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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 1The Human Body:
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 1.1 – 1.39
The Human Body:An Orientation
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
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The Human BodyThe Human Body –– An OrientationAn Orientation
• Anatomy – study of the structure andshape of the body and its parts
Slide 1.2Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Physiology – study of how the body andits parts work or function – the study of(ology) nature (physio)
• Both are always related – structuredetermines function.
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AnatomyAnatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study
• Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Slide 1.3Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Easily observable
• Anatomy means to cut(tomy) apart (ana).
Figure 1.1
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AnatomyAnatomy –– Levels of StudyLevels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very smallstructures
• Can only be
Slide 1.4Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Can only beviewed witha microscope
Figure 14.4
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Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Slide 1.5Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.1
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering -waterproof
• Cushions and protects deeper tissuefrom injury
Slide 1.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2a
• Excretes salts and urea in sweat
• Helps regulate temperature -homeostasis
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous nervereceptors
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supportsbody organs
• Provides muscle
Slide 1.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Provides muscleattachment formovement
• Site of blood cellformation
• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Muscular
• Only 1 function – tocontract or shorten
• Allows locomotion
Slide 1.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Three main types –skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Figure 1.2c
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting controlsystem
Slide 1.9Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
system
• Responds tointernal and externalchange
• Activates musclesand glands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatoryhormones into theblood that targetdistant organs
Slide 1.10Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
distant organs
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism – fooduse by cells
Figure 1.2e
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials inbody via blood pumped byheart
Slide 1.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2f
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Hormones
• Nutrients
• Wastes
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to bloodvessels
Slide 1.12Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Houses cells involved inimmunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
Slide 1.13Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Keeps bloodsupplied withoxygen
• Removes carbondioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food beginning inthe mouth and ending in thesmall intestine
Slide 1.14Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.2i
small intestine
• Allows for nutrient absorptioninto blood to be sent to thebody
• Eliminates indigestible material
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates harmfulnitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid – base
Slide 1.15Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Maintains acid – basebalance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes - saltsFigure 1.2j
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Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
Slide 1.16Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Productionof offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Organ systems do not work inisolation but work together to promote
the well-being of the entire bodythe well-being of the entire body
Slide 1.17
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Maintain Boundaries
• Inside remains distinct from outside – skinand cell membranes
• Movement
Slide 1.18
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances within the body
• Responsiveness - irritability
• Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
• Metabolism – chemical reactions withinthe body
Slide 1.19Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
the body
• Breakdown of macromolecules
• Production of energy - ATP
• Making body structures
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Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from digestion andmetabolic reactions from the body
• Reproduction
Slide 1.20Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation – cellular ororganismal level
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
• All must be in appropriate amounts –too little or too much is harmful
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
Slide 1.21Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids(fats), vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions such asmaking ATP
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Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
• Water
• 60–80% of body weight
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Most reactions take place only in an aqueous
Slide 1.22Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Most reactions take place only in an aqueoussolution
• Stable body temperature
• Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
• Breathing and gas exchange depends on
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
• Maintenance of a stable internalenvironment = a dynamic state ofequilibrium
• Homeostasis must be maintained for
Slide 1.23Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Homeostasis must be maintained fornormal body functioning and to sustainlife
• Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbancein homeostasis resulting in disease
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Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• The body communicates through neural(nervous) and hormonal (endocrine)control systems
• Receptor
Slide 1.24Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Type of sensor that responds to changes inthe environment (stimuli)
• Sends information (input) to control center
• Information flows along the afferentpathway to the control center
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Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
• Control center
• Determines set point level
• Analyzes information received
• Determines appropriate response
Slide 1.25Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response (output) to thestimulus
• Information flows along the efferent pathwayfrom the control center
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Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic controlmechanisms
Slide 1.26Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reducesits intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push thevariable farther
Slide 1.27Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clottingand birth of a baby
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The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to preventmisunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
Slide 1.28Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
• Anatomical Position
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Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.29Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Slide 1.30Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
• Anterior –
• Ventral
• Front
Slide 1.31Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Front
Figure 1.5a
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Body LandmarksBody Landmarks
• Posterior –
• Dorsal
• Back
Slide 1.32Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Back
Figure 1.5b
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• Body Planes and Sections
• Plane – imaginary line through the body or organ
• Three types of planes
• Sagittal section – made lengthwise, longitudinal
• Midsagittal, median section – If cut made downmeridian planemeridian plane
• Frontal section – cut made lengthwise plane thatdivides into anterior and posterior – AKA coronalsection
• Transverse section – cut made along horizontal planethat divides into superior and inferior – AKA crosssection
Slide 1.33
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Body PlanesBody Planes
Slide 1.34Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.6
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
• Two subdivisions ofdorsal body cavity
• Cranial
• Spinal
Slide 1.35Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Spinal
Figure 1.7
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities• Ventral Body Cavity
• Superior thoracic cavityseparated by the inferiorabdominopelvic cavityby the diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity
Slide 1.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Abdominopelvic cavitysometimes divided intosuperior abdominalcavity and inferior pelviccavity
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants
•The abdominopelviccavity can be divided
into four ~ equal
Slide 1.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8a
into four ~ equalquadrants namedaccording to theirrelative positions
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Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
• The abdominopelviccavity can also bedivided into nine
Slide 1.38Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8b
separate regions byfour planes
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Abdominopelvic Major OrgansAbdominopelvic Major Organs
• Anterior view ofthe ventral bodycavity showingsuperficial
Slide 1.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 1.8c
superficialorgans