the nature and importance of biomacromolecules in the chemistry of the cell: – synthesis of biomacromolecules through the condensation reaction – lipids and their sub-units; the role of lipids in the plasma membrane – examples of polysaccharides and their glucose monomer – structure and function of DNA and RNA, their monomers, and complementary base pairing - the nature of the proteome; the functional diversity of proteins; the structure of proteins in terms of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels of organisation
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the nature and importance of biomacromolecules in the ... 3...Haemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains comprising it. The polypeptide chains are then folded into a particular shape unique
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the nature and importance of biomacromolecules in the chemistry of the cell:
– synthesis of biomacromolecules through the condensation reaction – lipids and their sub-units; the role of lipids in the plasma membrane – examples of polysaccharides and their glucose monomer
– structure and function of DNA and RNA, their monomers, and complementary base pairing
- the nature of the proteome; the functional diversity of proteins; the structure of proteins in terms of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary levels of organisation
All of these organic molecules always contain the elements Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). Proteins also contain Nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S). Nucleic acids have C, H, O, N and Phosphorus (P).
Condensation Reaction A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form a single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule. When this small molecule is water, it is known as a dehydration reaction; other possible small molecules lost include hydrogen chloride (HCl), methanol (CH3OH)or acetic acid (CH3CO2H).
The condensation of two amino acids to form a peptide bond (red) with the
expulsion of water (blue).
The major classes of organic compounds are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids. What is the basic unit for each of these organic molecules? How do the units combine to form complex molecules? Where is each kind of molecule found in the cell? What are the functions of the molecules? Each of the above compounds are complex macromolecules called polymers which are made up of smaller sub-units called monomers.
Carbohydrates This class of compounds uses only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen and are called carbohydrates
Below are some examples of carbohydrates ( Sugars, starch, cellulose and glycogen): •Glycogen is a complex polysaccharide created in animals for the purpose of storing chemical energy. The small black granules (dots) are glycogen.
•Starch is the long term energy storage molecule for most plants.
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (one unit) can be joined together
to form disaccharides (two units) and release H2O in the process (condensation reaction)
Monosaccharides and disaccharides are called simple sugars.
Complex carbohydrates are called polysaccharides.
Simple carbohydrates Have one or two sugar units
Their general formula is (CH2O)n.
Monosaccharides
e.g. glucose (C6H12O6) (also called grape sugar)
Monosaccharides Glucose is the product of photosynthesis
Simple long chain sugars form rings
Other monosaccharides include galactose, mannose and fructose (C6H12O6) (see below)
very large molecules fold and form complex shapes four different levels of organisation thousands of different proteins in each cell example
casein in milk (C708H1130N180O224S4P4)
Primary shape linear sequence of amino acids (monomers) different proteins have different sequences of amino
acids 20 different naturally occurring amino acids
Primary shape two amino acids join together to form a dipeptide many amino acids join together to form a polypeptide
Condensation Reaction
Primary shape
Primary shape
Secondary shape
Amino acid chain can fold in three different ways
Hydrogen bonds (weak) form between units to stabilize shape
Alpha helix (α-helix)
Beta pleated sheets (β-pleated sheets)
Random coils
Secondary shape
Alpha helix (α-helix)
Secondary shape
Beta pleated sheets (β-pleated sheets)
Secondary shape
Random coils
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
Proteins….
Examples of proteins include: hormones acting as messengers; enzymes speeding up reactions; cell receptors acting as ‘antennae’; antibodies fighting foreign invaders; membrane channels allowing specific molecules to enter or leave a cell; they make up the muscles for moving; let you grow hair, ligaments and fingernails; and let you see (the lens of your eye is pure crystallised protein).
If there is a job to be done in the molecular world of our cells, usually that job is done by a protein.
CATALASE
An enzyme which removes Hydrogen peroxide from your body so it does not become toxic
A protein hormone which helps to regulate your blood sugar levels
Proteins…. Proteins are large complex molecules
built of monomers called amino acids. The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds, so proteins are known as polypeptides.
There are usually multiple peptide chains joined together e.g. Haemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains comprising it.
The polypeptide chains are then folded into a particular shape unique to that type of protein
Proteins can be fibrous or globular; fibrous proteins normally are involved in body structures (structural proteins), globular proteins are normally biochemical.
Globular Proteins
The globular proteins have a number of biologically important roles. They include:
Cell motility – proteins link together to make filaments to make movement possible.
Organic catalysts in biochemical reactions – enzymes that speed up reactions.