingOne of the early objectives of vacuum

pumping was to help move sap throughthe lines. Cornell's Dr. Robert Morrowstated that vacuum pumping aided inremoving sap from the lines during slowruns, broke air locks, and helped clearlines before night freezing.

Vacuum pumps, when used in air-tight, leak-free tubing systems, can morethan double sap yields over buckets.Vacuum pumping accomplishes twothings that account for this increase inproduction: it produces sap on dayswhen sap would ordinarily not be run-ning and it increase the rate of sap flowduring the normal flow periods.

It is well understood by sugar-makersthat sap flow coincides with a rise in treepressure which is triggered by a changein temperature from below freezing toslightly above freezing. And, when treepressure is greater than atmosphericpressure, sap will flow. Vacuum pum-ping, by pulling air from the tubingsystem, has the effect of lowering theatmospheric pressure within the tubing- thus creating a pressure differential.Applied vacuum will work only whenthe differential between internal treepressure and outside atmosphericpressure is within about 3/4 of an at-mosphere.

It seems unlikely that vacuum sapcollection has any great effect on thestructure or vigor of maple trees. Treesfrom which sap has been collected undervacuum for 10 years or more do notshow signs of reduced vigor. '*"

Editor's Note: Tubing represents one ojthe most important technical advancesever to hit the maple syrup business.Together with the newer advances inreverseosmosis, tubing has brought thesugarbush into the modern age ojagriculture. Capital has replaced labor.And now, at least jor now, economicopportunity has joined romance in themaple orchard.

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Deerhaven, site oj the May 4th woods-walk, near Yorktown.

Spring WoodswalkIn Westchester

A Westchester County woods-walkwill beheld in Yorktown at IOa.m., May4, 1985. All NYFOA members are in-vited to enjoy an outfoor-indoor picnicat Deerhaven, home of forester R.Bamber Marshall.

Marshall's forest is chiefly oak-hickory (forest type 52) in sawlog:sizetrees, formerly over 1000/0 normalstocking. Now with understory thinningof less worthy trees for firewood, theforest has narrow openings extendingthrough it like spokes of a wheel fromthe picture windows of the house. Selec-tive thinning of sawlog-size trees will bediscussed.

Visitors to Deerhaven will also see aclimax forest of hemlock-hardwoodabove a beautiful trout stream, a pole-sized stand of black birch historically old

field, and variable terrain, land use, andforest types.

As the tour progresses through theforest, members will be able to see wild-flowers, birds, animals and particulartrees as they relate to forest types and ageclasses, land use history, topographyand soils.

We will consider this forest and itsmanagement in the context of the LowerHudson Valley and its suburban values.

Remember that Deerhaven is on Bap-tist Church Road, north of CrotonReservoir, west of the Taconic Parkway,exit at Baldwin and Underhill Roads,and dead-ending at Baldwin Road. Goover the hill from a yellow and greenmail box (number 329) on Baptist Chur-chRoad. -t.

The NY Forest Owner

New in the Woodlot

ATVSPRAYERKITAg-Chem Equipment Co., Inc., is of-

fering a spray tank to mount on the backof your three-wheeler. Called the ATV-10, it can be used for spot sprayingaround buildings, near fence rows and inhard-to-reach areas. It has a ten-gallonpoly tank that mounts on the utilityrack. It also features a 12 volt demandpump, on-off switch, handgun, pressuregauge, manifold stand, and 20 feet of3/8 inch chemical resistant hose. An op-tional 5 foot boom kit is height-adjustable and has 3 outlets spaced at 20inches. A 40 inch extension has spring-loaded breakaways to increase the boomto 100 inches. Contact Ag-ChemEquipment Company, Inc., IndustrialPark, Jackson, Minnesota 56143.Telephone 507-847-2690.

CHAIN·SAWWINCHThis gizmo allows you to convert your

chain saw into a power winch. It has adrum capacity of 300 feet of 532 aircraftcable, uses roller and needle bearings,and can lift 1300 pounds vertically. Italso has a drum brake with positive lock.It wieghs 38 pounds when loaded with200 feet of cable and hooks. The gearratio is 220 to 1. Contact True Dimen-sions, Inc., 10776 S.E. Highway 212,Clackamas, Oregon 97015. Telephone503-650-0699.

ATIEX750This is definitely new and different.

It's a truck. No .. .it's an all-terrainvehicle. No ... it's a firewood hauler. No,it's probably anything you want it to be.The standard version includes a dum-ping cargo bed, stake bed or sixpassenger personnel carrier. All havewide-angle sealed beam headlights, taillights and reflectors, heavy duty 12-voltbattery, trailer hitch, padded seats, for-ward/neutral/reverse transmission and26 inch diameter tires. The ATTEX 750is fully amphibious with its high-densitypolyethylene body and has a maximumwater speed of four miles per hour, witha land speed of 40 miles per hour. Op-tions include a 16, 20, or 40 horsepowerengine, all with electric start; heavy dutytires; windshield kit; grader blade; dumptrailer; and an all weather cab withremovable curtains. Contact Mr.William Richards, Attex International,Inc., 6168 Woodbine Avenue, Ravenna,Ohio 44266. Telephone 216-297 -077.

STIHLCHAINSA W SAFETYBOOK

The 24-page manual identifies anddiagrams all the parts of a saw, describesproper clothing and working conditions,preparation and operation of the saw,reactive forces and felling methods. Ifyou are like most weekend warriors inthe woods, you probably expect toomuch of yourself and your saw. Thismanual may help you be more realistic inyour expectations. Contact MarketingServices Department, Stihl Incor-porated, 520 Viking Drive, VirginiaBeach, Virginia 23452. Send 50 cents forhandling and postage.

Marchi April 1985 7

A 45-year-old maple plantation.Spacing was exceptionally wide at 40 by40feet, and crowns are just closing. Thetrunks average over 15 inches indiameter.

SugarBushManagementby RobertMorrow

Maple syrup and sugar are importantproducts in several northeastern statesand much of southeastern Canada. NewYork is a leading producer with an an-nual crop valued at approximately $5million. Though maple sap may be ob-tained from roadside or ornamentaltrees or trees on the edges of fields, itmore commonly comes from a woodedarea - a sugar bush or sugar grove.Continued and improved productiondepends on the proper development andmanagement of the sugar bush.

Although maple sap can be obtainedfrom all the native maples, sugar mapleAcer saccharum, also known as hard orrock maple, is best. It may yield 50 per-cent more sap, with a higher sugar con-tent, than red or silver maples. Since thelatter also bud early, the sap, whenmixed with the sap of sugar maples, candegrade or ruin late-season syrup. Onthe other hand, black maple produces asap similar to that of sugar maple.Where it occurs, it can be retained in thesugar bush along with sugar maple, butother maples should be removed.

Sugar maple is the most common treein New York. It is tolerant of shade and,given enough light, it grows vigorously

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on a wide variety of soils. Thus it is wellsuited to succeed in many placesfollowing harvest or wind throw ofconifers and other trees. Pure stands ofsugar maple are not uncommon.

Because of its high tolerance of shade,sugar maple can persist for long periodsof time with little growth. Seedlings mayremain in heavy shade for decades withlittle apparent growth. Crowded youngtrees remain as poles too small to tap.Close-spaced tapped trees have smallcrowns with too little leaf area toproduce sweet sap. Younger sugarmaples, however, have remarkablerecuperative powers. Trees releasedfrom overhead shade and side com-petition can double or quadruple theirgrowth if the crown of leaves is stillvigorous. Thus thinning of young mapletrees to allow more space and growth isthe most rewarding activity in managingthe sugar bush.

Though sugar maple grows in manyplaces, it grows best and produces moresap where there is ample moisture.Deep, moist, well-drained soils withmedium or fine texture are best sincethey normally have plenty of nutrients aswell as moisture. Glacial tills and ben-

ches are good sites. Sandy soils that holdmoisture and fine, shallow soils withsufficient drainage can have moderate togood maple growth. Swamps, drysands, and thin rocky soils should or-dinarily be excluded from sugar bushes.

Sap production is often more influen-ced by topography than soil. Northfacing slopes have maximum moisturebut receive little sunlight and may be toocold. Southwest facing slopes may betoo dry. Southeast facing slopes areusually best. Also, low-elevation bushesare usually moister and more protectedfrom cold winds, and can be expected toflow earlier and sometimes more. High,exposed bushes may be drier and usuallyflow later, and seasonal production maybe lowered.

Seed production is so commonplaceand prolific that new sugar bushes areeasy to establish. New maple forestsdevelop in old fields. To renew an oldsugar bush, it is necessary only to ex-clude livestock from the area and reduceoverhead shade by harvesting merchan-table trees or culling trees withchemicals. Although selection thinningmay result in a scattering or small groupsof young maples, it is usually preferableto make larger openings by removing aquarter to a half acre of overhead shade

The NY Forest Owner

at one time. Such openings favor mapleover beech and provide larger groups ofmaple seedlings which are more easilymanaged. However, excessive light mayencourage too many intolerant speciessuch as cherry and birch. Large deerpopulations may delay or reduce maplereproduction as well as deform youngstems. Where too many deer are present,early and sizable crown openings areneeded to encourage seeding and rapidgrowth of saplings above deer browselevel.

Sugar maple is a valuable tree. It oftencommands the highest of prices for logsto be made into furniture or flooring. Itsdensity and weight account for goodpulp yields and a high fuel value. It is aprized ornamental and shade tree and,of course, the best sugar producer.Direct conflict exists between growingtrees for quality timber and growingthem for syrup. The former is enhancedby tall, straight stems with no branchingbelow the growing crown, whereas ef-ficient sugar production is promoted bywide crowns with leaves near theground. Sugar bush management mayinvolve a compromise between the twotypes of growth or, perhaps better, con-centration on development of theyounger trees near the sugar house that

Marchi April 1985

are best suited for crown growth, sugarproduction, and ease of sap collection.On the other hand, wood for pulp or fuelcan be obtained without conflict fromthe thinning needed to promote growthin the sugar bush.

Syrup production per acre varies littlewith tree or crown size, probablybecause the amount of solar energyfalling on the leaves is the same. In denseforest stands, however, most of the an-nual sugar production is required forstem development and other aspects oftree growth. In open-grown trees there isrelatively more sugar left for the springmaple-sap crop. The superiority of thevigorous, more open trees is found inmore efficient collection andevaporation of sweeter sap as well aspossible higher yields per acre. Also treesreach tappable size much sooner,tapholes heal more quickly, and newtappable wood is grown at a faster rate.

Most sugar bushes fully stocked withsugar maple have about 100 tapholes peracre, each yielding a yearly average of aquart of syrup. This amounts to 25gallons of syrup per acre per year. Moreopen bushes with large trees usually havefewer taps (60-80) but more and sweetersap per taphole. They may yield 1112-2quarts of syrup per tap, or 25-40 gallonsof syrup per acre. Sugar bushes that con-tain numerous other species producemuch less. Minimum levels for profit areestimated at 30 taps per acre and 200gallons of syrup overall.

The technical aspects of sap collectionand transport can be as important to theideal sugar bush as high-producing trees.For tubing, land with suitable slope (10percent optimal) and facing toward afew central collection points is best formaximum vacuum and sap flow as wellas ease of collection. Collection pointsshould be accessible to roads and nearthe sugar house.

Thinning theSugar Bush

The amount of sunlight reaching anyparticular acre of forest changes littlefrom year to year. Except when there areextreme droughts or fertilizer is applied,the same holds true for moisture andnutrients. Thus the land supports a cer-tain amount of woody growth. Con-sequently, thinning or removal of un-wanted trees does not ordinarily increaseor decrease growth or sugar productionper acre. The purpose of thinning is toselect and keep the better trees to benefitfrom the available light, water, andnutrients. However, thinning does

greatly influence the distribution ofgrowth. Thinning to create an openstand allows sunlight to reach the sidesas well as the tops of tree crowns; deepercrowns, sugar production nearer thebase of the tree, larger stem diameters,and more available sugar near thetaphole result.

Tree response to thinning depends ona healthy, vigorous crown and theamount of release. Heavy thinning ofyoung maples with good crowns causesrapid branch extension and can readilydouble stem diameter growth. Typicalmiddle-aged, forest-grown trees havesmall crowns that show little response.Crowns of old trees have too little vigor.Therefore, thinning is best started whenthe trees are young and should berepeated at 5-10 year intervals to keepthe crowns vigorous. Failure to continuethinning after the first time results inshading and eventual death of lowerbranches and loss of crowns.

Thinning objectives

Thinning prescriptions vary with theage, vigor, and condition of the sugarbush. Young sapling stands are treateddifferently than old, grazed bushes.However, thinning objectives may in-clude the following;

-Convert area entirely to sugar trees- eliminate red or silver maples andnon-sap-producing species from thesugar bush. More tapholes per acrereduce the fixed costs of tubing androads as well as increase production.

-Develop the best sugar producers -select and grow helathy sugar mapleswith the best crowns and stem diametersor those trees already known to be goodsugar producers.

-Hasten diameter growth so that treesreach tappable size (10" in diameter at4.5' above ground) sooner; more sap isobtained from larger trees; tapholes healmore quickly; and more fresh wood isgrown over old tapholes.

-Remove conifers that shade tubelines or tapholes and thus delay thawingand diminish sap runs.

-Hasten seedling growth to renew oldstands. Heavy thinning may be neededbefore the harvest of old trees to en-courage seedlings to grow into youngsaplings with terminal buds above deerbrowse level.

=Obtain usable wood productsespecially fuel wood for evaporation.

Selection of crop trees

The crop trees are those trees selectedto be favored for future growth and

9

sugar production. More crop trees areselected in young stands to insure againstlosses and assure food trees for thefuture. By middle age the crop trees maysimply be the tapped trees unless stand isgreatly overstocked. Young crop treescan be identified with a paint mark forfuture reference.

Thinned trees are those selected to beremoved so that crop trees will grow bet-ter. They are usually those trees thatmost crowd the crop trees. Filler treesare those that remain and fill the spacesbetween the crop trees. Filler trees,predominant at very young ages, are of-ten too small to be valuable but help topreserve a forest atmosphere. Theyreduce the danger of overexposure,especially to sunscald, maple borer, orwind damage, of crop trees. In suc-ceeding thinnings, filler trees, as well asexcessive crop trees, becoming thinnedtrees. Eventually, under ideal con-ditions, only some 25-40 large crop treesper acre, spaced 35-40 feet apart, mayremain.

The first and most important step inthinning is the selection of the crop trees;only after that can you properly pick thetrees to be thinned. Remember thatselection of crop trees will influencecurrent and future thinnings and is thekey to sugar bush quality for theremainder of its lifetime.

Drilling tap holes is made easier withdrill modifications on chain saw power-plants.

Thinning guidelines

Thinning recommendations are bestmade in the indivual sugar bush,However, guidelines suggest the amountor degree of thinning. These guidelinesare based on average stem diameters at4.5 feet above the ground and are ap-

10

plicable to groups of trees or to standsthat are nearly the same age and height.

The table shows the minimumstocking (number of trees per acre andaverage spacing between trees) for asugar bush, based on the assumptionsthat sugar maple is the only speciespresent and that tree crowns almosttouch each other. It is equivalent tohaving open-grown trees placed next toone another in a forest grove. To havefewer trees is to fail to make full use ofthe site and to prematurely encouragemaple reproduction as well as weedgrowth.

Middle and maximum stocking levelsare arbitrary standards. Even thoughmany sugar bushes are more dense,maximum stocking is set at the samelevels as the rrurumum stockingprescribed for full sawlog growth.

Middle stocking on the other hand, isconsidered too light for sawlogs and tooheavy for optimal sugar production.Where thinning has been delayed buttrees remain vigorous, it may be adesirable level for the sugar bush.

Sugar bushes with full-crowned trees,at the minimum level of stocking, arerare. Three intensive thinnings areneeded by age 20, nearby trees beingremoved on the basis of expected crowngrowth. Successive thinnings free thecrown area for average distances of 6, 8,and 10 feet in each direction from thecenter of the crop tree crown (thinningradii) to provide sufficient growingspace.

Commonly, the problem is what to dowith an untended sugar bush. A simplethinning guideline is to reduce thestocking to the maximum level or themiddle level or the middle level or below.The latter is dangerous however, exceptin young and vigorous stands, since itwould likely result in too large openingswith considereable risk of sunscald,maple borer, and possibly wind damageor other "shock" factors.

There is also a O-plus rule. Itcalculates the needed growing spacefrom the stem diameter. For example, a6-inch tree needs freeing for an averagedistance of 8 feet (0plus 2 equals 6 plus 2which equals 8) in each direction to makeroom for crown development to a totalwidth of 16 feet before the second thin-ning. The rule assumes that the crown issufficiently vigorous to grow wellfollowing thinning.

Stands are often greatly overstockedwith 5-10 thousand or more trees peracre. Maximum crown development ispossible by starting a thinning programnow, but costs are high. Select about 200crop trees per acre. Include the biggest

and most dominant sugar maples - thetallest with widest crowns and largediameters. Selected tress should behealthy, vigorous, and free of largecankers, rot, or borer damage. Stems ofseedlings origin are preferred over stumpor other sprouts; avoid forked or bentstems that may be too weak. Spacing canvary from 10-20 feet apart with anaverage of 15by 15feet.

For each crop tree, thin out com-peting trees to release the crown for anaverage of 5-6 feet from its center. In-clude all trees that touch the crown of thecrop tree. Small, over-topped stems canremain, but pay special attention tonearby trees of other species that growexceptionally fast and could soon over-top the crop tree.

The released crop trees can be expec-ted to grow between 5 and 8 rings per in-ch or about 2.5-4 inches per decade. Thecrowns will expand rapidly, as much as4-6 inches in each direction each year,and the stand will need thinning again inabout 5 years.

Most people delay thinning until thepolewood stage. However, much of thelower stem (15-30 or more feet), isalready devoid of branches. Successivethinnings can develop wider crowns,with increasing depth, provided the treescontinue to grow in height.

If the sugarbush has gone this longwithout management, select 100-150crop trees per acre. They should includethe most dominant trees - those withlargest crowns and bigger diameters.They should be healthy, vigorous, andrelatively free of major defect such as acanker, rot, borer damage, or weakstems. Selected trees should be 15-25 feetapart.

In addition, you can select for sweet-ness among prospective crop trees. Witha sharp awl, make a hole through thebark. Collect at least a drop of sap. Thesugar content can then be measured witha sap refractometer. Test all the trees onan acre within a 2-hour period tominimize the effect of normal changes insugar content during the day . Avoidwindy or rainy days which could in-fluence the size or sugar content of dropsof sap.

Release each crop tree by thinning outtrees on all sides, using the thinningradius guideline. All trees touching theupper crowns of crop trees should beremoved in young stands. Larger trees(6"-8'1 in older stands may receive some"shock" from such a rigorous treatment;thinning should be somewhat lighterwith an occasional competitor allowed

The NY Forest OWner

to remain for the time being. All narrow-crowned, adjacent "whip" trees,however, must be removed.

Trees with vigorous crowns respondquickly and will need thinning again in 5-8 years. Light thinning as well asvigorous growth may shorten the periodbetween thinnings. Inevitably, somevery good trees must be thinned outalong with poor trees.

If thinning is delayed until trees reachtappable size, less can be accomplished.Trees are older, less vigorous, have lostmuch of the lower crown (30-40 or morefeet), and are less capable of respondingquickly to release. Nevertheless, thin-ning is of continued importance to en-courage wider crowns and faster growthof stems. Even where trees are no longersufficiently vigorous to respond well,thinning is needed to retain currentcrown size and growth rates.

Stem diameter growth in still vigorousstands can reach 10 rings per inch or 2 in-ches per decade. This is of particular im-portance both for increasing the numberof taps per taphole. The amount of sapper tap hole per year increases about 10percent with an increase of 2-3 inches indiameter for trees of this size.

A well planned sugarhouse provides forwood storage under cover.

trees can be harvested for timber, andothers will make excellent fuel wood.

Trees over 15 inches, mature trees,receive little benefit from thinning.Heavy thinning may even have adverse-effects, including dieback in the crown.Little response can be expected from oldtrees, middle-aged trees with smallcrowns, or trees growing on poorlydrained or dry soils.

Too often sugar bushes are thinnedonce and then neglected. Since the effec-ts of normal thinnings are short-livedand since one or two excessive thinningsmay be harmful, there should benumerous thinnings during the life time

Number of trees per acre and average spacing

Average*Minimum stocking Middle stocking Maximum stocking

stem Trees Trees Trees

diameter per Average per Average per Averageacre spacing acre spacing acre spacing

Inches Number Feet Number Feet Number Feet

3-4 260 135-6 150 17 210 14 335 117-8 100 21 145 17 205 149-10 75 24 110 20 145 17

11-12 60 27 85 23 110 2013-14 50 30 70 25 85 2315-16 40 33 60 27 70 2517-18 35 35 50 30 60 2719-20 30 38 40 33 50 29

Select 80- l()() crop trees per acre, in-cluding the known best producers -high sugar content and (or) good sapflow. Where necessary, emphasizeelimination of other species to en-courage more sugar production per acre.Strive for good distribution - crop treesspaced 20-25 feet apart. Some tappablesugar maples may need to be thinnedout, the number of taps per acre beingtemporarily reduced. Larger thinned

Marchi April 1985

of a sugar bush. Young, vigorous treesquickly extend their branches intoopenings and need thinning again inabout 5 years. Thinning should continueperiodically as long as the trees respondwell in diameter and crown growth.

Fertilization

The use of commercial fertilizers toincrease sugar production has been of

considerable interest, but results of ex-periments have been inconsistent. Arecent Canadian experiment, in which250 pounds of ammonium nitrate wereapplied per acre for 4 successive years,yielded some 30-50 percent more sapwith little change in sweetness. Earlierstudies have been less convincing. Sugarcontent has sometimes been increased;in one case, it was decreased.

The likehood of increased tree growthand sugar production following fer-tilization probably depends on a carefulanalysis of soil deficiencies and asuitable prescription to correct these.Otherwise, gains may be no more thancan be obtained by needed thinning. Thehigh energy costs of manufacturing fer-tilizer are likely to make fertilization apoor investment for many sugar bushes.

Establishing a sugar bush

Ease with which seedlings developunder natural conditions and followingharvest has made planting generally un-necessary. High planting costs are unat-tractive.

But with the future development ofsuperior maple plants having the poten-tial to yield more sugar and sap, plantingsugar orchards may become popular.They will be costly and so will merit ex-cellent soils with sufficient protectionfrom frost, wind, and sun as well as goodmanagement. A first consideration is theinitial spacing. If 40 trees per acre arewanted for the final stand, they will bespaced an average of 33 feet apart. Thisfinal spacing can be obtained by plantingtrees at 16-17 feet apart and eventuallykeeping only the best 1 of 4 trees planted.

The Northeastern Forest ExperimentStation is currently working ongenetically superior maples as well astrying to solve the many problems en-countered in large-scale nursery practiceand growth of outplants. +

11

II

FiveWoods ..walks Set for Coming Year

Woods-walks committee chairmanA.W. Roberts, Jr., announces aschedule of five woods-walks for the en-joyment and education of NYFOAmembers. Forest owners with questionscan contact Mr. Roberts at 981 Route222, Cortland, NY 13045 telephone 607-756-5956.May 4, 1985: Host is R. Bamber Mar-shall, at Deerhaven, near Yorktown. Seeadjacent article for details.June 22, 1985: Host is Norman Richar- ,ds, a forestry professor at Syracuse. Thiswalk will be conducted at Mr. Richards'190acre property in Delaware County.July 20,1985: Evans James will host thiswalk on his property of221 acres ofhar-dwood and softwood. The softwood isin plantations ranging from 25 to 45years of age. The hardwood has not beenextensively cut for 40 years.

August 17, 1985: Willard Ives was theNew York Tree Farmer of the year. TheIves family uses the property for timberand Christmas trees. They also havedeveloped a cross-country ski trailsystem that is open to the public for afee.Autumn, 1985: William Lynch, a direc-tor of NYFOA, will guide associationmembers and guests through his northcountry properties.

A woods-walk can be the very best wayto see forestry at its friendliest, mostpractical application. Come! Learnfrom your hosts andfellow guests.

Specialist inForest Management

sfYear

FORESTRY • RECREATIONCONSERVA TION

ECOLOGY

31

Stop in to see us...or give us a call.,;..laJEstawn Office

1l,\VE 1lD1AS/VKE FllESIJlNI'

ern..n Building100 E. Secord Street.JaDestown, New York 14701716/f:iA--'Hfl

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12

SERVICES OFFERED BYFORECON,NC ..,. Timber Management Plans for

the forest.,. Timber appraisals.,. Timber inventory.,. Timber marking.,. Timber marketing and sales

.,. Capital gains assistance ontimber sales

.,. Tree planting

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.,. Assistance with timber trespass

.,. Boundary marking

.,. Christmas tree management

.,. Silviculture and timber standimprovement

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The NY Forest Owner

Computers and theForest Ownerby John Gifford*

Whether you own a small, managedwoodlot of 10 acres or forested landsrivaling the area of a National Forest, itis a safe bet that somewhere along theway you could benefit from the use of acomputer. The advent of the microcom-puter has brought you an affordable andextremely efficient tool. Now, largeamounts of field data that used to takeenormous amounts of hand-calculatingtime are literally gobbled up andarranged into orderly, meaningfulreports in a fraction of the time. Com-puters can now be used for almost anyforestry concern, from managementplanning to timber inventory to financialanalysis to you-name-it. The sky's thelimit (or is it the forest?)! And the use ofcomputers by professional foresters cantranslate into financial savings and moreaccurate, expedient work for the landowner.

Numbers and computers get alongquite well, and quite quickly, I mightadd. A computer can process and reportan answer to a complex system ofmathematical equations in the blink ofan eye. And the axiom that time ismoney certainly applies to forestry. Theless time spent on processing data, theless the cost ofthe job.

Computers are also very efficientmanagers. They can maintain thousandsof records, search for specific items, orpresent reports in a variety of formatsmost useful to the land owner. Thesereported might include proposed cuttingand thinning schedules,. projected

• the author is employed by Forecon, a forestryconsultingfirm in Jamestown, NY.

Marchi April198S

growth schedules, even cash flowschedules, all providing the forest ownerwith valuable information almost at amoment's notice.

A forester can even project an ac-celerated growth of a woodlot to see theresults of various management options.He can add 10, 30, 50, even a hundredyears to a woodlot for a view into thefuture. Think about this for your forestlandholding! Management actions canbe wisely selected and simulated on thecomputer before embarking on a well-intentioned, but less-than-idealmanagement scheme. It can give us that20-20 hindsight we've always beenlooking for.

But, let's not forget that the computeris not the "Wizard of Oz" come-to-saveforestry. It is simply a tool; a veryvaluable tool. It is not the OmnipotentGuru of the forestry world. It is only asgood as the program in it and theprofessional using it. "Garbage in, Gar-bageout," so the saying goes.

We all stand to benefit, both finan-cially and expediently, from the aid of acomputer in the hands of a competentand experienced professional. .~+

NEW MEMBERS

Sarah R. Bogdanovitch Craig A. MillerLake Clear, New York Syracuse, New York

Harrison K. Caner, 3rd Frances MonahanKeene, New York Staatsburg, New York

John Crammond Ted NakoskiEsperance, New York Syracuse, New York

Thomas). Cruger Catherine and MichaelBinghamton, New York Nobiletti

Forest Hills, New YorkD.H.DickBigFlats, New York Richard G. Pancoe

New Berlin, New YorkB.W. FitzpatrickMalvern, Pennsylvania Charles B. Roberts

Lockport, New YorkR.E. ManningAPO San FranciscoCalifornia

Bernard SchneiderFayetteville, New York

Ed SlocumCuba, New York

vanllee UlOodSaUlHook it up to your 3-point hitch.Attach the PTO-then moveyour Yankee Woodsaw any-where you want. You're ready tocut cordwood, pulpwood,firewood, ties or any other typeof wood.

As soon as you place a log onthe sturdy 40" table you'll get thefeel of balanced-torque action.Just a light hand pressuremoves the log into the blade.

When you release, pressure, the spring-loaded table rocks backeffortlessly on dual roller bearings, all set for the next cut. It isengineered to stand up to heavy-duty use year after year.

Gas Model also available.

-FOR BROCHURE AND NEAREST DEALERWRITE OR CALL-

JAMES F. nElson. YAnKEEWOODSAWRD 2. BOK104. Hoosieil Falls. IV 12090 518/686-9557

(near Bennington, Vermont)

13

1bmorrow's ForestsBeginilere.

This is the sign of the future forAmerican Forestry. It indicates one ofthe more than 50,000 Tree Farms be-ing managed by private landownersfor the growing and harvesting offorest crops.

A Tree Farm is not just a matter ofplanting trees, or having 10 acres ormore of woodland. Tree Farmers ac-tively manage their forests .. grow-ing and harvesting crops of trees; pro-tecting the land from fire, insects,disease and destructive grazing. Theyprovide watershed protection, betterfood and habitat for wildlife, and op-portunities for outdoor recreation.

And it is the Tree Farmer who willmake possible the lumber, woodfiber, and other natural resourcesAmerica needs for tomorrow'sgrowth.

If you have 10 acres or more ofwoodland, why not send for informa-tion on this valuable program? TreeFarms payoff for their owners and forour country.r-----------------,

Alan Scouten, Chm. Ic/o Georiga-Pacific Corp. ICenter Street, Box 338Lyons Falls, NY 13368I am interested in additional information onhow Ican manage my woodlands to meet TreeFarm Standards.

Name

Phone _

Address

City

State/Zip JL _

14

Got a question?

ASK AFORESTER

Tax IncentivesPlease send me any information

you might have on hand on whatpart-time farmers can do withsmall sections of woods (10 acresor more) regarding tax incentives.

-C.D.C.Cherry Valley,NY

While the association is notgeared up to be an extension ser-vice or a library (there is no staff,just us part-time hackers), I justhappened to receive a packet onthis topic from the Department ofEnvironmental Conservationforester Tom Wolfe. So, I send itto you with a modest bill to coverphotocopying and postage. I hopeit helps.

- the editor

Forest Owner ProtocolA question was once posed to

Ann Landers and I'd like to knowwhat foresters and forestlandowners think: "Is it polite to askcountry people how many acresthey own? Isn't it the same asasking how much money theyown? I am embarassed whenpeople ask."

-M.S.M.Sugarloaf Key, Florida

Ann Landers answered, "Whyare you embarassed? Too few ortoo many? I don't think thequestion is inpoor taste. But whatdo I know? Me in my Chicagoapartment. How about it, youfolks who own property? Am Iwrong?"

Well, readers ... how about it?- theeditor

Unloading a ForesterAlthough I would not think it

typical, I have been completelydissatisfied with the work of ourconsulting forester. He rejectedbids without even telling us whatthey were or that he had done so.We heard it weeks later from themill operators. How do I terminatemy contract and get somebodyelse?

- A.R.K.Candor, NY

If there is no contractualarrangement between the forestowner and theforestry consultant,there should be nothing inhibitingthe forest owner from dismissingtheforestry consultant and seekinga new one. Contracts betweenowners and consultants usuallycontain a provision for term-inating the contract. If there is nosuch stated procedure for endingthe relationship, afrank discussionbetween theparties would be in or-der. I can't imagine a consultingforester workingfor a client who isdissatisfied with his services. Thebasis of a sound relationship bet-ween the owner and the consultantismutual satisfaction.

- CurtisH. BauerForestry Consultant

Forecon, Inc.100E. Second Street

Jamestown, NY 14701716-664-5602

Maple Syrup Short?I have heard that there is a short-

age of maple syrup and that thismight be a good time to get into thebusiness. Is this true?

-R.J.L.Erie,PA

Many New York mapleproducers acknowledge having avery good retail and wholesalesales year in 1984. Recently, newmarkets have been developedthrough the joint efforts of theNew York State Department ofAgriculture and Markets and theNew York Maple Syrup ProducersAssociation. The word frommaple producers who are involvedin large scale marketing is thatpresent syrup supplies are very lowand a normal production season inthe entire maple syrup producingbelt may yield an inadequate sup-ply for existing markets.

The benefits of market expan-sion to maple producers should ex-tend beyond the 1985 season.

- Lewis StaatsCornellExtension maple specialist

UihleinResearch FarmLake Placid, NY

The NY Forest Owner

For sale: Approximately 25 acres oflevel land, great for dry kilns orsawmill; buildings include gradingshed, storage sheds, modern office.One mile off major highway. Con-tact Cadosia Valley Lumber Com-pany, Inc., Box 567, Hancock, NY13783.Telephone 607-637-5495.

For sale: Standing black walnut, 19"circumference at breast height.Height to first limb is 6 feet, branchspread over 100feet and tree height75 feet. 3000to 4000board feet goodlumber in this tree. Contact NormanDowning, P.O. Box 50, Warner-sville, NY 12187. Telephone 518-234-2480.

For sale: Firewood processor, truckmounted, Barko loader, Pettiboneslasher saw, 5-way splitter, $15,000.Contact Catskill Forest Association,Arkville, NY 12406.Telephone 914-586-3054.

For sale: Log truck, 1970 GMC7500. Engine perfect, body fair.With John Deere 345 mounted logloader, new hydraulic pump, newclutch, excellent rubber. $4750.Contact Back Home to Logs, Inc.,Box 112A, County Road 26, Parish,NY 13131.Telephone 315-625-7191.

For sale: Hardi back-pack sprayer(just like a Solo). Great for spotspraying of weeds in Christmas treeplantation, pasture, woods. Usedonce. Too heavy for my wife! $100(for the sprayer, not the wife.) Con-tact Alan Knight i57 Owego Street,Candor, NY. Telephone: 607-659-5275.

Forest Owners Tour: New Zealand,earlyMarch, 1986.Visit other forestowners and Christmas tree growersin this agricultural paradise. Tourarranged especially for forest ownersby forest owners. Sponsored by NewYork Forest Owners Association.Contact New Yorkshire Tours, 257Owego Street, Candor, NY 13743.Telephone 607-659-5275.

For sale: Christmas trees are a goodcash crop. We have the plantingstock. We also have deciduousshrubs, trees, and ground covers, in-cluding nut trees. We do planting innearby counties. W.C. Cottrell,5577South Geneva Rd., Sodus, NewYork 14551. Telephone 315-483-%84.

For sale: Christmas tree seedlings.Special 5-8" Woodsplants, $95 perthousand. Superior Balsam Woods-plants 8-15", $200 per thousand.Balsam Woodsplants 8-15" tran-splanted in trenches at least one yearand fertilized, $400 per thousand(available after 8/15/85). ContactWalker's Tree Farms, East Burke,Vermont 05832. Telephone 802-626-5276.

Wanted: Mixed hardwood saw logsdelivered to Newfoundland, Penn-sylvania. Contact Cadosia ValleyLumber Co., Inc., Rt. 191, New-foundland, Pennsylvania 18445.Telephone Jim Vitale at 717-676-3400.

Wanted: 4/4, 5/4, 6/4 and 8/4FAS/FIF hardwood lumber in allstages of drying; also all thicknessesof eastern white pine, furnituregrade or better. Contact RonaldCalifornia, Mann and Parker Lum-ber Co., Box 18, New Freedom,Pennsylvania 17349.Telephone 717-235-4834.

Wanted: Low grade hardwood,preferably oak. Will buy your oddlots in all thickness and pay cash ondelivery. Contact Jules Budoff,Budoff Outdoor Furniture, P.O.Box 530, Monticello, N.Y. 12701.Telephone 914-794-6212.

Wanted: Red cedar pulpwood, 4-foot lengths at roadside. Anyamount. Contact R. Schager,Altamont, N.Y. 12009. Telephone518-861-6954.

Wanted: Standing timber, hard-wood or softwood, esp. white pineand hemlock. Contact Edwin Davis,R.D.I, Box IJ, West Edmeston, NY13485.Telephone 315-855-7822.

Wanted:Large, dried, fir beams,specifically 12by 12, 10by 10and 3by 10. Would appreciate leads onthis, too. Contact Mark Sanders,Estimator, Wilson DevelopmentSystems, Inc., Rochester, NY 14620.Telephone 716-461-31937:30 am. to5:00pm.

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Display advertisements:Display ads are being ac-cepted for the Forest Ownerunder these guidelines: $5 percolumn inch flat rate. Thereare three lO-inch columns perpage. Ads should be submit-ted camera-ready or innegative form. Ads can bedesigned and laid out foradvertisers at a flat rate of

$25. Any black and whiteglossy photo in the ad willcost $10 to $20 additional,depending upon size. Pleaseinquire about specific casesand for circulation anddemographic information.Contact Alan Knight, Editor,257 Owego St., Candor, NewYork 13743. Telephone607-659-5275 evenings.

1 5

Drag In The ProfitsSMALL

KNUCKLEBOOMVALBY

WOODCHIPPERSIn a crowded field of woodchippers, the Valby

chippers stand out by producing exceptionallyuniform chips. In addition to traditional uses ofchips, one can use Valby chips in .gasifi.ers andchip stokers which demand high uniformity. Theuniform chips enable inexpensive chip transportmethods such as grain augers to be used. Thechip size is continuously adjustable between 114and I". Maximum slab size is 10" wide or 8" indiameter for roundwood. Three knives on a 41"disk do the outting. The Valby chippers can besupplied with V-belt pulleys for electric motorhookup or with a PTP hookup for farm trac-tors.

The Farmi 1800 is the loader that firewoodand pulp producers have been waiting for. Theloader is affordable and big enough to get thejob done. The loader can be mounted directly onmost Farmi winches. The loader can be mountedon other frames. The winch and loader can alsobe mounted on other frames. The winch andloader combination is a universal machine whichcan be used for a multitude of jobs. Prebun-ching forwarding, loading of pulpwood andfirew~od can all be performed with this machinecombination.

Non profit org.bulk rate

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Send us your name and address. We will send you the FARMI TREE HARVESTING METHODbooklet and the name of your nearest Farmi dealer.

NORTHEAST IMPLEMENT CORPORATIONP.O. Box 402, Spencer, NY 14853 Tel:(607) 589.6160