The Geomorphology, The Geomorphology, Habitats, and Mapping Habitats, and Mapping of the Hawaiian Archipelago of the Hawaiian Archipelago Joyce Miller and John Rooney Joyce Miller and John Rooney NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Benthic Habitat Coral Reef Ecosystem Division, Pacific Islands Benthic Habitat mapping Center mapping Center
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The Geomorphology, Habitats, and Mapping of the Hawaiian Archipelago Joyce Miller and John Rooney NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center Coral Reef.
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The Geomorphology, The Geomorphology,
Habitats, and MappingHabitats, and Mapping
of the Hawaiian Archipelagoof the Hawaiian Archipelago
Joyce Miller and John RooneyJoyce Miller and John Rooney
● 1 island/time 85-34 Ma, no islands 30-34 Ma, multiple islands after Lisianski (23 Ma)
● Pacific Plate (Clague, 1996)
~7 cm/yr, 85 – 5 Ma
~10 cm/yr, ~5 Ma – present
● Moving Hotspot? (Tarduno, et al., 2003 )
Hawaii-Emperor Chain Hawaii-Emperor Chain
Volcanos No. / Ma Spacing (km)
Emperor Chain 1.1 57
NWHI 1.7 45
MHI 4.0 30
Hawaiian HotspotHawaiian Hotspot
Vertical Tectonics Vertical Tectonics
Original Size of Hawaiian IslandsOriginal Size of Hawaiian Islands
Sea Surface
SubaerialVolcanic Shield
H1
Break in Slope
Pre-SubsidencePost-Subsidence
H1 H2
7o
D
7o
Post-Erosion
RockOutcrop
D x Tan 7o
H1
Subsidence ErosionSlow Subsidence
Submergence/Atoll
Coral Cap
Uplift
(subsides to -1000-1500 m)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Ma
1.9
– 2
.6 m
/10
00
yrs
2.5
-2.8
m/1
00
0 y
rs
MidwaySubsidence
~0.024 m/1000 yrs.(Grigg, 1997)
Yellow areas around banks and islandsrepresent calculated areas of original islands
as presented in Price and Clague (2002),How old is the Hawaiian biota?
Figure after Price and Clague, 2002.
Glacial/InterglacialGlacial/Interglacial
Figure from C. Fletcher, Coastal Geology 420
Late Quaternary Sea Level and Reef Development
Late Quaternary Sea Level and Reef Development
Glacial Periods (Low sea level)
Interglacial Periods (High sea level)
Holocene Sea Level
Period FFS Midway Oahu
1905 – 2003 NA NA 1.47
1947 – 2003 NA 0.58 1.37
1974 - 2001 1.35 2.95 0.65
1992 - 2001 7.42 7.717.71 -3.97-3.97
Sea Level Rise (mm/yr)
● Holocene Trangression
● Kapapa mid-Holocene highstand
Big Island Reef TerracesBig Island Reef Terraces
• Mapping data collected by NOAA and MBARI show major terraces at 150 and 400 m on the W. Kohala Coast. Other locations on Hawaii may or may not have reefs at similar levels.
• Webster et al., 2006, conclude that the 400-m reef was initiated about 220,000 yrs ago and the reef drowned during deglaciation at ~134,000 yrs ago.
• Webster et al., 2006, conclude that the 150-m was initiated about 126,000 yrs. ago and was drowned during de-glaciation 12,000 – 14,000 yrs. ago, perhaps by a meltwater pulse event.
• Reef sequences on the rapidly subsiding island of Hawaii are relatively straightforward to understand because deeper reefs are generally older than shallow ones.
• Mapping data collected by NOAA and MBARI show major terraces at 150 and 400 m on the W. Kohala Coast. Other locations on Hawaii may or may not have reefs at similar levels.
• Webster et al., 2006, conclude that the 400-m reef was initiated about 220,000 yrs ago and the reef drowned during deglaciation at ~134,000 yrs ago.
• Webster et al., 2006, conclude that the 150-m was initiated about 126,000 yrs. ago and was drowned during de-glaciation 12,000 – 14,000 yrs. ago, perhaps by a meltwater pulse event.
• Reef sequences on the rapidly subsiding island of Hawaii are relatively straightforward to understand because deeper reefs are generally older than shallow ones.
400 m terrace
150 m terrace
• Waimanalo Reef – Coastal Plain, 8 m thick, above sea level -- 106,000 to 143,000 yrs ago.
• Holocene (recent) Reef – Some dunes, +3 to -4 m, Present to 8000 yrs. ago. • Waianae Reef – Shelf areas, -6 to -20 m, 200,000 to 220,000 yrs ago. Same age as Hawaii 400 m terrace.
• Leahi Reef and dunes -- -20 to -24 m, 83,000 – 110,000 yrs ago. • Unnamed sequence at -49 to -54 m. No dates yet. Rugged terraces at similar depths seen in NWHI (e.g. Midway).
• Waimanalo Reef – Coastal Plain, 8 m thick, above sea level -- 106,000 to 143,000 yrs ago.
• Holocene (recent) Reef – Some dunes, +3 to -4 m, Present to 8000 yrs. ago. • Waianae Reef – Shelf areas, -6 to -20 m, 200,000 to 220,000 yrs ago. Same age as Hawaii 400 m terrace.
• Leahi Reef and dunes -- -20 to -24 m, 83,000 – 110,000 yrs ago. • Unnamed sequence at -49 to -54 m. No dates yet. Rugged terraces at similar depths seen in NWHI (e.g. Midway).
Shorelines dominated by sea level change are much more complex,
because ages are not sequential.
South Oahu ShorelinesSouth Oahu Shorelines
Information from C. Fletcher, Geology 420
Midway Terraces
Mapping, Habitats, and ApplicationsMapping, Habitats, and Applications
Coral Reef EcosystemsCoral Reef Ecosystems Essential Fish HabitatEssential Fish Habitat ResourcesResources
Protected Species ResearchProtected Species Research Management Needs(e.g. Boundaries, Charts)
Management Needs(e.g. Boundaries, Charts)
Data Synthesis and IntegrationData Synthesis and Integration
Mapping TechniquesMapping Techniques
• Satellite/aerial imagery and estimated depths
• LIDAR (airborne) –
bathymetry and backscatter
• Acoustic techniques – bathymetry and backscatter
• Optical validation
• Satellite/aerial imagery and estimated depths
• LIDAR (airborne) –
bathymetry and backscatter
• Acoustic techniques – bathymetry and backscatter
• Optical validation
Geomorphic Habitat
% Coral Cover
Predicted Net Accretion
Fore Reef/Pass 16 1.7 (mm/yr)1.7 (mm/yr)
Back Reef 27 1.5 (mm/yr)
Lagoonal Reef 27 3.9 (mm/yr)
Mean (weighted) 20 2.1 (mm/yr)
Reef Crest & RR ??? ??????
Coral Studies at
Kure Atoll
Whaleskate Is., FFS - 1963
Whaleskate Is., FFS - 2002
Sealevel or Transport Change?
Habitat Analysis and Sampling Protocols Which Parameters, At What Scales?
Habitat Analysis and Sampling Protocols Which Parameters, At What Scales?
Fledermaus 3-D Image of FFS Bank
Backscatter or Hard/SoftBackscatter or Hard/Soft Rugose vs. Smooth, Scale?Rugose vs. Smooth, Scale?
Bathymetry (depth)• Slope• Rugosity, complexity• Bathymetric Position Index (Crests, Flats, Depressions, …)• Variance (variability of signal)
Backscatter• Hardness• Roughness• Variance (variability of signal)
IKONOS imagery• Classifications• Estimated depths• Variance (variability of signal)
Bathymetry (depth)• Slope• Rugosity, complexity• Bathymetric Position Index (Crests, Flats, Depressions, …)• Variance (variability of signal)
Backscatter• Hardness• Roughness• Variance (variability of signal)
IKONOS imagery• Classifications• Estimated depths• Variance (variability of signal)
Integration of different data types
Sand Deposits
Low Relief StructuresOn Top
Essential Fish Habitat(EFH) defined by: Depth Slope Backscatter Values Rugosity? BotCam Studies
Collaborative effort between UH SOEST & NOAA, Mapping > 100 m almost complete, < 100 m – AHI or LIDAR work to do,
50 m grid at www.soest.hawaii.edu/hmrg
NWHI-MNM Operational Statistics and Estimates
NWHI-MNM Operational Statistics and Estimates
MultibeamMultibeam Completed EstimateCompleted Estimate 2002-20062002-2006 To Complete To Complete (km(km22)) (Days) (Days) (Days) (Days)
Deep (>100m) Deep (>100m) 38,367 38,367 25 70 25 70Shallow (Shallow (20-100m)20-100m) 3,7093,709 124124 285285
TotalsTotals 42,076 42,076 149 149 355 355
OpticalOptical Deep (>20 m, towed camera): Deep (>20 m, towed camera):
3733 still photos; 191 videos, ~ 2 km each3733 still photos; 191 videos, ~ 2 km each Shallow (≤30m, towboard cameras):Shallow (≤30m, towboard cameras):
135+ tracks, ~2 km each, reoccupied biennially135+ tracks, ~2 km each, reoccupied biennially
MultibeamMultibeam Completed EstimateCompleted Estimate 2002-20062002-2006 To Complete To Complete (km(km22)) (Days) (Days) (Days) (Days)
Deep (>100m) Deep (>100m) 38,367 38,367 25 70 25 70Shallow (Shallow (20-100m)20-100m) 3,7093,709 124124 285285
TotalsTotals 42,076 42,076 149 149 355 355
OpticalOptical Deep (>20 m, towed camera): Deep (>20 m, towed camera):
3733 still photos; 191 videos, ~ 2 km each3733 still photos; 191 videos, ~ 2 km each Shallow (≤30m, towboard cameras):Shallow (≤30m, towboard cameras):
135+ tracks, ~2 km each, reoccupied biennially135+ tracks, ~2 km each, reoccupied biennially
Management & Research QuestionsManagement & Research Questions
• Sea level changes and the effects on geology, beach formations, habitats, ages of banks…
• How much coral is there, where does it occur?• Design of sampling protocols. Hard vs. soft,
rugose vs. smooth, variability of parameters?• Evolution of submerged banks. How much
EFH? Location? Protected areas? • Location of resources: sand -- for beaches,
construction, protected species, anchorages. • Data for boundaries and nautical charts. • Habitats: whales, bottom fish, reef fish, lobsters.
• Other questions????
Future ResearchFuture Research
● Mapping a. Continue MB data collection b. Bathy and backscatter processing c. Bathy and backscatter analysis d. IKONOS, MB or LIDAR for shallow depths?
● Groundtruth a. Develop ROV/AUV capabilities b. Optical data collection & processing c. Coring
● Data Interpretation and Integration a. Defining appropriate products for specific needs b. Interpretation of individual data types c. Integration of disparate data types d. Creation of “seamless” habitat maps for many different species