The First Industrial Revolution 1793-1850 … · The First Industrial Revolution 1793-1850. ... cultivation profitable. It sparked demand for more land on which to grow cotton and

Industrialization: Transformation of the economy from agriculture to manufacturing –built on mechanization of labor. The development of industries was built on a transportation revolution—the steamboat and later railroads.

The first substantial industry, textiles, developed in New England where factories turned southern cotton into cloth. Industrialization affected farming, as new inventions improved crop production, harvesting, and processing.

The First Industrial Revolution 1793-1850

Eli Whitney's invention that transformed agriculture and industry. The gin made cotton cultivation profitable. It sparked demand for more land on which to grow cotton and so America expanded. It reinvigorated a slave labor system. It provided a base for the early industrial revolution in the 1820s.

The rise of a textile industry drew the sections closer together, but as the northern economy industrialized it became more complex, while the South became more dependent on one crop –and was known as the Cotton Kingdom.

Cotton Gin

Revolution in Transportation and Communication

Robert Fulton: Inventor of the first commercially successful steamboat—The Clermont. By 1836, 361 steam-driven paddle wheelers navigated the Mississippi River.

The Tom Thumb: First passenger train in the U.S., invented by Peter Cooper in 1830 in Baltimore. Railroads came to dominate long-distance travel and trade in the U.S. over the next two decades.

Samuel Morse: Inventor of the telegraph in 1837.

Morse’s more important contribution became the Morse Code, a series of electrical “dots” and “dashes” that became the alphabet of telegraphy.

Erie Canal:Man-made waterway, opened in 1826, connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie. It opened the West to trade because it linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic. It lost some of its importance when railroads entered the scene.

Hero of the Battle of New Orleans, he ran for POTUS in 1824 and won more popular vote but not a majority of the Electoral College. This led to what Jacksonians called the “corrupt bargain.” He ran again in 1828, calling himself an agent for the common man and took two-thirds of the electoral vote. In office, he governed as an opponent of centralized government and the American System.

Like most Westerners, he hated Indians and as POTUS he treated them ruthlessly.

Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845:

A Kentuckian, Clay represented the West and was the leading nationalist in Congress. He ran for president three times, never winning. He held such offices as Secretary of State and Speaker of the House.

He fashioned the Missouri Compromise; the Compromise of 1833--settling the Nullification Crisis; and the Compromise of 1850, earning the name the “Great Compromiser.”.

“Harry of the West,” 1777-1852

“Great Compromiser.”.

John C. Calhoun, 1782-1850: Born on the frontier of South Carolina of Scots-Irish stock, Calhoun was a hard-headed politician, who represented the South in the federal government from the War of 1812 to the very day of his death in 1850.

He was Secretary of War under Monroe and Vice-POTUS to John Quincy Adams and Jackson. He resigned the office in 1831 after a conflict with Jackson and led the state’s attempt to nullify the “Tariff of Abominations” in 1833.

In 1850, he reluctantly called for secession if slavery were not allowed to spread into the territories.

The American System:Henry Clay’s plan to strengthen the nation, including recreating the national bank, imposing protective tariffs, and spending federal taxes on internal improvements, like building the National Road to unite the country, improve trade and national defense. As the sections split over internal improvements in the 1820s, it ended the “era of good feelings.” Opponents refused to use federal money for what often were local projects or which seemed to benefit one section more than another.

Universal White Male Suffrage: During the 1820s, states across the nation began eliminating property restrictions on voting. In the 1828 election, Andrew Jackson, a backwoods South Carolinian born in log cabin, took advantage of the development. He claimed to represent the “common man,” and they voted for him in droves: he won 56% of the popular vote.

Spoils System: Policy initiated by Jackson of granting government jobs and contracts to political supporters. After the 1828 election, Jackson swept government workers out of office and replaced them with his supporters, declaring “to the victor goes the spoils.” It helped build a Democratic Party, as men supported Jackson in return for political patronage. But it also politicized minor government jobs and meant that many office holders had no other

Jacksonian Democracy

also politicized minor government jobs and meant that many office holders had no other qualification to work other than being a Jacksonian Democrat.

Whig Party: As Jackson implemented the “spoils system,” two parties developed: the Democratic Party of Jackson and the Whig Party. Two things united Whigs: (1) hatred of Jackson, and (2) a belief in a stronger central government and Hamilton’s economic system. Whigs were led by Henry Clay

WHIGS:• Encouraged industrial and commercial development• Encouraged industrial and commercial development• Supported creation of a centralized economy• Advocated for expansion of the federal government to assist economic development

DEMOCRATS:• Distrusted unchecked business growth• Favored state power over federal power

Indian Removal Act: After settlers pushed into Indian lands, Congress approved Jackson’s plan to move Indians to the “Great American Desert” west of Arkansas. Many tribes fought removal. In Illinois, militia slaughtered the Sauk and Fox Indians in “Black Hawk’s War.” In Florida, Seminoles fought in Osceola’s War and were all but wiped out.

Trail of Tears: Gold was discovered on Cherokee land and whites wanted access to it, but the Cherokee refused to yield. They sued, calling a Georgia law that brought the Cherokee under state control unconstitutional.

In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court agreed with the Cherokee. President Jackson refused to enforce the court’s ruling. Instead, Jackson bought the Cherokee land Jackson refused to enforce the court’s ruling. Instead, Jackson bought the Cherokee land and sold them land in the Indian Territory. The Army led a forced removal from Georgia of the Cherokee in the winter of 1838. Walking 800 miles during winter, more than one-quarter of the Cherokee died. Some hid out in western North Carolina and became the “Eastern Band” of the Cherokee.

The mid-1800s saw a sizable rise in immigration, especially from Ireland and Germany. Between 1830 and 1860, nearly 5 million people immigrated to the U.S. The reasons for emigration were numerous, but for all they included economic opportunity.

The Irish (comprising the largest immigrant group) sought escape from the terrible Potato Famine.

Like the Irish, the Germans were predominantly Catholic, but unlike the Irish, they tended to settle in

Immigration Years Immigrants

1820-1829 128,502

1830-1839 538,381

1840-1849 1,427,337

1850-1859 2,814,554

1860-1869 2,081,261

1870-1879 2,742,287

1880-1889 5,248,568

1890-1899 3,694,294

1900-1909 8,202,388Catholic, but unlike the Irish, they tended to settle in rural areas.

1900-1909 8,202,388

1910-1919 6,347,380

1920-1929 4,295,510

1930-1939 699,375

1940-1949 856,608

1950-1959 2,499,268

1960-1969 3,213,749

1970-1979 4,248,203

1980-1989 6,244,379

1990-1999 9,775,390

Second Great Awakening: Religious revival movement. It began in New England and up-state New York (Burnt-Over District) and spread west. Its leading proponent was Charles Grandison Finney, who preached an extremely emotional approach to God, saying that the spirit went through him “in waves and waves of liquid love.” Like its predecessor in the 1740s, the second revival was caused by a belief that the nation was too materialistic and not being “a city upon a hill.”

The revival led to the creation of several new churches [Shakers, Jehovah's Witness, Seventh Day Adventist, and the Church of Jesus Christ, Latter Day Saints (Mormons)].

It led to many social reform movements, including: temperance, public education (Horace Mann), prison/asylum reform (Dorothea Dix), women's rights, and abolition of slavery.

Temperance: Reform movement that attacked alcohol use. Temperance organizations, such as the American Temperance Society and the Washington Temperance Society lobbied state legislatures to enact prohibition laws. Neil Dow effectively prompted Maine to enact such a law (the “Maine Law”) in the 1850s.

The Second Great Awakening created many experimental “utopian” communities, based on communalism: all settlers working together for the good of the community.

•New Harmony, Indiana, established by English Socialist Robert Owen, was a model industrial town owned by the workers until it went bankrupt. •John Humphrey Noyes founded Oneida in upstate New York which believed in universal marriage; it was famous for making animal traps and quality metalwork. •The Shakers, longest lasting of the utopian societies, built communal farms based on the equality of women and men. They built high-quality, yet simple furniture, and were known for musical composition (notably, “Simple Gifts”). They followed a strict rule of celibacy, growing through adoption of orphans.

Utopian Societies

celibacy, growing through adoption of orphans.

Seneca Falls Convention:Meeting the women's rights movement, held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. The movement was led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, among others. The Convention drew up a “Declaration of Sentiments,” offering several demands, including the right to vote and own property.

~Declaration of Sentiments~

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a course. We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they were accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their duty to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of the women under this government, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to demand the equal station to which they are entitled. . .