APEH The “First” Industrial Revolution Timeframe = ca. 1700-1850
Jan 20, 2016
APEHThe “First” Industrial
RevolutionTimeframe = ca. 1700-1850
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
1. Aristocrats made $ through land ownership (rents); general disdain for work
1. The middle class—bourgeoisie—earned money through management & ownership of factories; valued hard work
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
2. Largely agrarian/agricultural society (religiosity of rural areas)
2. Move towards urban/industrial societies (secularism of urban areas despite Hannah More and Sunday school movement); ultimately flight from urban areas to suburbia
The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850
A New Industrial Town
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
3. Generally high quality of goods b/c of artisans → higher prices
3. Declining quality of goods to mass production (however, lower prices)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
4. Agrarian society and the lack of social mobility (static)
4. Industrial society = chance for social mobility; dynamic = could improve lot in life
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
5. Family relationships = lots of family time, even if working together
5. Family relationships = deteriorate as parents/children “go to work”; impact on women = paid less, doubly hard since more responsibility?; however, opportunity to earn $ and challenge stereotypes?
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
6. Time = more relaxed; at own pace; seasons and length of day tended to dictate length of time worked
6. Time = clock = regulated existence/rigid discipline (link to existence at school?)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
7. Cottage industries (putting out system)
7. Factory system =harsh conditions = Factory Acts that tried to eliminate worse abuses
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
8. Space 8. Overcrowded; cramped; miserable living conditions; unsanitary; poor hygiene; countered by work of Edwin Chadwick (Public Health Act of 1848)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
9. Child labor in farms 9. Child labor in factories (danger inherent in factories); child labor later regulated due to compulsory education laws ; Ten Hours Act (1847) → for children b/w 13-18 and women
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
10. Non-scientific farming (less food available; inefficient; 3 field system)
10. Scientific farming (+ farm journals) + enclosure movement = food surpluses = labor supply for factories
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
11. Classical or liberal education
11. Practical education (technical)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
12. Natural resource abundance
12. Natural resource depletion (for instance, wood in England); connection to imperialism (more resources and markets); Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of World Capitalism (1916)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
13. Less pollution 13. More pollution (smoke, river, noise, countryside altered with the introduction of railroads)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
14. Energy = wood, water, wind; human and animal labor
14. Energy = improved water mills; steam, coal, and iron
Watt steam engine
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
15. Sedentary lifestyle 15. Mobility; possibility of tourism (railroads = birth of tourism industry)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
16. Economic theory = mercantilism and small-scale capitalism
16. Economic theory = capitalism, utilitarianism, socialism (“utopian” and “scientific” / “Marxist” = mixed economies
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
17. Self-sufficiency 17. Interdependence (law of comparative advantage)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
18. Humans are creative workers (homo faber → “man the maker”)
18. Humans alienated from labor; become wage laborers = specialized laborers don’t see the fruit of their labor; scientific management; workers as “appendages” of the machines
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
19. Make necessities 19. Purchase necessities and luxuries (wants)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
20. Disorganized labor 20. Organized labor = trade unionism = tactics like the strike or even general strike; brutally suppressed at outset (e.g. Peterloo Massacre in 1819); repeal of Combination Acts by 1824
A Trade Union Membership Card
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
21. Job security fairly stable
21. Less job security (no social welfare!)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
22. Wooden ships and hulls
22. Steam ships with iron hulls (replaced in late 19th century by steel hulls)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
23. Largely human-made (with the aid of animals) goods
23. Machine made (mechanized = take job of humans = Luddites)
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
24. Open (3) field system; no selective breeding; scattering method
24. Enclosure movement; selective breeding; mechanical seed drill; iron plow; fertilizers; crop rotation; scientific farming spread by journals; creation of food surplus and excess labor pool to work in factories
25 reasons why the IR was revolutionary:
25. Communal focus in countryside
25. Increasing loneliness and isolation in the city
The Industrialization of Europe by 1850