The Global Crisis Roosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of Nations but also worked to ensure that America was “master of her own fate”

The Global CrisisThe Global CrisisRoosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of Roosevelt becomes president in 1933: supporter of League of

Nations but also worked to ensure that America was “master of her Nations but also worked to ensure that America was “master of her own fate”own fate”

In the end, the cautious, limited American internationalism of the In the end, the cautious, limited American internationalism of the interwar years proved insufficient to protect the interests of the interwar years proved insufficient to protect the interests of the

United States, to create global stability, or to keep the nation from United States, to create global stability, or to keep the nation from becoming involved in the greatest war in human history.becoming involved in the greatest war in human history.

I. The Diplomacy of the New EraI. The Diplomacy of the New EraReplacing the LeagueReplacing the League League of Nations not a possibility with League of Nations not a possibility with

HardingHarding Charles Hughes signs individual treaties Charles Hughes signs individual treaties

with Central Powers negotiating war with Central Powers negotiating war terms… believed this would be enough to terms… believed this would be enough to resolve war termsresolve war terms

Washington Conference 1921Washington Conference 1921: attempt : attempt to prevent increasing war developments to prevent increasing war developments between America, Britain and Japanbetween America, Britain and Japan

Hughes surprised when conference agrees to Hughes surprised when conference agrees to most of his termsmost of his terms

Five-Power PactFive-Power Pact in Feb 1922 sets limits and in Feb 1922 sets limits and ratios on each country’s military suppliesratios on each country’s military supplies

Kellogg-Briand PactKellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 concluded of 1928 concluded New Era peace negotiationsNew Era peace negotiations

proposed a multilateral treaty proposed a multilateral treaty outlawing outlawing war as an instrument of national policywar as an instrument of national policy

14 Nations signed it… 48 other nations would 14 Nations signed it… 48 other nations would eventually sign iteventually sign it

enforcement rested on “moral force” …enforcement rested on “moral force” …no structure or framework for no structure or framework for enforcement…enforcement…

Washington Conference 1921

Debts and DiplomacyDebts and Diplomacy Hughes: foremost importance Hughes: foremost importance of diplomacy was to ensure of diplomacy was to ensure American trade faced no American trade faced no obstacles for expansionobstacles for expansion

Europe primary focus: major Europe primary focus: major Europe industries sufferingEurope industries suffering

European Allied powers European Allied powers struggling to pay $11 billion struggling to pay $11 billion dollars in loansdollars in loans

““They hired the money, didn’t They hired the money, didn’t they?” Calvin Coolidge… they?” Calvin Coolidge… refusing to forgive loan refusing to forgive loan paymentspayments

Dangerous Triangle: Germany Dangerous Triangle: Germany borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to borrowing to pay Euro Allies, to pay debts owed to America, pay debts owed to America, who’s loaning money to who’s loaning money to Germany…Germany… Calvin Coolidge

Debts and Diplomacy ContinuedDebts and Diplomacy Continued

Charles DawesCharles Dawes U.S. banks would loan Germany U.S. banks would loan Germany

huge sums, in return Euro Allies huge sums, in return Euro Allies would reduce amount of would reduce amount of paymentspayments

Did little to solve problems it Did little to solve problems it addressedaddressed

Still troubling triangleStill troubling triangle Policies would be partially Policies would be partially

responsible for the Great responsible for the Great DepressionDepression

Latin AmericaLatin America U.S. used military presence to U.S. used military presence to

extend economic interestsextend economic interests Resentment towards “Yankee Resentment towards “Yankee

Imperialism”Imperialism”

Charles Dawes

Hoover and the World CrisisHoover and the World Crisis world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in world financial crisis that began in 1929 intensified in

1931… not only caused economic distress, but was 1931… not only caused economic distress, but was producing dangerous nationalism that threatened the producing dangerous nationalism that threatened the weak international agreements established during the weak international agreements established during the previous decadeprevious decade

Depression toppled existing political leaders and Depression toppled existing political leaders and replaced them with belligerent governments bent on replaced them with belligerent governments bent on expansion as a solution to their economic problemsexpansion as a solution to their economic problems

Hoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with itHoover lacked sufficient tools for dealing with it Latin AmericaLatin America

repudiated Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: repudiated Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: refused permit American intervention when several Latin refused permit American intervention when several Latin American countries defaulted on debt obligations to the American countries defaulted on debt obligations to the United States in OctoberUnited States in October

America would grant diplomatic recognition to any sitting America would grant diplomatic recognition to any sitting government to the region without questioning itgovernment to the region without questioning it

Hoover and the World CrisisHoover and the World Crisis EuropeEurope

Hoover refused to cancel war debts Hoover refused to cancel war debts amid a growing crisisamid a growing crisis

Extended limits of naval constructions Extended limits of naval constructions set forth at Washington Conference in set forth at Washington Conference in 19211921

World Disarmament Conference: World Disarmament Conference: Hoover urged reductions in Hoover urged reductions in armaments, France calls for an armaments, France calls for an international army to stop Germany… international army to stop Germany… conference ends in failureconference ends in failure

Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Rising fascism: Italy, Germany and Japan (Asia)Japan (Asia)

Lebensraum: living space for GermansLebensraum: living space for Germans Ethiopia: ItalyEthiopia: Italy Manchuria: JapanManchuria: Japan

Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on Hoover on the way out / Roosevelt on the way in… what to do?the way in… what to do?

adopt a more energetic form of adopt a more energetic form of internationalism and enter into firmer internationalism and enter into firmer and more meaningful associations with and more meaningful associations with other nationsother nations

resort to nationalism and rely on its resort to nationalism and rely on its own devices for dealing with the own devices for dealing with the world’s problemsworld’s problemsHooverHoover

II. Isolationism and InternationalismII. Isolationism and InternationalismDepression DiplomacyDepression Diplomacy

New Deal continued to base its foreign policy New Deal continued to base its foreign policy almost entirely on the nation’s immediate almost entirely on the nation’s immediate economic needseconomic needs

Roosevelt’s breaks from HooverRoosevelt’s breaks from Hoover London Economic Conference: decided to work with London Economic Conference: decided to work with

Europe in regards to war debts and the gold Europe in regards to war debts and the gold standard… but tensions rise and not clear standard… but tensions rise and not clear settlement is reached until 1936settlement is reached until 1936

April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks April 1934 he signed a bill to forbid American Banks from making loans to any nation in default on its from making loans to any nation in default on its debtsdebts within months war debt payments would stop for within months war debt payments would stop for

goodgood no currency for European countries to buy American no currency for European countries to buy American

productsproducts

America and the Soviet UnionAmerica and the Soviet Union Agreement between Russia Agreement between Russia

and United Statesand United States Soviets would cease their Soviets would cease their

propaganda efforts in the propaganda efforts in the United States and protect United States and protect American citizens in RussiaAmerican citizens in Russia

United States would United States would recognize the communist recognize the communist regimeregime

Tension and mistrust still Tension and mistrust still high in 1934high in 1934

American industries fail in American industries fail in RussiaRussia

US fails to pledge support US fails to pledge support against Japaneseagainst Japanese

Soviet propaganda

The Good Neighbor PolicyThe Good Neighbor Policy Latin America most important target of trade Latin America most important target of trade

exchange and recoveryexchange and recovery during 1930s trade would increase 100% with other during 1930s trade would increase 100% with other

countries in Western Hemispherecountries in Western Hemisphere Where Hoover abandoned American practice of Where Hoover abandoned American practice of

using military force to compel Latin American using military force to compel Latin American gov’ts to repay debts, respect foreign gov’ts to repay debts, respect foreign investments… Roosevelt went furtherinvestments… Roosevelt went further

Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933Montevideo Inter-American Conference 1933 ““No state has the right to intervene in the internal or No state has the right to intervene in the internal or

external affairs of another”external affairs of another” Roosevelt would honor the promise through his Roosevelt would honor the promise through his

presidencypresidency Replaced military force with economic influenceReplaced military force with economic influence American businesses continued to dominate American businesses continued to dominate

Latin American economiesLatin American economies

The Rise of Isolationism ContinuedThe Rise of Isolationism Continued world realized at the end of world realized at the end of

Hoover administration that Hoover administration that hopes for peace through hopes for peace through disarmament would not be an disarmament would not be an optionoption

arms control conference in arms control conference in Geneva fails 1932Geneva fails 1932

two years later Japan would two years later Japan would withdrawal from London Naval withdrawal from London Naval ConferenceConference

Faced with the choice of Faced with the choice of stabilizing the world with action stabilizing the world with action or isolate… most Americans or isolate… most Americans chose the latterchose the latter

Roosevelt asked Congress to Roosevelt asked Congress to ratify a treaty to make the ratify a treaty to make the United States part of the World United States part of the World Court in 1935Court in 1935

strong opposition lead by Father strong opposition lead by Father Coughlin and Hearst Newspapers Coughlin and Hearst Newspapers killed the treaty in the Senatekilled the treaty in the Senate

big blow to the president… big blow to the president… would not attempt to challenge would not attempt to challenge the isolationist tidethe isolationist tide

The Rise of Isolationism ContinuedThe Rise of Isolationism Continued Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1937Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1937

response to Italy’s plan to Ethiopiaresponse to Italy’s plan to Ethiopia designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many

Americans believed led to WWIAmericans believed led to WWI ““protection of neutral rights”protection of neutral rights” ““cash and carry policy” to aide both sides in conflict, including cash and carry policy” to aide both sides in conflict, including

belligerentsbelligerents Italy invades Ethiopia, leaves League of Nations and forms Axis Italy invades Ethiopia, leaves League of Nations and forms Axis

Powers with GermanyPowers with Germany Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would go on to support military Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy would go on to support military

revolution / Civil War in Spain… Falangists and Francisco Francorevolution / Civil War in Spain… Falangists and Francisco Franco Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also Roosevelt recognizes the danger of isolationism, but also

understands public opinion is strongly isolationistunderstands public opinion is strongly isolationist in response to Japanese aggression in China FDR states that in response to Japanese aggression in China FDR states that

aggressors should be “quarantined” without clearly defining what aggressors should be “quarantined” without clearly defining what a quarantine wasa quarantine was

public response to “quarantine” speech was very hostilepublic response to “quarantine” speech was very hostile PanayPanay bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt bombed and sunk by Japanese in China… Roosevelt

accepts apologyaccepts apology

*Fake Smile**Fake Smile*

The Failure of MunichThe Failure of Munich Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936Hitler moves revived German army into the Rhineland in 1936

violation of WWI treatyviolation of WWI treaty taking over disputed territory that France had controlled since WWItaking over disputed territory that France had controlled since WWI

Austria March 1938Austria March 1938 Anschluss / “unity” with native landAnschluss / “unity” with native land

Sudetenland Sept. 1938Sudetenland Sept. 1938 demand from Czechoslovakiademand from Czechoslovakia Czech refusesCzech refuses World prepares for unwantedWorld prepares for unwanted

Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and Sept 29 Hitler meets with leaders from France and England and agree to give Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no agree to give Hitler parts of Czechoslovakia if he promises to go no further… “This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.”further… “This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe.”

British PM Chamberlain returns home with a hero’s welcomeBritish PM Chamberlain returns home with a hero’s welcome Reflective of popular policy of “appeasement”Reflective of popular policy of “appeasement”

March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation March of 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia in blatant violation of Munichof Munich

April 1939 Hitler began threatening PolandApril 1939 Hitler began threatening Poland August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not August 1939: Non-Aggression pact between Hitler and Stalin (not

invited to Munich conference)invited to Munich conference) September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland… September 1, 1939 Hitler launches fullscale invasion of Poland…

England and France declare war on GermanyEngland and France declare war on Germany

““War of the Worlds” Orson Wells War of the Worlds” Orson Wells

country goes nutscountry goes nuts representative of the timerepresentative of the time representative of the power of the media representative of the power of the media

over the peopleover the people

III. From Neutrality to Intervention III. From Neutrality to Intervention A. Neutrality TestedA. Neutrality Tested

Never a question that US would support France Never a question that US would support France and Britain, the question was to what extentand Britain, the question was to what extent

September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of September 1939 Roosevelt asks for revision of Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

FDR believed US should help Britain and France with FDR believed US should help Britain and France with munitions at the very leastmunitions at the very least

Wanted arms embargo lifted, but isolationist forces Wanted arms embargo lifted, but isolationist forces limited changelimited change

Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a Europe silent after Poland… thoughts of a “phony war”“phony war”

Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia Russia takes over territories: Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania… and then Finland…America and Lithuania… and then Finland…America outraged but does nothingoutraged but does nothing

Neutrality Tested ContinuedNeutrality Tested Continued Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of Germany launches huge string of attacks in Spring of

1940… Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg 1940… Allied efforts powerless to German blitzkrieg Denmark and NorwayDenmark and Norway Netherlands and BelgiumNetherlands and Belgium Deep into FranceDeep into France

Mussolini invades from the SouthMussolini invades from the South Hitler from the NorthHitler from the North June 22 1940 France falls to Germany… Vichy gov’t June 22 1940 France falls to Germany… Vichy gov’t

establishedestablished May 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed suppliesMay 15 W.Churchill gives FDR a list of needed supplies May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1 May 16 1940 FDR asks Congress for an additional $1

billion for defensebillion for defense Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to Shift in public opinion in US after France falls to

GermanyGermany Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First Fight for Freedom Committee vs. America First

CommitteeCommittee

The Third-Term CampaignThe Third-Term Campaign

Roosevelt Roosevelt defeats defeats Willkie Willkie

(55% to (55% to 45%)45%)

Willkie Roosevelt

Neutrality AbandonedNeutrality Abandoned In December of 1940 GB was bankruptIn December of 1940 GB was bankrupt Lend Lease ActLend Lease Act

opportunity to “remove dollar sign” in the cost of the opportunity to “remove dollar sign” in the cost of the warwar

USA would lend or lease armaments to any country USA would lend or lease armaments to any country “vital to the defense of the United States”“vital to the defense of the United States”

How to get the supplies there?How to get the supplies there? German submarines destroying 1 million tons of German submarines destroying 1 million tons of

shipping each monthshipping each month American ships begin patrolling the AtlanticAmerican ships begin patrolling the Atlantic

Germany did little to challenge hostile Germany did little to challenge hostile American actionsAmerican actions

situation changes when Germany invades Russiasituation changes when Germany invades Russia when Russia did not surrender (as Germans when Russia did not surrender (as Germans

expected) Roosevelt asked Congress to extend the expected) Roosevelt asked Congress to extend the land lease act to USSRland lease act to USSR

Neutrality Abandoned AgainNeutrality Abandoned Again Nazi forces begin a campaign Nazi forces begin a campaign

against US vesselsagainst US vessels German U-boat fires on American German U-boat fires on American

destroyer Greerdestroyer Greer Roosevelt orders American Roosevelt orders American

destroyers to “fire on sight” of destroyers to “fire on sight” of German U-boatsGerman U-boats

US destroyer Ruben James sunk, US destroyer Ruben James sunk, Congress outraged… passes policy Congress outraged… passes policy that enacts naval war against that enacts naval war against GermanyGermany

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter Roosevelt meets with Churchill off Roosevelt meets with Churchill off

the coast of Newfoundland in the coast of Newfoundland in CanadaCanada

FDR makes no military FDR makes no military commitments, but sets out “certain commitments, but sets out “certain common principles”common principles”

Called for “the final destruction of Called for “the final destruction of Nazi Germany”Nazi Germany”

FDR new the USA public would only FDR new the USA public would only support a war declaration in the support a war declaration in the case of an attackcase of an attack

German U-boat

The Road to Pearl HarborThe Road to Pearl Harbor Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany Sept. of 1940 Japan signs the Tripartite Pact with Germany

and Italyand Italy Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward

Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their continuing assault on China and terminating a commercial treaty with assault on China and terminating a commercial treaty with TokyoTokyo

July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony)July 1941 Japanese take Vietnam (French colony) FDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United StatesFDR freezes all Japanese assets in the United States

made it hard for Japan to get essential supplies, including oilmade it hard for Japan to get essential supplies, including oil anti-Japanese prejudices lead large majority of American public to anti-Japanese prejudices lead large majority of American public to

support Rooseveltsupport Roosevelt Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s Tokyo willing to compromise at first, but US fears Japan’s

prince will not be powerful enough to honor treaty… prince will not be powerful enough to honor treaty… negotiations failnegotiations fail

Issue of ChinaIssue of China October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki October of 1941: Prince Konoye replaced by General Hideki

TojoTojo Tojo still works to continue negotiationsTojo still works to continue negotiations Secretary Hull “I have washed my hands of the Japanese Secretary Hull “I have washed my hands of the Japanese

situation…”situation…”

The Road to Pearl Harbor ContinuedThe Road to Pearl Harbor Continued American intelligence had already American intelligence had already

decoded Japanese messages which had decoded Japanese messages which had made clear that war was imminent… made clear that war was imminent… they new that after Nov. 29 an attack they new that after Nov. 29 an attack would only be a matter of dayswould only be a matter of days

did not know for certain wheredid not know for certain where Hawaii was so far away from Japan, few Hawaii was so far away from Japan, few

believed an attack was possiblebelieved an attack was possible December 7, 1941December 7, 1941

7:55 AM huge wave of Japanese bombers 7:55 AM huge wave of Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harborattacked Pearl Harbor

an hour later another wave attacksan hour later another wave attacks USA not preparedUSA not prepared

ships bunched up defenselessly in the ships bunched up defenselessly in the harborharbor

airplanes parked in rows on the airstripsairplanes parked in rows on the airstrips LossesLosses

8 battleships8 battleships 3 cruisers3 cruisers 4 other vessels4 other vessels 2000 soldiers dead2000 soldiers dead by “fortunate accident” none of the by “fortunate accident” none of the

American aircraft carriers had been in American aircraft carriers had been in Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7

The Road to Pearl Harbor The Road to Pearl Harbor Continued AgainContinued Again

Unified the Unified the American people in American people in a fervent a fervent commitment to commitment to war instantlywar instantly

accomplished accomplished overnight was overnight was FDR had been FDR had been working on for working on for over a decadeover a decade

Dec.8 War is Dec.8 War is declared on Japandeclared on Japan

Dec. 11 Germany, Dec. 11 Germany, Italy and Japan all Italy and Japan all declared war on declared war on the United States… the United States… Congress Congress reciprocated reciprocated without a single without a single dissenting votedissenting vote