The Delanys' father was a former slave who became a vice principal at a North Carolina college and the first elected black Episcopal bishop. Their mother.

The Delanys' father was a former slave who became a vice principal at a North Carolina college and the first elected black Episcopal bishop. Their mother helped run the college while rearing 10 children.

As young women, the Delany sisters moved to New York from North Carolina. Sadie Delany got a master's degree at Columbia University and became the first black domestic-science teacher in the New York public school system. Bessie, became a dentist and opened an office in Harlem.

Neither of the sisters married. They were life-long companions, living together first in the Bronx.

Sarah Louise “Sadie” Delany (19 September 1889 – 25 January 1999) was an American author, educator, and civil rights pioneer. In 1923, she became the first African American woman permitted to teach domestic science in the state of New York.

Annie Elizabeth “Bessie” Delany (3 September 1891 - 25 September 1995) was an American dentist and author who, after completing her studies at Columbia University in 1923, became the second African American female dentist licensed in the State of New York.

1. Sarah and Bessie lived to be well over 100 years old and had to deal with many hardships. How did these two women cope with hardship? To what do you attribute Sadie’s and Bessie’s positive attitude and accomplishments?

2. Each of the sisters developed their own way of coping with a racist society. Sadie “played dumb” and manipulated the system, while Bessie believed in confrontation, regardless of the cost. What manner do you believe was more effective “playing dumb” or being confrontational, and why?

3. What forces, events, experiences, great happenings in American history affected the lives of the Delany sisters? How did the educational philosophy of their parents shape their lives?

RECONSTRUCTION

After the Civil War ended in 1865, the South faced the challenge of building a new society that was not based on slavery.

The process of the federal government allowing the Confederate states back into the Union was called Reconstruction and rebuilding the South.

It called for the Confederate states to quickly form new governments.

It lasted from 1865-1877.

Andrew Johnson

When Lincoln was assassinated, Vice President Andrew Johnson became president. He was a Democrat.

Johnson believed that Reconstruction was the job of the president, not Congress.

He insisted that the new governments ratify the 13th Amendment which prohibited slavery. Each state had to do this in order to re-enter the Union.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Radical Reconstruction

Radicals in Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867.

Provisions:1. The South was put under military rule.2. The Southern states must hold new elections.3. All males could vote including African Americans.4. Temporary ban on supporters of the Confederacy

from voting.5. Southerners must guarantee equal rights to all

citizens.6. All states must ratify the 14th Amendment.

14th Amendment

Radical Republicans wanted equality to be protected by the Constitution.

This amendment stated that any citizen that was born in the U.S. had “Equal Protection Under the Law”.

This is the most widely used amendment in U.S. Supreme Court cases.

President Andrew Johnson refused to support it.

Moderates and radicals will join forces to oppose Johnson.

15th Amendment

After the victory with the 14th Amendment, Radical Republicans were worried that Southerners would try to keep African Americans from voting.

The 15th Amendment stated that citizens could not be denied the right to vote. It did not apply to women.

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Impeachment

The Impeachment was the result of a lengthy political battle, between the moderate Johnson and the "Radical Republican" movement that dominated Congress.

Both sides wanted control over Reconstruction.

The House's primary charge against Johnson was with violation of the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress the previous year. Specifically, he had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War.

Impeachment His trial concluded with Johnson's

acquittal, the final count falling one vote shy of the required tally for conviction.

Until the impeachment of Bill Clinton 131 years later, it was the only presidential impeachment in the history of the United States.

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Carpetbagger: Northerners who moved down South to take advantage after the war or try to seek political office.

Scalawag: white Southerners who supported Reconstruction.

QuestionsJim Crow1. Describe how Jim Crow laws operated in late

19th century Alabama.2. How were African Americans affected by Jim

Crow? How were whites?Plessy v. Ferguson1. Describe the case. How was the 14th

amendment involved?2. Explain the pro-segregation side of the court

decision.3. Explain the anti-segregation side.

• A Harper's Magazine political cartoon alleging Ku Klux Klan and White League opposition to Reconstruction

Southern Opposition

KU KLUX KLAN

African Americans faced many problems in the South including racism.

In 1866, a secret group called the Ku Klux Klan was formed in the South.

The Klan’s goals were to restore the Democratic control of the South and keep former slaves powerless.

Tactics of the Klan

The Klansmen rode on horseback and wore white robes with hoods.

They kept their identity a secret.

Often they would burn people’s homes and otherwise destroy their property.

In more severe cases they would carry out a lynching.

Lynching

Lynching: involves mob rule, the angry mob would seize a person, with no trial, no jury, they would carry out the sentence of death for a real or perceived crime.

Klan victims had very little protection and military authorities ignored the violence.

Grant Fights the Klan

In 1870 and 1871 the federal government passed the Force Acts, which were used to prosecute Klan crimes.

Prosecution of Klan crimes and enforcement of the Force Acts suppressed Klan activity.

Birth of a Nation The film

The Birth of a Nation was released, mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan.

This helped recruitment into the Klan in the 1920’s.

Sharecropping is a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land.

Croppers were assigned a plot of land to work, and in exchange owed the owner a share of the crop at the end of the season, usually one-half.

The owner provided the tools and farm animals.

40 Acres and a Mule

More than anything, freed people wanted to own land.

At the end of the war, General Sherman suggested that any land that was abandoned should be split up into 40 acre parcels and given to freed men.

A rumor spread that all freedmen would get 40 acres and a mule. Most African Americans never received land.

• The Freedmen’s Bureau had many purposes including starting schools, providing food and clothing, and providing fuel.

• Another service offered by the Bureau was to help reunite families.

• Many families advertised in the newspaper to find lost love ones.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Discrimination

At the turn of the century nine-tenths of African Americans lived in the South.

They faced discrimination in housing, employment, voting, as well as many other parts of life.

Racism and violence towards blacks spread throughout the North and South.

Jim Crow

Jim Crow Laws: these laws were set up to segregate society. The called for legal segregation of every part of life.

Examples:Restrooms, waiting areas, theaters,

water fountains, restaurants.

Jim Crow was named after a character in a minstrel show.

After the abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, all former slave states adopted new Black Codes.

During 1865 every southern state passed Black Codes that restricted the Freedmen, who were emancipated but not yet full citizens.

The term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, movements and activities of newly freed slaves.

Black Codes

YOU WILL NOW TAKE A TEST.

NUMBER YOUR PAPER 1-10.

THERE WILL BE NO TALKING OR YOU FAIL THE TEST.

You must get 8 out of 10 correct to pass.

1. What body can try the impeachment of the president?2. Which is the applicable definition of responsibility? a. Duty b. Speech c. Failure3. If a person charged with treason denies his guilt, how many persons must testify

against him before he can be convicted?4. At what time of day on January 20th every four years does the term of the President

end?5. If the President does not wish to sign a bill, how many days is he allowed to return it

to Congress for reconsideration?6. What does F.B.I stand for?7. Tribunals are_______________.8. Can the president be removed from office for conviction of bribery?9. What officer is designated by Congress to be the president of the Senate?10. In what year did the United States vote to prohibit the migration of persons to the states?

African American Voting Rights

After Reconstruction ended, Southern governments began to restrict the rights of African Americans.

One way to weaken African Americans political power was to restrict their voting rights.

Southerners passed laws that restricted voting rights with literacy tests.

Tests were unfair. They were very difficult, sometimes written in Latin.

Grandfather Clause

Often times poor whites could not pass the tests that were set up to keep blacks from voting.

The grandfather clause was created to solve this issue.

If a persons grandfather had the right to vote then they too had the right to vote without taking the test.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

The NAACP was founded by a group of 32 prominent African Americans led by W.E.B. Du Bois.

The group is devoted to providing lawyers and establishing legal rights for African Americans.

W.E.B. DuBois

W.E.B. DuBois was a historian and sociologist who conducted research on the black experience.

He was the first African American to receive a doctorate degree from Harvard.

He was considered the most influential black intellectual of his time.

He believed that African Americans should take action to improve their social condition.

Booker T. Washington

Booker T. Washington was born into slavery.

He was inspired by his education and went on to found the Tuskegee Institute.

He believed that African Americans should concentrate on education and learning a trade.

Once educated and financially stable they can focus on social equality.

Booker T. Washington was the first African American to be invited the White House by the president.

Plessy vs Ferguson

In 1892, Homer Plessy, an African American, sued the railroad company arguing that the segregated seating violated his 14th Amendment rights.

Plessy Takes His Case to the Supreme Court

In 1896, the case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. The court ruled against Plessy.

The court argued that separate but equal facilities did not violate the 14th Amendment.

With this the idea of “Separate but Equal” was born.

The Social Role of Women

Most men during this time period believed that women should remain outside of public life.

Women in the 1800’s enjoyed very few legal rights.

Women Could not…

Vote Sit on Juries Hold Public Office Drink in public Smoke in public Own and control property Control their own finances

Higher Education

Throughout the early 1800’s women had very limited opportunities for higher education.

In 1833, a Oberlin College in Ohio began admitting women.

Most of the women attending college during this time period were middle or upper class.

Property Rights

Men controlled all the land and earnings.

Single women enjoyed some freedoms such as managing their own property.

Single women were treated in some cases as outcasts because it was outside the social norm to not be married.

Women and Abolition

Women were some of the strongest abolitionists during the 1840’s through the end of the Civil War.

In 1840 an anti-slavery convention was held and women were not allowed to attend.

They were told to sit on the other side of a heavy curtain and must remain silent.

Abolition meets Women’s Rights

A prominent abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, was opposed to the treatment of women.

He went on the other side of the curtain and sat with them.

After the convention Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton agreed to hold a women’s rights convention.

GARRISON

Lucretia Mott who fought devotedly for women’s rights.

She was also a part of the abolition movement.

PROMINENT WOMEN

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an abolitionist and women’s rights activist.

SENECA FALLS CONVENTION

Mott and Stanton held the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

At the convention they declared that all men and women were created equal.

Frederick Douglass attended the convention in support of the women.

The women voted on several issues and they were all decided with a unanimous vote except for suffrage.

Douglass

Women’s Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions was read at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Declaration of Sentiments Declaration of Sentiments

Quotation

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

Document Included 18 charges

against men. Signed by 100 people,

including Fredrick Douglas

Suffrage

Suffrage: the right to vote.

Some women feared that the public would laugh at the idea of women having the right to vote.

The women’s rights movement was ridiculed by the press.

Women’s Suffrage Movements

Men opposing to equal rights

Here, men gather to promote the banning of equal rights amongst women.

Susan B. Anthony

Susan B. Anthony was a skilled organizer who worked the Temperance Movement and the anti-slavery movement.

The one cause that drove Anthony was to get the right to vote for women.

Susan B. Anthony Coin In 1979, a coin was issued to

honor Susan B. Anthony’s accomplishments.

The coin was very similar in size, shape, and weight to the quarter.

The average lifespan of a $1 bill is 18 months. The lifespan of a coin is 30 years. The governemnt thought this would save money.

A police officer arresting an innocent woman from promoting women’s suffrage.

Alice Paul

When one of the leaders, Alice Paul, embarked on a hunger strike, they tied her to achair, forced a tube down her throat and poured liquid into her until she vomited.She was tortured like this for weeks until word was smuggled out to the press.

IDA B. WELLS

She was an African American journalist, newspaper editor.

She documented lynching in the United States, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites.

She was active in the women's rights and the women's suffrage movement.

The women were innocent and defenseless, but when, in North America, women picketed in front of

the White House, carrying signs asking for the vote, they were jailed.

Women Promoting Convention

Women Promoting Equal Rights

Sojourner Truth

In May, she attended the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio where she delivered her famous speech later known as "Ain't I a Woman."

"Ain't I A Woman?" is the name given to a speech, delivered extemporaneously, by Sojourner Truth

Dat man ober dar say dat womin needs to be helped into carriages, and lifted ober ditches, and to hab de best place everywhar. Nobody eber helps me into carriages, or ober mud-puddles, or gibs me any best place!"

And raising herself to her full height, and her voice to a pitch like rolling thunder, she asked. 'And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! (and she bared her right arm to the shoulder, showing her tremendous muscular power). I have ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me!

And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man--when I could get it--and bear de lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen chilern, and seen 'em mos' all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?

A book was eventually written about Ms. Stanton and her powerful actions on gaining women’s rights.

Commerative Stamp

19th Amendment

The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote.

It passed in late 1919. Women were able to vote in the presidential election of 1920.

Warren G. Harding was elected president.

Women and the Workplace

Traditional jobs for women in the 1800’s included teaching and nursing.

Many women began to enter the workforce as secretaries, bookkeepers, and typists.

Women without a strong educational background flooded the garment industry.

Blue Laws

The laws were set up to guide moral behavior based on religious observances.

Examples:-No drinking on Sundays

-No dancing -No gambling -No smoking on Sundays

Temperance

The temperance movement was the movement to ban the drinking of alcohol.

The two main groups opposed the alcohol consumption were:

1. Women2. Factory owners

The Beginnings: The American Temperance Society was

formed in 1826 and benefited from a renewed interest in religion and morality. Within 12 years it claimed more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,500,000 members.

By 1839, 18 temperance journals were being published.

Simultaneously, many Protestant churches were beginning to promote temperance

Reasons why women wanted to ban alcohol:

1. Their husbands would come home drunk.

2. Their husbands spent their paycheck on booze.

3. Their husbands would cheat on them while drunk.

4. Their husbands would become abusive.

Reason why factory owners wanted to ban alcohol:

Workers were less productive when hung over.

Workers would be late or call off if sick after a night of drinking.

The number of accidents increased due to tired and hung over workers.

Carrie Nation was the head of the WCTU.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union.

This group campaigned for the enforcement of a ban on the sale of liquor.

CARRIE NATION

Nation was notorious for attacking saloons with a hatchet in hand.

She was 6ft tall and 175 pounds.

She claimed “divine ordination” drove her to commit these acts.

The Anti-Saloon League The Anti-Saloon League was the

leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century.

Founded as a state society in Oberlin, Ohio in 1893, its influence spread rapidly. In 1895 it became a national organization and quickly rose to become the most powerful prohibition lobby in America

What does the passing of the 18th Amendment have to do with WWI?

Amendment 18

Women gather around Congress to ban the consumption of alcohol.

This amendment prohibited the manufacture, transport, and sale of alcohol.

Pure Bliss for Women…

Women ride around in victory after the abolition of alcohol.

The Election of 1876

This election pitted Ohio Republican Governor Rutherford B. Hayes against Southern Democrat Samuel J. Tilden.

Tilden narrowly won the popular vote. In the electoral college he had 184

votes to Hayes 165. Tilden was one vote short in the

electoral college to have the majority.

The Dispute

20 electoral votes were being disputed. Tilden only needed one to win. Hayes needed all 20 to win.

Votes in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida were being disputed.

Widespread claims of voting fraud were spreading throughout the nation.

Republicans claimed that African Americans were denied their right to vote in those states.

Democrats said the Republican election officials threw out large numbers of Democrat ballots.

The Compromise of 1877

Congress could not resolve the issue. A special commission was appointed

to determine how each of the 20 votes should be handed out. Hayes was awarded the majority.

In order to get the House of Representatives to approve the decision a compromise was made.

The Compromise of 1877

In return for Hayes becoming president, Republicans agreed to withdraw remaining troops from the South.

Without the protection of the federal government, the last of the Republican held states collapsed.

Southern states will intensify their use of Jim Crow laws and the disenfranchisement of African Americans.

Southerners began to refer to the era after 1877 as the New South.