The Linnean system, first formally proposed by Linneaus in Systema naturae in the 18th century, has two main characteristics. –Each species has a two-part.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
• The Linnean system, first formally proposed by Linneaus in Systema naturae in the 18th century, has two main characteristics.– Each species has a two-part name.– Species are organized hierarchically into
• Within a tree a clade is defined as a group that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
• Cladistics is the science of how species may be grouped into clades.
Shared derived characters
• Cladograms are largely constructed using shared derived characters.
• These are characteristics that are evolutionary novelties or new developments that are unique to a particular clade.
• For example, for birds possession of feathers is a shared derived character and for mammals possession of hair is.
Shared primitive characters
• Shared primitive characters are characters that are shared beyond the taxon we are interested in. Among groups of vertebrates the backbone is an example because it evolved in the ancestor of all vertebrates.
• If you go back far enough in time a shared primitive character will become a shared derived character.
Constructing a cladogram
• Outgroup comparison is used to begin building a cladogram.
• An outgroup is a close relative of the members of the ingroup (the various species being studied) that provides a basis for comparison with the others.
Constructing a cladogram
• The outgroup lets us know if a character state within the ingroup is ancestral or not.
• If the outgroup and some of the ingroup possess a character state then that character state is considered ancestral.
Constructing a cladogram
• Having the outgroup for comparison enables researchers to focus on those characters derived after the separation from the outgroup to figure out relationships among species in the ingroup.
Constructing a cladogram
• Cladogram of various vertebrates: monkey, horse, lizard, bass and amphioxus.
• Use amphioxus as outgroup (is a chordate, but has no backbone).
Cladogram
Constructing a cladogram
• In the cladogram new characters are marked on the tree where they originate and these characters are possessed by all subsequent groups.
• Consider the following organisms and construct a cladogram.– Sea Lamprey– Shark– Salamander– Lizard– Tiger– Gorilla– Human
• The primitive shared character is the presence of a jaws.
• Construct a table with the derived characteristics
Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees
• A cladogram and a phylogenetic tree are similar, but not identical.
• A phylogentic tree’s branches represent real evolutionary lineages and branch lengths represent time or amounts of evolutionary change.
• Cladogram branches contain no such information. Branching order of cladogram should, however, match that of phylogenetic tree.
Early phylogenetic tree of amniotes based on cytochrome c gene by Fitch and Margoliash (1967).Note: Numbers on branches.These represent estimated numbers of mutational changes in gene.