The Influence of Music on Human Heartbeat Jimmy Hurley Grade 9 Central Catholic High School.

The Influence of Music on Human

HeartbeatJimmy Hurley

Grade 9Central Catholic High School

Purpose

• The purpose of this experiment is to see how different genres of music effect the heartbeat of human males and females.

Introduction: Heartbeat

• Heartbeat: the frequency of the cardiac cycle.

• Cardiac Cycle: all of the events related to the flow of blood pressure and from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next.

• Average heart rate for adult humans: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Things that effect heartbeat: exercise, body position, body size, medication use, illness, music, stress, breathing, pressure, and dehydration.

Introduction: Music

• Music: A performing art that's medium sound and silence.

• Elements of music are pitch (melody and harmony), rhythm (tempo, meter, and articulation), and dynamics (timbre and texture.)

• Originated during the Paleolithic area, also called the Old Stone Age.

Past Study-Oxford University and Harvard

Health LetterResearch at Oxford University showed that music with a faster tempo increased the heart beat.

Research for the Harvard Health letter was done at the Massachusetts General Hospital and in medical facilities in Hong Kong showed that people who listen to music 20 to 30 minutes everyday had lower blood pressure than those who did not.

Hypotheses

• Null Hypothesis- The music will not have an effect on the heart rate.

• Alternative Hypothesis- The music will have a significant effect on the heart rate.

Materials

• iPad

• iPhone

• Music from different genres

• 10 human participants (5 male, 5 female)

• Chairs

Songs

• Tears in Heaven- Soft Blues Music (Eric Clapton)

• My Latin Brother- Jazz Music (Marty Ashby)

• Cruise- Country Music (Florida-Georgia Line)

• Sweet Caroline- Pop Music (Neil Diamond)

• Crazy Train- Rock Music (Ozzy Osbourne)

Tears in HeavenWritten by Eric Clapton and Will Jennings in 1991

Written for his four year old son who fell out of a 53 story window and died.

One of Clapton’s biggest hits.

My Latin Brother

Cover done by Marty Ashby

Written by George Benson, jazz guitarist, in 1974

Off the album Bad Benson

Sweet Caroline

Written by Neil Diamond in 1969

Went platinum

Played at Boston Red Sox baseball games, Carolina Panthers, and University of Pittsburgh football games

Cruise

Written by Florida-Georgia Line in 2012

Number one country song of 2013

Crazy Train

Written by Ozzy Osbourne in 1980 and released in 1995

Guitar solo in it was ranked 9th all time by Guitar World Magazine

Procedure• A list of five songs were prepared to perform this experiment.

• All of the participants sat down (five males and female) quietly.

• After ten minutes of quiet, the participants took their resting pulse beat for a minutes.

• Then, the participants recorded their beat on a piece of paper provided.

• Next, the first song was played for two minutes.

• Right after the song ended, the participants took their pulse beat for a minute and recorded it.

• Five minutes later, the participants took their pulse beat again for a minute.

• Ten minutes after the song ended, the next song was played.

Procedure (cont.)

• The process was repeated until all songs were played and all pulse beats were recorded.

• Then, four more replicates with the same songs and the same procedure were done.

Music Effects of Male Graph After Song

Male Graph 5 Minutes Later

Female Graph After Song

Female Graph After 5 Minutes

Variance Between Male and Female

Data Analysis

Used ANOVA to determine variations between the control and means groups.

Then, Dunnett’s test was used to determine variations within groups.

T crit- 3.62

Male 1 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

1.414214 1.944544 7.424621 4.419417 8.662058

Male 2 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song T value

1.872764 -0.51075 3.405026 3.405026 7.491057

Male 3 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy train

After Song t value

1.264911 0.948683 4.427189 2.529822 4.743416

Male 4 Results Song Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

1.717911 0.780869 3.74817 2.49878 6.24695

Male 5 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

1.257079 0.471405 3.928371 3.142697 4.085506

5 min later t value

0.144338 -0.86603 1.732051 0.433013 1.010363

Female 1 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

2.633708 3.292135 5.794157 5.399101 7.769437

Female 2 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After song t value

2.024243 1.445888 5.783553 5.494375 5.928141

Female 3 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

1.013606 0.202721 2.12 0.304082 4.155785

Female 4 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

1.555635 -0.28284 4.525483 2.828427 5.798276

Female 5 ResultsSong Tears in

HeavenMy Latin Brother

Sweet Caroline

Cruise Crazy Train

After Song t value

0.500652 -0.12516 2.002609 0.87142 4.255545

Conclusions • The null hypothesis should be rejected. The

music did have an effect on the heartbeat of the people.

• The alternate hypothesis should be accepted.

• The women had a higher pulse beat than men.

• Sweet Caroline, Cruise, and Crazy Train had the greatest effects.

Limitations and Extensions

• Subjects may have not liked the song and did not respond to it like expected.

• The taking of the pulse was done manually, so they may be inaccurate.

• In future studies: more songs will be tested and more people will be tested.

• A pulse beat recorder will be used for each participant as well.

References

• Roth, Erica. Relationship Between Music and Heart Rate. Livestrong.com, n.d. Web.

• William and Regina Bailey. Music Science Project. Crystal-Clear-Science-Fair-Projects.com. 2005-2011. Web.

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAvera

geVariance

Column 1 5 349 69.8 3.7Column 2 5 357 71.4 2.8Column 3 5 360 72 2.5Column 4 5 391 78.2 2.2Column 5 5 374 74.8 5.7Column 6 5 398 79.6 2.3

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups 387.5 5 77.5

24.21875

1.19E-08

2.620654

Within Groups 76.8 24 3.2

Total 464.3 29

Male 1 Age 59

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAvera

geVarian

ceColumn 1 5 360 72 2.5Column 2 5 368 73.6 1.3Column 3 5 366 73.2 3.2Column 4 5 388 77.6 4.3Column 5 5 376 75.2 5.2Column 6 5 390 78 7.5

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups

149.8667 5

29.97333

7.493333

0.000233

2.620654

Within Groups 96 24 4

Total245.8

667 29

Male 3 Age 53

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAverag

eVarianc

eColumn 1 5 360 72 2.5Column 2 5 371 74.2 2.2Column 3 5 357 71.4 1.3Column 4 5 380 76 2.5Column 5 5 380 76 6.5Column 6 5 404 80.8 5.7

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups

291.0667 5

58.21333

16.87343

3.58E-07

2.620654

Within Groups 82.8 24 3.45

Total373.86

67 29

Male 2 Age 49

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAvera

geVariance

Column 1 5 355 71 2.5Column 2 5 366 73.2 3.7Column 3 5 360 72 2.5Column 4 5 379 75.8 5.7Column 5 5 371 74.2 5.2Column 6 5 395 79 5

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups 208.4 5 41.68

10.16585

2.54E-05

2.620654

Within Groups 98.4 24 4.1

Total 306.8 29

Male 4 Age 51

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAvera

geVarian

ceColumn 1 5 356 71.2 3.7Column 2 5 364 72.8 5.2Column 3 5 359 71.8 3.7Column 4 5 381 76.2 3.7Column 5 5 376 75.2 3.7Column 6 5 382 76.4 4.3

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups

130.6667 5

26.13333

6.452675

0.000622

2.620654

Within Groups 97.2 24 4.05

Total227.8

667 29

Male 5 Age 58

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAvera

geVariance

Column 1 5 362 72.4 4.3Column 2 5 382 76.4 4.3Column 3 5 387 77.4 4.3Column 4 5 406 81.2 3.7Column 5 5 403 80.6 4.3Column 6 5 421 84.2 13.7

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups 433.9 5 86.78

15.04855

9.93E-07

2.620654

Within Groups 138.4 24

5.766667

Total 572.3 29

Female 1 Age 47

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

GroupsCoun

t SumAverage

Variance

Column 1 5 355 71 2.5Column 2 5 369 73.8 1.7Column 3 5 365 73 2.5Column 4 5 395 79 5Column 5 5 393 78.6 9.3

Column 6 5 396 79.2 7.7

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups

322.5667 5

64.51333

13.48711

2.56E-06

2.620654

Within Groups

114.8 24

4.783333

Total437.

3667 29

Female 2 Age 58

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAvera

geVariance

Column 1 5 372 74.4 5.3Column 2 5 382 76.4 4.3Column 3 5 374 74.8 11.2Column 4 5 393 78.6 8.8Column 5 5 375 75 8.5Column 6 5 413 82.6 20.3

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F

P-value F crit

Between Groups249.3

667 549.87

3335.123

9730.002

4522.620

654

Within Groups 233.6 249.733

333

Total482.9

667 29

Female 3 Age 56

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY

Groups Count SumAverag

eVarian

ceColumn 1 5 361 72.2 7.7Column 2 5 372 74.4 2.3Column 3 5 359 71.8 5.7Column 4 5 393 78.6 5.3Column 5 5 381 76.2 4.7Column 6 5 402 80.4 4.3

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 299.2 5 59.84 11.9686.93E-

062.6206

54Within Groups 120 24 5

Total 419.2 29

Female 4 Age 53

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARYGroups Count Sum Average Variance

Column 1 5 381 76.2 5.7Column 2 5 385 77 5Column 3 5 380 76 4.5Column 4 5 397 79.4 7.3Column 5 5 388 77.6 4.3Column 6 5 415 83 11.5

ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

Between Groups 175.6 5 35.12 5.501828 0.001636 2.620654Within Groups 153.2 24 6.383333

Total 328.8 29

Female 5 Age 42