1 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Yong Jeong, MD, PhD Department of Bio and Brain Engineering The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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1The Human Body: An Orientation
Yong Jeong, MD, PhD
Department of Bio and Brain Engineering
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Gross anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
Figure 14.1
Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
Figure 14.4c–d
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
Smooth muscle cellMolecules
Atoms
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Connectivetissue
Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-
vascularsystem
Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules
Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells
Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely
Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems
Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules
http://www.zygotebody.com/#nav=2.31,81.5,250
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Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview
Integumentary
Forms the external bodycovering
Protects deeper tissue frominjury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview
Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores minerals
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Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview
Muscular
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
Organ System Overview
Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System Overview
Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview
Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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Organ System Overview
Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
Organ System Overview
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
Organ System Overview
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
Reproductive
Produces offspring
Figure 1.2k–l
Interrelationships Among Body Systems
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Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and absorption of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
Produces energy
Makes body structures
Excretion
Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
Reproduction
Produces future generation
Growth
Increases cell size and number of cells
Survival Needs
Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Must be appropriate
Homeostasis
Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment
A dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life