The Great War 1914-1918 Standard 10.5 Analyze the causes and course of the First World War.

The Great War

1914-1918

Standard 10.5 Analyze the causes and course of the First World War

Section 1 Marching Toward War

Militarism Triple Alliance

Kaiser Wilhelm II Triple Entente

Rising Tensions in Europe

1. Rise of Nationalism – deep devotion to one’s nation

• 6 Great Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France

• Competition for materials, markets

• Territorial disputes

Rising Tensions, cont.2. Imperialism- competition for overseas

empires

3. Militarism- policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war

Tangled Alliances

• Triple Alliance (1882)- Germany, A-H, Italy

• Bismarck believed that France wanted revenge for Franco-Prussian War

• Also, signed a treaty with Russia

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace

• Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismarck to resign

• Kaiser ends treaty with Russia

• Russia signs peace agreement with France

• What’s the big deal?

Shifting Alliances, cont.

• Triple Entente- Great Britain, France, Russia

Crisis in the Balkans“the powder keg of Europe”

• Serbia hoped to unite all Slavic people and was supported by Russia

• Austria fears that the Slavs within their country would rebel

• Map p. 409

Crisis in Balkans, cont.• 1908 Austria annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina• Slavs in Serbia believe their dreams of a

united Slavic nation are crushed

June 28, 1914

Archduke Ferdinand

Princess Sophie

June 28, 1914

Gavrilo Princip ofThe Black Hand

The Assassination

The Assassination

The Assassination

The Ultimatum• July 23, Austria gives

a list of demands to Serbia. Serbia cannot meet all the demands.

• July 28, Austria declares war on Serbia

• Russia, an ally of Serbia, sends troops towards Austrian border. Why?

Chapter 13 sec. 11. Name Europe’s Great Powers of the 20th century.

2. Explain why there was increasing rivalry between European nations.

3. How did imperialism contribute to European rivalry?

4. What is militarism?

5. Why did Otto von Bismarck believe that France wanted revenge?

6. Which nations belong to the Triple Alliance?

7. Why did Kaiser Wilhelm force Bismarck to resign?

8. Why was it a mistake for Kaiser Wilhelm to end the treaty with Russia?

9. Which nations made up the Triple Entente? Why did the British feel it was necessary to form the Entente?

10. Why was the Balkans known as the “powder keg” of Europe?

11. Which people had successfully broken away from the Ottoman Turks?

12. Why was there so much tension between Serbia and Austria?

13. Describe what happened in the city of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

14. How did Serbia react to the assassination?

15. Why did Russia send its’ troops to the Austrian border?

Standard 10.5.1 analyze arguments for entering into war

Ch. 13 sec. 1 Quiz

1. France lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in this war

2. Keeping an army prepared for war

3. One country dominating another country politically, socially, or economically

4. Members of the Triple Alliance

5. Members of the Triple Entente

6. Emperor of Germany

7. Known as the “powder keg of Europe”

8. Annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908

9. Who was assassinated on June 28, 1914?

10. Where did the assassination take place?

11. Who was responsible for the assassination?

12. Name of secret terrorist organization committed to Slavic independence

Ch. 13 sec. 1 QuizA. Kaiser Wilhelm

B. Otto von Bismarck

C. Czar Nicholas

D. Archduke Ferdinand

E. Alfred Schlieffen

F. Germany

G. France

H. Austria-Hungary

I. Great Britain

J. Russia

K. Italy

L. Ottoman Empire

M. Bulgaria

N. Bosnia

O. Serbia

P. Balkans

Q. Franco-Prussian War

R. Battle of the Marne

S. Battle of the Somme

T. Gavrilo Princip

U. Industrialization

V. Imperialism

W. Nationalism

X. Militarism

Y. Black Hand

Z. Hundred Years War

Answers may be used once, more than once, or not at allStandard 10.5

Section 2 Europe Plunges Into War

Central Powers Allies

Western Front Schlieffen Plan

Trench warfare Eastern Front

Great War Begins

• Central Powers1. Germany

2. Austria-Hungary

3. Bulgaria

4. Ottoman Empire

• Allied Powers1. Great Britain

2. France

3. Russia

4. Italy (they changed sides!)

WWI Battlefield

Western Front

Bloody Stalemate• The Schlieffen

Plan

What are its’ advantages?What are its’ disadvantages?

Battle of the Marne

• September 5, 1914 Allies are able to hold back Germans from capturing Paris

• Reinforcements arrived by taxi

• Schlieffen plan is a Failure! Explain

why.

Battle of the Somme

• Feb. 1916 Germans attack near French city of Verdun- each side loses 300,000

• July 1916 British attack at Somme leads to over 500,000 deaths

• Stalemate continues

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare Part II

Trench Warfare Part III

Trench Warfare1. Why dig trenches in the first place?

2. Define: over the top, no man’s land

3. Why was life in the trenches boring?

4. What is “shell shock?”

5. Give 5 examples of how life in the trenches was terrible.

New Weapons of War

1. How was WWI different from all the other wars?

2. How are machine guns different from older guns?

3. When and where was poison gas first used?

4. Name and describe three other new weapons of WWI.

5. What is the “mass” style of fighting?

6. How many soldiers died as a result of WWI?

New Weapons of War

Machine Gun

TankWeapons of War Part II

Weapons of War Part III Poison Gas

Weapons of War Part IVSubmarine orU-boat

Weapons of War Part V

Flame Thrower

Soldiers’ Letters

Dear Home - Letters From WWI

Eastern Front

• Battlefield along German-Russian border

• More mobile war than the western front

Russia Struggles• Russia is defeated at

Tannenberg• Austria pushes Russia back• Russia has shortages of food,

clothing, ammunition. Lack of industrialization

• Difficulty of Ally reinforcements. Why?

• Russia’s only advantage- Number of soldiers

• Why was Russia so important to Britain and France?

Chapter 13 sec.21. Which nations comprised the Central Powers?

2. Which nations comprised the Allied Powers?

3. Why did the Italians change sides?

4. Where was the Western Front?

5. Describe the Schlieffen Plan.

6. How did 600 taxicabs affect the outcome of the 1st Battle of the Marne?

7. Why was this battle considered the most important battle of WWI?

8. What is trench warfare?

9. What is “no man’s land?”

10. Describe the new weapons of WWI.

11. What were the outcomes of the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme?

12. Where was the Eastern Front? How was the war in the East different from the West?

13. Describe the results of the Battle of Tannenburg.

14. Explain why Russia’s war effort was near collapse.

15. Why was Russia so important to Britain and France?

Standard 10.5.2 Examine principal theatres of battle and major turning points

Genocide

The intent to destroy, in whole or part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group- United Nations

Standard 10.5.5 Discuss human rights violations and genocide, Including the Ottoman government’s actions against Armenian citizens

Armenian Genocide of WWIArmenian National Institute

Armenian Genocide

• Does the treatment of the Armenians in Turkey fit the definition of genocide?

• Provide examples and evidence from the handout.

•

Standard 10.5.5 Discuss human rights violations and genocide,

Including the Ottoman government’s actions against Armenian citizens

Section 3 A Global Conflict

Total war Rationing

Propaganda Armistice

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

War Affects the World

• Gallipoli Campaign- allied plan to attack the Ottoman Empire

• Dardanelles• Constantinople• Feb-Dec 1915• Allies fail and lose

250,000 soldiers

Battles in Africa and Asia

• Japanese attack German territory in China

• England, France attack German colonies in Africa

• Many colonies volunteer for the war in hopes of being granted independence

America Joins WWI1. Using textbook pages

418-419 make a list of reasons why America joined the Allies.

2. Make a list of reasons why America should not join the war.

3. Do you think the United States made the correct decision? Explain why or why not.

America Joins the Fight

• Germany policy of unrestricted submarine warfare

• May 7, 1915 Germans sink the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland

American Joins the Fight, cont.

• Germany continues to sink American ships

• Zimmerman Note Feb. (1917)

• America’s cultural and economic connection with Great Britain

• President Wilson declares war on Germany April 2, 1917

Arthur Zimmermann

It is a distressing and oppressive duty, gentlemen of the Congress, which I have performed in thus addressing you. There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts -- for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have, with the pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping her, she can do no other.

President Wilson Speech regarding the U.S. Entering WWI

War Affects the Home Front

• Total War

• Governments control the economy

• Rationing

• Propaganda

• What could civilians do to help the war effort? (Women, children, elderly, etc.)

• What can you do to help the war effort in Iraq and Afghanistan?

Propaganda1. What is the purpose of

propaganda?

to support the war by

a) Join army, navy

b) Buy war bonds

c) Ration, recycle, save

2. How do you convince people to support the war?

a) Demonize enemy

b) Glorify yourself

3. Is it necessary in a time of war? Why or why not?

4. Do you only see propaganda in time of war?

Poster A

Poster B

Poster C

Poster E

Poster F

Poster G

Poster H

Poster I

Poster J

Poster K

Poster L

Poster M

Poster N

The Allies Win the War• Russia withdraws• March 1917 Czar

Nicholas II abdicates• Nov. 1917 Communist

Vladimir Lenin gains power

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Czar Nicholas II

Vladimir Lenin

Central Powers Collapse

• 2nd Battle of the Marne July 1918

• 2 million U.S. troops arrive

• Bulgarians, Ottoman Turks surrender

• Nov. 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates

• Nov. 11, 1918 Germany signs armistice with French Commander Marchal Foch officially ending World War I

Kaiser Wilhelm II

MarchalFoch

Legacy of the War1. New technologies -

2. War on a global scale –

3. WWI Statistics (Chart p. 422) -

4. Affect on civilians-

5. Economic impact-

6. Psychological Impact-

Chapter 13 sec. 31. Which nations joined the Allies? Which nations joined the Central Powers?

2. What was the Gallipoli campaign? Was it successful?

3. How did the Japanese help the Allied war effort?

4. Why would Indian leader Mohandas Ghandi support Britain in the war?

5. What is unrestricted submarine warfare?

6. What happened on May 7, 1915?

7. What was the Zimmermann telegram?

8. Why did a large part of the American population support joining the Allies?

9. What is total war?

10. What is rationing? Why is it necessary during a time of war?

11. What is propaganda? Why is it necessary during a time or war?

12. Describe how the war changed women’s lives?

13. Why did Russia withdraw from WWI?

14. What was the significance of the 2nd Battle of the Marne?

15. What is an armistice? When did WWI end?

16. How was WWI “a new kind of war?”

17. How many soldiers died? How many were wounded?

18. Which of the non-European nations do you think had the greatest impact on the WWI? Explain your answer.

19. Which Allied nation suffered the greatest number of battlefield deaths?

20. Which four nations accounted for about 75% of all battlefield deaths?

Standard 10.5.3, 5.4, 6.2, 6.3

Section 4 A Flawed Peace

Woodrow Wilson Fourteen Points

Georges Clemenceau Treaty of Versailles

Self-determination League of Nations

Paris Peace ConferenceJanuary 18, 1919

George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson

Wilson’s Plan for Peace

• Fourteen Points

1. End to secret treaties

2. Freedom of seas

3. Freedom of trade

4. Reduced armies

5. Fairness toward colonies

6.-13. Self-determination

7. General association of nations

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles June 28, 1919

1. Which nations made most of the decisions about the terms of peace?

2. What is the League of Nations ?3. How did Great Britain and France feel about

Germany?4. What was article 231?5. What were mandated territories?6. Why might the mandated territories feel

resentful?

Treaty of Versailles

Europe 1919

Notice anything different about the map?

Troubled Treaty Chart p. 427

Creation of New Nations

• Austria and Hungary separated

• Czechoslovakia

• Yugoslavia

• Ottoman Empire divided into Turkey and British mandates

• Russia loses Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

“Peace Built on Quicksand”• U.S. rejects Treaty.

Why?• Feelings of bitterness

and hatred1. Germany2. African, Asian colonies3. Italy, Japan

Why were these nations and colonies so upset?

Chapter 13 sec. 41. When and where did the Paris Peace Conference occur?

2. Who were the Big Four?

3. What were the Fourteen Points?

4. What is self-determination?

5. What is the Treaty of Versailles?

6. What was the League of Nations?

7. Describe article 231.

8. What is a mandate?

9. Which new countries were created from the Austro-Hungarian empire?

10. Which mandates did the British control?

11. Which former Russian territories became independent nations?

12. Why did the United States ultimately reject the Treaty of Versailles?

13. Why did the Germans hate the Treaty?

14. Why were the Africans and Asians disappointed with the Treaty?

15. What do you think was the most important battle of WWI? Explain

16. Overall, which nation benefited the most from the war? Which nation benefited the least? Explain

17. State two lessons which the world can learn from WWI.

18. Only 20 years after the Paris Peace Conference, WWII started. Explain how and why world leaders failed to stop another world war.

Standard 10.6.1,6.2 analyze the aims of world leaders and the effects of the war