The Interwar Years 1919-1939
Dec 14, 2015
The Interwar Years
1919-1939
Interwar Years p9
Interwar Years p12
1. Why did the new republic fall into chaos after 1912?
• Warlords and rival armies battle for control• Economy • Famine spreads
2. Who is Sun Yixian? What did he do for China?
• Tried to rebuild China• 3 Principles of the
People1. Nationalism2. Democracy/Republic3. Economic Security
• Resigned the presidency in favor of General Yuan Shikai
3.Who is Yuan Shikai? What did he do for China?
• Tried to restore order• Yuan tried to set up
new ruling dynasty w/ himself as emperor
• Yuan dies 1916
4. Significance: May Fourth Movement?
• 1919, Beijing• German colonies given to Japan• Students protest• Boycott Japanese goods
5. Another name for the Nationalist People’s Party
• Guomindang• 1920• Dedicated to unifying
China• Created by Sun Yixian• Run by Jiang Jieshi after
Sun’s death
6. Jiang Jieshi- What did he do for China?
• 1925: Army officer– Crushed local warlords– Saw communists as a
threat
• 1927: Chinese Civil War– Slaughtered communist
party leaders– 22 years– Occupied Beijing-set up
a capital in Nanjing
7. Why is Mao Zedong an important figure in modern Chinese history?
• 1921• Formed the Chinese
Communist Party• Former teacher +
librarian• Agreed w/radical
communist ideas– Women’s equality– Dictatorship of proletariats
(workers)
• Supported by peasants
8. What was the Long March?
• 1934• 6,000 miles• Communists escape
from nationalists• 100,000 people began• 20,000 survived• Victory for communists
b/c gained support from peasants
• Mao rebuilt forces
People’s Republic of China
• October 1, 1949• Mao Zedong
Interwar Years page 15: India Seeks Self Rule
1. How did WWI affect relations between India and Britain?
• Sacrifices from WWI led to Indian demands for independence
2. What is Amirtsar?
• City in Northeast India• April 13, 1919• General Reginald Dyer
banned public meetings• Meeting held to protest
forced conscription and war tax
• 379 men, women and children killed
• 1,100 were wounded
3. How did Amirtsar Massacre change Indian Goals?
• Call for full independence• Influenced Gandhi in wanting complete
independence from Britain
4. Who is Gandhi?
• Born Indian Hindu 1869• Educated as lawyer in
England– Practiced in South Africa
1893– 1914 returned to India
• Ahisma (nonviolence)• Civil disobedience• 1948 murdered
5. How did Gandhi revive Indian pride?
• Wore dhoti• Encouraged self-
sufficiency• Made spinning wheel
symbol of nationalist movement
6. Describe Gandhi’s method for resisting British rule?
• Civil disobedience• Nonviolent protests• Boycotts• Marches• fasting
7. What is the Salt March? What were its effects?
• March 12,1930• Britain had monopoly on
salt• 78 followers• 240 mile march to the sea• Thousands began
producing own salt• Defying British law• Embarrassed British for
cruel treatment of Indians
8. How did the goals of Muslims in India change in the 1930s?
• Called for a separate state
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah– Leader of Muslim League
• Becomes Pakistan
India 1947 Pakistan 1947
Interwar Years packet page 18:Middle East and Africa
• 1. How did Turkey and Iran seek to modernize?– Developed industrialized technology– Replaced sharia w/secular law– Adopted western ways
2. How was modernization linked to nationalism?
• Modernization = a way to resist western power and imperialism
3. Who is Ataturk? Significance w/Turkey?
• Mustafa Kemal, (1881-1938
• "Father of the Turks”• Won fame as a military
commander during World War I
• Led the revolution that established the Republic of Turkey in 1923
• Modernization.
4. How did Ataturk try to transform Turkey into a western, secular state?
• Replaced:– Islamic law– Muslim calendar
• Forced people to wear western clothes• Closed religious schools• Changed laws regarding women
Iran
• Like Turkey modernized to resist foreign rule.
• Reza Shah Pahlavi became the ruler of Iran.
5. Why did Arabs feel betrayed at the Paris Peace Conference after WWI?
• They were promised independence• Husayn bin Ali –wanted independent Arab
state stretching from Syria to Yemen (all of Arabian peninsula)
6. Why did Arabs resent the mandate system?
• Kept their lands under European control
• France: Syria and Lebanon
• Britain: Palestine and Iraq and Transjordan
7. Why did Palestine become a center of conflict?
• 1917 Balfour Declaration– Promoted Zionism– Migration pushed
Palestinians out of their land
• Who’s land is it anyways?
8. Is there still conflict in Palestine?
Now called Israel.
9. How was Pan-Africanism an expression of African nationalism?
• Emphasized UNITY of Africans and people of African descent
Treaties Drafted to Encourage International Peace
• Locarno Treaty– settled borders btwn Germany, France, Belgium,
Czechoslovakia, Poland• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928– Renounced War– Disarmament for U.S., Britain, Japan, France, etc.
• League of Nations– Nations cooperate
• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act– 1930 placed heavy taxes on imports to the USA
• “Buy American!!!!!”
Countries want Independence
• Commonwealth of Nations: – formed by British after WWI
• Canada• New Zealand• Australia• South Africa
• Ireland-I.R.A.– (Irish Republican Army)– used guerilla warfare against British– 1916 Easter Rising-revolt against British – 1922 gains freedom except in Northern Ireland
Crisis of Democracy in the West
• Problems After the war:1 Jobs for Veterans2 Rebuilding3 Debt4 Socialism + Nationalism=radical ideas5 Peace Settlements unfair6 Lack of Strong Leaders
Weak Spots in the World Economy
• Overproduction• Decreased demand• prices for raw materials+goods• Great Depression– affected world economy– banks stopped loans abroad– demand for repayment of foreign lands– tariffs=“snowball effect
Causes of the Depression1. Overproduction, too much stuff (Factories and Farms)
a. Factory Workers begin to get layed-off - Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are overproducedb. Farmers Can’t Survive -low prices (can’t pay loans / make a living)c. Supply & Demand- Prices Drop
2. Bank Failures a. Banks close and loose $$$
b. People default on loans (Can’t pay Back) c. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because it was lent out to
bad creditors **5,000 banks close between 1929-1932**d. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS
1920’s Problems
Factories making Too Much,
Farms growing too much
Factories Fire Workers
(Don’t need them)
Farm Prices fall
(Farmers can’t make $$)
Farmers & Factory Workers
can’t pay back loans to Banks:
DEFAULT!!Banks Close because theyhave no money: Loans have not been paid back, can’t give people their savings
BANKS Have NO $$
PEOPLE LOST SAVINGS & JOBS
NO ONE TO HELP!
QUICK REVIEW:
Causes: 1. Overproduction 2. Bank Closings
Spark: 1. Stock Market Crash
Results: 1. Unemployment 2. Life Savings Lost
Results of GD in USA
• Presidents during this time: – Wilson, Coolidge, Hoover, FDR
• New Deal – 1932• Get out of Depression• gov’t more involved• jobs• social security• bank insurance
Reactions to Depression
• Coalition governments– merging of political parties.
• Britain,1926– general strike, Labour Party + Conservative Party gain
support in Parliament.• France, 1936-Leon Blum– Socialist Leader, Popular Front Government, Tried to
solve labor problems and pass social legislation.• Germany– Weimar Republic-political division, competition for
power, plagued by corruption.
More reactions
• U.S.A. returns to isolation– does not join League– Limited Immigration “Red Scare” • (Russians, Chinese, Japanese)
Interwar Years packet page 35:Japanese Aggression
1. Who is Hirohito? What did he do for Japan?
• Emperor 1926-1989• Improved economic
hard times– Urbanization– Universal education– Expand for natural
resources
2. How did the Great Depression affect Japan’s economy?
• Exports declined• Unemployment increased• Trade was Japan’s only economic force
3. How did the Great depression affect Japan’s politics?
• Poverty, unemployment, labor disputes• Expansion = answer to economic problems• Promoted the military due to loss of faith in
gov’t
4. Why did the Japanese support their military’s aggressive acts?
• Needed strong military leadership to end economic crisis
5. Significance: Manchurian Incident
• 1931• Invasion of Manchuria– northeast China– Needed natural resources– Coal and iron– Renamed Manchukuo
• Condemned by League of Nations
6. Significance: Second Sino-Japanese War
• 1937• Japan con’t to expand
east• Captured city of Nanjing– Killed over 100,000
Chinese civilians– Nanjing massacre– Reaction by world =
horror
7. Becoming friendly with Germany
• 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact– Japan + Germany work together to oppose/fight
spread of communism– Italy joins 1937
Interwar Years page 41:Dictators in Europe
• Economic Hardship = rise of totalitarian dictators
• Totalitarian Government– Single party dictatorship– State control of economy– Censorship– Obedience to single ruler– Schools and Media used to force id
Benito Mussolini
Mussolini
• 1883-1945• Il Duce (“the leader”)• 1919 founded National Fascist Party• 1922 October March on Rome • King Victor Emanuel resigns• Mussolini establishes dictatorship– Propaganda & Fear
• Black Shirts• Women = mothers not workers
• Influenced Hitler and Stalin
Mussolini and Aggression
• 1935 Italians Invade Ethiopia.
• King Haile Selassie goes to League of Nations for help
Joseph Stalin
• USSR = totalitarian state• 5 year plans
– Goals set by state– Central planning– Modernize + industrialize
• Collectivization – Took back land– Combination of small farms– Led to famine– Resistance = Gulag (Siberia)– Ukraine-1932 millions died
(starvation)
Adolf Hitler
• Weimar Republic = weak• Nationalist Socialist Party
– Nazi Party• Wrote Mein Kampf “My Struggle”• Germans = master race• 1933 appointed chancellor• Fuhrer “leader”• Reduced unemployment
– wage controls, gov’t spending, public works programs• Anti-Semitism
– Nuremberg Laws– Kristallnacht
Fascism vs Communism
Fascism• EXTREME NATIONALISM• No Human value exists
outside the state• Believes state controls:
– Corporatism (Economy)– Militartism (Armed forces)– Totalitarianism (dictatorship)
• State = # 1
Communism• EXTREME SOCIALISM• Stateless Society• Socioeconomic System• Community controls means of
production• Believes State is Custodian of
means of production
Fascism vs NazismFascism
1919-1945
• Italy: Mussolini• Fascio-Italian for union• Emphasis: Nationalism
– National Culture rules
• Social Mobility Accepted• Peace = Weakness• Aggression = Strength
Nazism1933-1945
• Germany: Hitler• Nationalist Socialist German
Workers’ Party– Nationalism Socialism
• Emphasis: Racism– “Master Race”