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T Y
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell
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D MONOGRA HS
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Is i lv e r V r- O P h . l us , ^ N y ^ » D e 9 t , * \ £ ^ * f
My ra
i no r ?
r i o d I I si l ve r ^ ^ 5 v oo W 0< v * * £ ~ £ ?
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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A B L S x i
D 1
S O F L YC I A IN G N E R . . . . 17
7b.c.
O FT H C IT I S 2 5
4-81b.c.
yanda,Candyba?,Cyaneae,
(trueLeagueandpseudo-
ls ( t r ueLeagueand pseudo -
r a, R hod iapo l is ,S i dyma ,T l os ,Tr e -
(pseudo-League ,P haselis
Olympus(pseudo-
- L ea gue
E S O F T H C I TI S 9 9
mid30sb.c.
ycanda,Cadyanda,Cyaneae,
, P h e l l u s ,P ina r a ,T l os , Tre -
R O F TH D I S T R IC T S Il l
uarterdrachms,mid40s-after
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ytus,butalsoCyaneae,Myra,
ssus-Cragus?,Tlos-Cragus
S O F T H D I S T R IC TS 1 8 5
dalsosestertiianddupondii,
ytus,butalsoCyaneae,Myra-
os,Tlos-Cragus,Xanthus-
LAC SOFTH LYCIANL AGU
Y MI N T 23 5
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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dualsfor theirhelpinthis study,
LycianLeaguecoinsintheir carebut
andrecordingcoinsofthe fourhoards
dispersedforever.Thefriendlyco-
sofreelyofferedinthe numismatic
tions.
ingcuratorsandstaff:Athens,Mando
lin,Hans-DietrichSchult ;Berne,Balas
fe;Boston,MaryB.Comstock;Brussels,
est,KatalinBiro-Sey;Cambridge,Fit -
lard;Copenhagen,OttoMerkholm;
chke;Dresden,P .Arnold;Glasgow,
.A.vanderVi n;Hannover,Margildis
dGropengiesser;JohnsHopkins,Carl
er-HugoMartin;Klagenfurt,Ingeborg
ukov;London,G.KennethJenkinsand
mannoArslan;Munich,HaraldKuthmann;
s l o , J anNordbe;O fo rd ,Ca the ri n e E . K in g
a r i s ,Geo rgesLeRi de r, M on i u e M a in-
ockholm,UllaWestermark;Strasbourg,
isabethNau;Turin,AnnaSerenaFava;
Vienna,HelmutJungwirthand Wolf-
c he s Museum ,P . C o l e st i n Ra p f (A b t e i z u
b( I n s t i tu t fu rAn t ikeNu mis ma tik ; Wi n t er-
d Ya l e , JohnP .Bu rn ha m. To the l i s t o f t h e se
beadded HansvonAulockwho,before
edcastsofand furtherinformation
smagnificentcollection.FredS.
ybutformerlyresidentinA thens,
arecordofthe Athensmaterial.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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avein manycasesnotonlysent
talsovolunteered,sometimesrepeatedly,
on,forwhichIammostgrateful.Michael
wardRobinsonhavealsokindlyprovided
in uiries.RichardAshtonhassupplied
1977Hoard.Inparticular,I shouldlike
, O fo rd ,Pa r i s , a nd Ber l i n f or t he i rk ind
kcasts attheircabinets.Andto my
r.,whopatientlyassistedmethrough
ndcastingduringthesevisits,my
nland,France,Germany,Greece,
ntryhavesharedwithme recordsoftheir
nsiderationsofsecurity haveledmany
shmustberespected,butit mustalsobe
se privatecollectionstothisstudy
haveprovideduni ueandsignificant
eague'scoinage:inP eriodI,thefinest
of i s sue1 ( l a ; i nP e r i o d I I, t he d r a c hm of
hP inaraandthedrachmof Cyaneae(55.1
riodIII,theonly knowndoubleunitof
V,thebest-preservedhemidrachmwithMA
furtherdie linkedwiththefollowingissue;
u p on d iu s184aand th e uni u eh a l f uni t
alityofmaterialcontributedbyprivate
nremarkablyhigh,andIamgrateful
e centraltotheunderstandingofthe
he Lycia1977Hoard,theyarethe
70 Hoard,andtheMarmaris1976
avebeenpublished.Forknowledge
I amindebtedtoq uiteafew
rs.Itis solelythroughtheirhelp,given
onandfromcompletelydisinterested
cordof theseimportanthoardshas
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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hJenkinsoftheBritishMuseum
blisheddataontheRhodianplintho-
gesteddatingofthe silverofP eriodII.
rican NumismaticSocietyhassuffered
aiveq uestionsaboutmattersRoman.
cellentresultsIthankthe Society's
e.Finally,thestudyinits presentform
eful readinggiventhemanuscript's
ofCopenhagen,andtheentire manu-
argaretThompson,NancyM.Wag-
ededitorMarieH.Martin.Thesefive
uablecontributionsandsuggestions,
seriousblunders.Anyerrorsoffact or
wever,Iclaimasmyown.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell
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hinon.
bul.
Museum.
Blackburn,England.
e de Be lg i ue .
u eum.
ge(ifpublishedinSNGLewis or
bi s h ed inMcClean o r S N GFi t ) .
desbank,FrankfurtamMain.
ewing,nowondepositatthe
iversity,Cambridge,
.
nt e n ,Penn ingenenG e s ne-
versitatHeidelberg.
Heller,Bristol,E ngland
M . J . P r i c e .
Bloomington,Indiana.
pkinsUniversity,
smatiche,CastelloSfor-
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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cSociety.
Toronto.
a l e.
vatecollections,in theUnitedStates,
ece,orSwit erland.
tet.
onaleetUniversitaire.
ndesmuseum.
aticana.
um;orBenedictinerAbtei
u b l ished inScho l t en .
hischesAkademiederWissenschaften.
AntikeNumismatikundVorislamische
rsitatWien.
wHaven,Connecticut.
edin thecataloguearelistedbelow.
here ifcitedmorethantwice.In general,
ebeditions.P tolemy'sGeographyiscited
d C .T.F is che r, vo l . 1 , p t. 2 ( a r i s , 190 1 .
gy.
MuseumNotes.
raay,CatatogueofCoins
hmoleanMuseum,pt.1,
ieMineureau point
i s , 1853 .Thesec ti o non Ly c ia ,
853, pp.85-98.
Uni ue.
, B e it r dgezu rd l t e r e nMi in -
CoinsfromtheCollection
n,Indiana:University
olumeisG.F.Hill,
ycia,P amphylia,and
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell
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of t h eRomanE m pi r e i n th e B r i t ish
.
theRomanRepubticin the
1910 .
RomanAsiaMinor, inAnE conomic
d.T. Frank(Baltimore,
i demonna i e s g r ec ues ( a r i s
Chronotogiemittet-hettenistischer
A M UGS5(Ber l i n, 19 72 .
heCistophoriofAugustus(London,
o g y.
Society,CoinHoards,1-4(London,
R o b inson , Co in s f rom Lyci aand P a mp hy l i a,
anRepubticanCoinage(Cambridge,
uedetaCreteancienne
E .Levy, Tre so rhel l e n is t i u e t r ouve
96 5 , pp .503 -66.
umentsdeI'AsieMineuremiridionate
de n u misma t i ue g r e c u e ( a r i s , 1 95 1 .
ofD iscoveriesinLycia(London,
mtoAuctoritas(Cambridge,1946 .
c i or u mCommuni ( a r i s , 1898 .
de r a t S t at e s (O f o r d , 196 8 .
M i i n p rdgungd e s Go rdi a n I I Iun d
u b i ngen ,1974 .
ca.Recueitd'ipigraphie,denu-
g re c u e s ( a r is , 1 94 6 - .
i s to r i aNumorum,1s t ed . (O fo rd ,18 87 ,
.
eofGreekCoinsintheHunterian
1 .
lmandC.M.Kraay,eds.,An
NewYork,1973 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell
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Romanaspertinentes,vol.3,
e pr i n t ed .,Ch i cago , 19 75 .
r, Zur griechischenundr6mischen
r o v inc i a lmun en , S NR1 3
d Ge neva (1908 , pp .21 -26 .
nt.
R Suppt.13(Munich,1973 ,
R.Jameson:Monnaiesgrec ues
93 .
dGetdgeschichte.
eE asternRomanP rovinces,
. O fo rd ,1937 .
KteinasiatischeMiin en,vol.2(Vien-
E rwerbungenan t i k er M i i n en in d e nJahren
HamburgerKunstsamm-
0 .
Moneta ionediAugustoV. Z ecche
1916,pp.283-98.
Robinson,CatatogueofAncientGreekCoins
mpson(London,1923 .
detacottectionde Luynes,vol.3
l e s e tmonnai e sd e Ly c ie , H e t t en i ca1 0
i n As i aMino r ( r i ncet o n , 19 50 .
No/ i i a /i a r i i E vXXo yr Ar / i r x q lov I I .
o u r na t i n t e rna t i ona t d ' ar c h io to g i e nu-
1 7 7- 268 .
oftheMcCteanCottectionof
1929 .
eekCoins,MuseumofFine
n th e O fo rdC ol l ec t ion s , NC1 940,
to n demida i t t es an t i ue s , g r ec u e s e t
Miscellanea, NC1903,pp.400-402.
nnaiesgrec ues(Amsterdamand
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eleghegreche,P roblemiericerche
.
heClassificationofLycianCoinsbefore
G 1 964,pp .65 -76 .
holmandJ.Z ahle, TheCoinageofKuprlli,
,pp.57-113.
u e s in d i t e s s ur d e s t t r a -
aNumismatica,ed.G.F.
d Toronto,1906 ,
d el l emedag l i e an ti c heg rech e de l
ence,1828 .
electae,ed.W.D itten-
Ancient World(Liverpool
alencyctopddiederclassischen
rt,1894-1963 .
ailles,voi.2( aris,1763 .
c he M un kunde . IV.Lyci a ,
eetd'histoireancien-
o n nai e she l l n i s t i ue s . I . U ne mon nai ed e
R N1977,pp .7 -3 4.
icaescien eaffini.
d'istru ioneclassica.
anImperialCoinsintheHunter
, 19 6 2 .
n sammlungd e s S ti f l e sScho l t en in Wi e n ,
1 9 20 .
a p h i cumGraecum.
MainAcsCoinagesofAugustus
korfor SNGCopforcoins
Graecorum.TheBurtonY.Berry
62 .
raecorum.TheRoyalCollectionof
ionalMuseum.Lycia-
5 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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mGraecorum.TheNeivnhamDavis
ClassicalandE astern
g e, A be rdeen (Lon do n , 19 36 .
mGraecorum.Fit williamMuseum.
t.7,Lycia-Cappadocia
mGraecorum.TheLewisCollectionin
dge,pt.1,TheGreekand
.
mGraecorum.TheLockettCollection,
n,1949 .
umGraecorumDeutschland.Sammlung
n,1964 .Thefewcoins
chtrage4(Berlin,1968 .
matischeRundschau(RevueSuissede
nageoftheRomanRepublic
herland, TheSymbolismoftheE arlyAes
N1965,pp.94-109.
ed.E .Kalinka(Vienna:
920—44 .
nnaiesgrec uesetromaines
erLykier(Stuttgart,1887 .
hernShore(London,NewYork,
M i n eu re ,2nded . ( a r i s , 196 2 .
nlairedelacollectionWaddington( aris,
alcherdeMolthein,Catatoguedelacollection
. Wa lche rdeMo l the i n ( a r i s
ayonGreekFederalCoinage(Lon-
ollection:GreekCoins,vol.3,pt. 2
ma t i k .
n cl u deF L(F i ed P r i ceL i s t .
r t s , Minneapo l i s,M in neso t a .
,St.P etersburg,Florida.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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Basel.
Munich.
mMain.
o i ns andAn t i u i t i es , L td . ( s ucce s sor s t o D . J .
na .
omischeundby antinische
London.
kfurtamMain.
Numismatists,Ltd.,NewYork.
ich.
delphia,P ennsylvania.
mMain.
rf.
k ab ine t t ,Cologn e.
tuttgart.
Salem,N.Y.
c h er Nach f .,Mun i ch.
M i i n enundMed a i l l enA . G . , Base l .
herlandsCoinCo.andB.A.Seaby,New
ismaticFineArts,BeverlyHills,California.
m M ai n .
o.,Halle.
urtamMain.
dam.
n.
nCo.,BeverlyHills,California.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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T A BL S
D rachmsandP linthophoric
o f Lyc ianP e r io d I I (Si l ve r o f t he
er o f t heC i t i es Se r i es 1 - 3 . . . . 34
er o f t heC i t i es S e r i es1 -3b yRegi on 35
o p ho r i cDrachmGr oup E an do f
heC i t i es Se r i es 285
er o f theC i t i es S e r i es 3and o f P e r io d
es1-696
rachmsby Series118
s t r i ctS i l ve rDen omina t i ons . . . . 119
drachmSeries6and Augustus-Head
iioftheSecondHalf oftheFirst
HemidrachmSeries1-6...122
s 3 2
criptionalE videnceforCities
,P eriodsII-V39
a nd f o rRhodianP l in th op hor i c D rach m
iodIII106
es 1 64
84
r o n es187
2 2 4
ypesandObverseLinks.. .249
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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D
atdealofscholarlyattentionhasbeen
e,andthroughit theinternalhistory,
e ander.1Thiswasinevitable.P re-
plesofAsia, theLyciansseemalways
f nationalunity,whichkeptthemfree
lativelyfreefromforeigndomination
calperiods.E venundertheP ersian
ouldnotresist,the Lyciansretainedsome
astscoinedin theirownnamesthrough-
rthcenturies.D uringthistime,al-
heGreekandAchaemenidworlds,a
urishedinLycia, whosearchitecture,
mirationtoday.
rthefall ofthelastdynast,ca.
vestruckvirtuallynocoins.2Butin the
cesspeakof aformalLycianLeagueof
yHelleni ed,andwhichstrucka large
verand inbron e.Mostofthiscoinage
tire two-centuryspanfrom167b.c,
sbeenanaly ingwithconsiderablesuccessthe
sical times.SeeMorkholmandMerkholm-Zahle,
olm, TheCoinHoardfromP odalia, JVC1971,
Z ahle, TheCoinagesoftheLycianD ynasts
, Ac t aArchaeo tog i c a 47 (19 76 , pp .4 7 - 90 .
od wasminimal.D r.Merkholmtellsmehesuspectsthat
mporarywiththe dynasts'mayhavecontinuedfor
w;A.D .H.Bivarhassuggestedthatcertain small
tionswerestruckin LyciaunderP ersianruleinthe later
f C y rus theYounge r, N C 19 6 1, pp . 12 4 -27 ; an dso me
eaguecitiesmay possiblyantedatetheLeaguecoinage
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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iandominion,toa.d.43,whenshe
absorbedinto theRomanE mpire.
e uentlycitedasevidenceforthe mem-
League,theyhavereceivedremarkably
nlittle studied,presumablybecause
ek,and theirgovernmentwasnot
Greekpoliticaldevelopment.3Yetthe
eni edbythetime theLeaguesprang
weunderstandthemseemthoroughly
catedfederation,atthe endofthe
ies controlledthreevoteseachinthe
ordingtosi e,controlledtwoorone.
gue'sinstitutionsisnot, andcannotbe,
coinagecan,however,tellussomethingof
hipatdifferentperiods,andattimes
withherneighbors— andamongthese
ed Rome.
onhasbeenpaidtothe LycianLea-
arlyinthis centurye aminedcertain
Claudius,5but thelastworktosurvey
sa wholeappearedoverhalfacentury
htheLycianLeagueand itshistoryareTreuberand
dchieflywithLycianhistory,with whichitdeals
ncentratesontheLeagueand itsinstitutions.E .A.
uebrieflyinhis HistoryofFederalGovernmentin
nand NewYork,1893 .Renewedattentionhasbeen
odecadesbyMoretti,by J.A.O.Larson,GFS and
amesoninarevisedarticle onLyciainR Suppl.13.
onvenientsummaryofLycian geographyandhis-
fsources(ancient andmodernliterary,inscriptions,
citieswhichstruckunderGordian.Andof course
scussedinMagieandin Jones.
i s a lone in r ecog n i i n g t hat t h e l a rg es t Lyc i anL e a gue
d,aresestertii.Claudius'sLycianstrikingsare nottrue
rAY; theyweremostprobablystruckimmediately
s e e Appendi 3 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ndHistoria Numorum,whichareinevitably
ccurateaswellase tremelyimprecise
nominationsinuse,nouseful treat-
agee ists.
orconsistschieflyoftwolargemoun-
ciaTracheia,separatedby theP am-
hichis Lycia.NortheastofLycialies
ned,shiftingseveraltimesduringanti-
d i a andP hrygi a ; t o th e wes t , againac r o ssa
outhwest,somefiftymiles away,the
t el y 8 0mi l esea s t t o we st , an d4 0 nor t h to
0s uaremiles.Amountainousland,
t u n derand j u s t ov er1 0 , 000 fe e t— a nd th is
Thereare fewplains:oneinthe north
epartin Lycianaffairseitherinclassi-
eague;one aroundTelmessusinthe
eXanthusRiver,theheartlandofLycia;
utherncoast.
workofroadsunderthe RomanE mpire,
r e me lyd i f fi cu l t:A l e a nde r a vo i d e d t he
marchingacrossthelevelcountryin
mes,onlyveryrecentlyhasaroad
hecoast.Internalcommunications
y b yseao rby the r i ver swh ich f lo w to th e
mportant,westto east,werethe
dus,andtheLimyrus.
oftheLycianLeagueli ewithineasy
serivers.Telmessus,a ma orcity,is
rncoast.P atara,Lycia'schiefport,
oins(London,1907 ,pp.151-68,precededonlyby
e r, Be l t ragez u rMQn k un de Lyc i en s, pp .9 3 -1 22 ,
n de r, Be it rOgezu ra l t e r e nMOn k un de (Be r l in , 18 51 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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esoutherncoast,nearthemouthof the
at riverisXanthus,Lycia'slargest
heriver'stributariestothe northlie
yanda.Withinanareanomorethan 10
southerncoastareCandyba,P hellus,
Trebendae,andMyra.Slightlytotheeast
gae,aroundasmallcoastalplain; up
sthroughthisplain,is Arycanda.And
ehighSolymaMountainsfromthe rest
aselis.
populationinancienttimesas
high.3Twohundredthousandwould
anthecurrent population,butthisis
otesthatin manyinstancesAsianareas
dancientpopulationsgreaterthantheir
,however,whateveritsabsolutesi e,
munities.P linystatesthatwhileLycia
eitcontainedbut 36.9Strabo,speaking
sharedthe voteinthefederalassem-
sareknownfrominscriptions,andthese
te.Andwhat,in anycase,isthedefi-
me orvillage?Itis clearthatspec-
cities isidle.Wecanbe sureonly
atteredin manysmallcommunities
havebeentheLycians'chiefsources
yimportantproduct,but ancient
fish,sponges,cattle,andgoats— butno
a l t hatwou lde p l a i n t he r a th er s u r p r i si ng
altimes,orinthe periodoftheLycian
hisstudyhasbeen thatthesurviving
mpleindeedoftheoriginal output.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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p l o r er s i nLyc i a i nc lu ded th e E ng l i sh men
amLeake,SirCharlesFellows,Sir
aterinthecentury threeAustrian
wrotevaluableaccountsofthetopo-
ions:0.BenndorfandG.Niemann,
c h an , andR .Hebe rde yand E .Ka l in ka .u
wn.Archaeologicale cavations
ldWar,12and thearearemainsoneof
ninAsiaMinor.E speciallynowthat
rchaeologicalandnumismaticinterest
ears.
esettledbyGreeksin heroicand
emainfreeof Greekcoloni ation.13
eeknamesdoes notcontradictthis
knownthatthesewerenot thecities'
ample,wascalledArnainthe Lycian
meoftheL ycianswasadoptedonly
o wi n gAle ander ' s co n ue s t , as i n t he i ro w n
rmilai.P haselisontheeasterncoast
Reisenimsi1diue.ittichenKleinasien1: Reisenin
8 4 ;E .P e t e r son a ndF.v on Lu s c han , Re i sen im s i 1 d -
nLykien,Mityas,undKibyratis(Vienna,1889 ;
erichtUberz weiReisenimsUdivesttichenKleinasien,
en45(Vienna,1896 .Fortheseandothertravelers'
ntheworkscited inn.3.Recentworksdealing
atsonlyLycia'seasterncoast;andBean'sposthu-
donandNewYork,1978 ,asplendidsurveywhich
onofthepresent study.
inXanthus,J.Borchhardtin MyraandLimyra,C.
S.BulucinP atara.M.Mellink'se cavationsinthe
timesand arebeyondtheareaofthe Lycian
orydowntothearrivalof AntiochusIIIcontains
nerallyaccepted.Fullertreatmentandspecific
can befoundinTreuber,Magic,andJones.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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n,butinearlytimes thiscoast,separated
maMountains,wasnotLycianbutP am-
mesflourishedintheXanthusValley
limits,asshownbythec haracteristic
owertombsandby inscriptionsinthe
thewesterncoast oftheGulfof Tel-
north,andRhodiapolistotheeast,
ortheastofArycandaandRhodiapolis,
ocaldynasts,whomthecoinsshowto
fcities,governedLyciaat thistime.
certaintimes asleadersofthewhole
ngP ericles,whointhefirst halfofthe
yciae cepttheeastcoast.But the
eeofautonomy,sincein thefourth
thenamesofseveralofthe larger
norstayedfreeofCroesus'sdominion
desperatebut unsuccessfulresistanceof
Ly c i apas sed in to th e P e r s i anE m pi re , bu t
ortheLycianprincescoined intheir
oinherwesternneighborsinthe Ionian
shewasatleastbrieflya memberof
b u t e l is t s fo r446b .c . a s s es s th eAv i o i
te n t al e nt s .
dabove,j oinedintheRevoltofthe
62 b.c.,Lyciawasplacedunderthe
osehousecontinuedto controlLycia
dynastswouldseemtohavedisappeared
citieswithwhich Ale anderdealt,and
him.
afelltoAntigonus.The P tolemies,
ervariousvicissitudes,theareacame
the 270sandremainedE gyptian
tury.P apyrishowthattheLycian
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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a r i e t yof spec i fi c t a e s , an d a wel l -
usgivesavividpictureof P tolemaic
ntof240b.c.recordsseveralactsof one
p e r hapsanephewo fP t o l e my I I I u po n
mtheE gyptianking.P tolemysonof
ufferingfromthewars —i.e. theSyrian
ertaincropsandpasturage,andregu-
d u e onava ri e tyo fg ra i n s , i n o rd e r t o
t h e t a f a rmer s . Th e Eg yp t i an s no n e the l es s
onomically;andthelargenumberofL y-
tolemaicarmiesalsoatteststheim-
heperiodof E gyptiancontrol.
entury undertheineffective
7b.c.AntiochusIII ofSyriatookpossession
ythathetookLimyra,Andriace
thus,andprobablyTelmessus,butthesources
ofthewholecountry.18
tof Agatharchidesmaybelong,
theArycandians,neighborsofthe
lvedindebtbecauseoftheirprofligacy
useofidlenessandfondnessforpleasure
turned theirhopestoMithradates,
dedbythe abolitionoftheirdebts. 17
desiscorrect,thefragmentcannotrefer
ofP ontus,forAgatharchideswrotein
thereferencetothecancellationof
datesdid enactj ustsuchapolicy.
oundlikewhatweknowotherwiseof
es.
dividualcities,but Antiochus'spossessionofP atarais
where.Specificcities aregiveninJerome,Comm.
s f r ag .46 inF. J a cob y,D ieF r a g men ted e rg r ie c h i sc hen
1 9 29 ,p .1224 ; t h i s a ndJ ero meo nDan ie l 11 .1 7 - 19
Livy,implythatAntiochuswoncontrolover allLycia.
KalinkainTAM,pp. 288-89,andMagie,pp.1384-85,
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ntreferstothetime ofAntiochusIII.
southerncoastofAsia Minor,winning
romSyriato Sardesundertwogenerals.
hradates,itistohim thatthefragment
btsin thiscasemightwellrefer to
a p p ear sa f e inany cas e to d i s r ega r d t he
travagance ,althoughitis perhapsdoubt-
tedate wereabletocollecttheir revenues
thatAntiochus'sarmypassedvery near
otbe suretowhichruler,Antiochus III
efers,for itwouldbevaluabletoknow
ratedintoLycia,andwhatthelocal
weasilyAntiochusoccupiedLycia.
racesiumresistedhimandthatthe
helibertyof severalCariancities.Hethen
h itishardlyworthwhile torecordin
eworld. 18Aninscriptionrecords
ustoLeto,Apollo,and Artemis.19This
Xanthuswasabletoarrangesomesort
ng,butit mayhavebeenakindof
icationthatLycia's relationshipto
han sub ection.
emstoshowthatthe Lycianswere
nin 190ami edRomanandRhodian
P atarawithitsimportantharbor,
ng t h e t roopso f th ek ing wh o mthey h a dasag a rr i so n,
he battlewenton, largernumbers
... thewholepopulationwaspouring
d L ivysays t h e Ly c ia ns , no t t heSyr i an
ivenbackintothe city;theRomans,how-
ledoff.ALycian contingentoflight-
chus'sarmy atMagnesia.21
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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isalsoimpliedbythe reportthat
ia atApamea,didnotpleadduress,as
ctedweresuchapleapossible.Theymerely
ofthekinshipbetweenIlium andLycia,
e v a .22P o lyb iu s r e por t s t h a t t he I l i a n sw ere
eonlypunishmentRomeinflictedon
s,whohadtakenthewinningsidein the
awardedCariasouth oftheMaeander
e s su s ,wh ichwas g i ven to E um e ne s .2 8
ling, andRhodesapparentlyhadto
y.TheLyciansrevoltedrepeatedly,and
threewars theyhadtowagethere.
77procuredanattemptedcompromise:
tshehad neverintendedtheLycians
s,butallies. Thispleasedneitherside.At
keofattemptingto mediateinthe
heensuing negotiations,andin167
odesofhermainlandterritoriesand
diusformallyincorporatedthem
yciansretainedtheirfreedom,which,
ominalastimewenton.Tothisperiod
coinageoftheLycianLeaguehas
owerlimitmuststill hold,butthe
mewhat,aswillbeseen.
ciousnessandunityisevidentthrough-
ofsomesortis oftenassumedinclassi-
e Av io ix a l c fv v r e X el ^ ] e n t ry in the
y37.56and 38.39.
5,and30.31;Livy41.6,41.25,42.14,and44.15.Livy
that itisnot worthrelating''theLycians'struggles
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eof thecommonreversetype,the
sts'coins.25Mutualcooperationamong
tentthiswasvoluntaryratherthan
ot known.Inanycase,anyearlyLeague
ot ofcities;andit wouldhavecome
henthecountrywasmadesub ectto
,especiallyinnumismaticcircles,
wasbasednotonlyon theobviousfact
utalsoonthe BMC'sdatingofthe
CdatedtheLeague'ssilvercoinsto
liticalconsiderations,butalsobecause
arlyimitatedtheRhodianplinthophoric
MCwaswritten,theRhodianplintho-
after167.2 ButHillalso,unfortunately,
ue commencedonlyuponthewith-
eadinHistoria Numorumhasfollowed
bothof thecoinageandoftheL eague
uehaslongbeensuspectedby its
r,q uitepossiblyinthelate third
ofanearlierdatefor theRhodianplintho-
ting.TheRhodiancoinswillbe dis-
he evidenceforalatethird-century
uggestedthattheLeague'sorigin
probablyin itsclosingyearswhen
12-13.
e168,orat times166,insteadof167,but 167b.c.
ate.ThattheLyciansilvercoins imitatedthe
isstatednotin BMCLyciabutinBMCCaria,p.cvi;
r t i s t he r eda t ed to ca . 16 7 ( pp. c i an d2 52 .P e rhaps
pecificallyinBMCLycia,Larsenseemsunawareofthis
ciandrachms,regardingtheacceptedterminuspost
rary( RepresentationandD emocracyinHellenistic
4 5, p p .72 f . .
s te a d o f167b . c , b u t s ee ab ov e,n .2 6 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ning, 9butJ.A. O.Larsenfirstpresented
istencebefore167b.c.Henotedin
bedatedbetween188and181, isa
l cov, and tha t i n t he1 80s b . c . t he r ew e re
hleticvictorsidentifiedbya formof
s t a te s :Av iogdn o r dy mv,Av i os i b i d
dgwv.Larsenalsobelievedthatthe
oinstoafter 167wasarbitrary.30
earlierLeague,organi edandeffective,
48G.E .Beanpublishedalong
northernend oftheXanthusBiver.31The
agorasof Ara a,whohadalong and
oagetes,tyrantof Bubon,j ustnorthof
a'sterritory.Orthagorasfirstcommanded
heBubonians,andwentasAra a's
Cibyra,towhichBubonwasevidently
whichiswhatinterestsus here,wentto
orderto seekitsaid.In thishewas
ntlyregardingthedisputeasa mere
id appointOrthagorasasitsown
homsomesettlementwaseventually
rantssei edXanthus,killedmanyof
v es u pasdespot s . Th i s t im e , i t sm a or c i t y
dmilitarily,withOrthagorascommand-
etyrantswere,aftersomedifficulties,
wasinvolvedina war,whoseoutcomeis
ndTermessus,mostprobablyTermessus
dAra aina territorialdisputewithan
tsweremadetothefederalgovernment,
ort,andweresettledpeaceablybythat
dmissiontotheLeagueof asmall
g er e s , pp.15 f .
e e a bove ,n .26 .
omLycla, JHS1948,pp.46-56.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ervedasenvoyto thefirsttwoofthe
d b y theLyci ans i nh on o r o f ' d / M t 6 e a
thedateofthis highlyinteresting
nspointtoca. 180b.c.,whichnowseems
nforthedatingis theuseofpraenomina
ates:thisusage,characteristicoftheearly
Another reasonistheestablishment
e a i n t
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hc he t ends thewo rk on th is su b ec t by
partofMoretti'slucidworkon theGreek
hnics. ThesimpleAv iog,used
romthemid-fourthto themid-third
i ogand, e . g . I J ardg w , i s f ou nd f ir s t
t ur y ( s eebelow , wh i l e mo s t e am p l es
condcentury.Thesimplemunicipal
earsinthefirst halfofthesecondcentu-
deralethnicbythetimethe predominant
he easthadmademembershipinthe
ss.Morettiobservesthatitisnot without
ampleofthefederalethnicbelongsto
these ethnicsforthestartof the
este ampleofthefederalethnicfound
us,datedto spring206-spring205:
toanumberof foreigners,amongthem
o vo g Av ioga ndSdvdo v. *
preceding167b.c.that thefollowing
ned.TheysurelyantedatetheL eague's
everthee actdateofthe silver's
mablyearlierthanthe Rhodianplintho-
mitated.As willbeseenbelow,the
havecommencedsomeyearsbefore
dhereasa convenientandhistorically
m f o r theLyc ianL e a gu e ' s b r on e s o f
0 ; t he Mi l e tusdec ree i s Mi l e t I I I ,D as D e l phi n i on (Be r l i n, 1 915 ,
t ti , p . 215 ,n .36 .P e r hapsb e c au se o f th e h i gh i nt e r es t
sclear evidenceofMoretti'sfortheLeague'-e is-
enignoredbyJones andLarsenintheirsubse uent
restillincontrolin 206-205b.cisshownbyTAM 263,
anruleinLycia:the inscriptionrecordsthededication
ofP tolemyV,whoaccededlatein 205(orperhaps
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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le anderLycianLeagueandits
c a . 200b . c . -a . d . 43. App ro i ma tel y1 ,825
ndare catalogued.Coinsareconsidered
g s i nc ludee i t he r1 AY KI QN, o r AY,
o rMA, theabb r e vi a t i on so f t h e L eagu e ' s
firstcentury,CragusandMasicytus;
seudo-LeaguestrikingsofOlympusand
O AZHAIrep l ac ingAYKIQN , a rea l s o i n-
nortwentyLycian citiesstruckLeague
utonomousissuesduringthesecondand
mousissuesarenot treatedhere.
mint isusedinthe senseofthe
ythelocationatwhich acoinwas
e r i od ha sbe en used to deno t e the f ive
scoinage,alternatelybron eandsilver.
ablechronologicaloverlapbetween
V, a n d IVandV.
tbetweenthebron eandsilverissues.
oinages,haveseriesdenotedbyArabic
d i n t he s i l ve r i ssue so fA p pe nd i 3 , ob ver se
reindicatedby lowercaseRoman
othe rightindicatereversedieidentities.
ed.
n eco inages ,h a vese r i e sde no t ed by
C .The reand i n t heb ro n e i s s ue s
umbered,andGreekminuscules(a,p,y
dfor illustration.
becausevirtuallyallareff,withthe
onlye ceptionstothisrule areissues
4,in whichasignificantnumberof
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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G N R
eriodI,diesare notnumbered.The
reepairsof dies,andthediesof issues3
certainty.Relativediea esofthefew
kethoseofallLycian Leagueissues,
/orf \.InissueH, however,com-
hichasignificantnumberofa esare
Greekminuscules(a, p,y merely
coinsontheplatesand tofacilitate
N e i t he r t he se l et t e r s nor t h e s e u en c e of
ulardies,andonlya representative
trated.
ellerophon,facing.
n e e rgue,N (p r e se rv edo n l y on l a .
.,bowandq uiver.
oosstandingfacing,holdingbranch
rved inoutstretchedr.
d.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ing;to r.,cithara.
sfacing;to l.,bowandq uiver.
bv.dies,av.wt.3.53
s 2 . 86= Rh odes , p . 31 , f i g. 4= BMC
Re cent e sac u i s i t io nsd uCab in e tdes
, 2 2; O fo rd3 . 62 , pu rc ha s e da tK es t ep
o i ns Lyc i a , pp .37 a nd 4 1-4 2 , 3 4.
K e s t ep= Co in s Lyc i a , p p . 3 7
38 , 4 ;p \Pa r i s1 .4 1= Wad din g t on
g;to r.,cithara(presentonmany
er.
26 = Wadd ing t on3 009 ;y.O fo rd
inara,1.04;Copenhagen1.23=
d o n 1 .69= BMCp .3 8,1 ;New Yor k
Waddington3008,0.61;Vienna1.11,
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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eagueissuesinbearingonly thesimple
furthercityor districtidentification.
s s ue 1canno t, pe rh aps f o r t una t e ly,b e e ua -
tspositionand thefactthatit isamono-
ouldindicate areferencetoanin-
hateverthatindividual'srelationship
alsoalone amongLeagueissuesinbearing
ntcoinageofthearea,theRhodian,down
o b in son longago i n1 914 re c og ni e d t h a t
andthat theywereamongtheearliest
mesi eandweight(averageweights
ppeartobenot contemporarybutsucces-
ethelater,withits inanimatereverse
s i mp le r i ne ecu t io n t h a n t he f a c in gh ead
crossedbowand q uiveroflatersmall
ownspecimensofissue 1is3.53;
5.Theseagreetolerablywell witha
ctively,oftheweightof thesmallest
ues3and4;and issues1and2 maythen
anotherofthesesmallerissues.Issue3
1and2,bears twoanimatetypes,and
pleheadratherthanabust, anda
arsonissue4. Accordingly,issues1-3
theLycianLeague'sfirstperiod ofcoin-
gSeriesB.
nnectionswiththe XanthusValley,
mablyof theLeague,andthisis
coinage,possiblymintedin oneor
n c i t ie so fXan thus a nd Pa t a r a . And, o l -
-2 .
o d I I I and theha lfu n i t so fSer i e s AofP e r i odV.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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bablythe areaofLyciamosttravelled
uringthe lasttwocenturiesandthus
morecoinprovenancesthanother areas,it
nprovenancesofP eriodIcoinsare in
se ofcertainsmallbron esofP ata-
ier orlaterthanthe Leaguecoinsisnot
e2is poorlypreserved,itsreverse
elythatfound onLyciancoinsthrough-
l ater:Apollo(sometimesradiate ,
,cladina longgown,holdingabranch
h i s e t ended r i gh thand a ndab ow(an dso me-
weredlefthand.This mostprobablyisthe
esofvariouscitiesin themid-first
doubtthatshownonthelate first-
c t s o fCragusandMas i c ytu s , 8 o nb o t h t he
from,probably,a.d.43,40andon theIm-
fromthemid-thirdcenturya.d.41Thebase
coins showthatastatuewasportrayed,
ns,sometimesshowninhistemple,is
Butin anycasetheconsistenticono-
nfourcenturies,demandsaspe-
erenownedApolloP atroosatP atara,
G o r di anwh ichma ke e t en s ive a nd v i rt ua l ly
A p o l lo' s cu l t ando rac l e a tPa t a r a wer e wid e ly
nditis strangethattheApolloonGor-
r o n eco in so fPe r io d I I I ( 63aand 71 a .
eco ino lSe ri e sFo fP e r i o dV (2 22 8 . S e r i es E a l so s ho w s
c h mfromAppend i 3 ' so bve r s e d i eC2 .4 ; and E ,ab ro n e
.
B M CMyra14 -17 a nd1 9 ( th e l a t te r a h om on o iaco in
P a t e r a ; and Gordi an 193 -22 1 , 230 - 31 , an d 25 3 ( a l l
a t a r a , and29 7 -98 (R hod i apo l i s , t he o n l yo the r two c o in s i n
hisreversetype .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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y,beenidentifiedasthe actualApollo
rlier coins,underClaudiusandunderthe
mage.
nLeague'srecords werekeptat
erehasbeen suggestedastheactual
mtoconfirmthis. Thecoins'Apollois
eepithetunderwhichhe wasknowntothe
merousinscriptionsof theLeaguerefer
stwasaLeagueofficial,andwhosecult
P atara.43
onofthechimera,bodytense,head
shedfromCorinth,arrivedat Lycia
hefirsttaskassignedhimbythe king
mythicalcreature,partlion,partgoat,
forthterriblefire.44 Inlatertimesthe
d i d en t i f i edwi thab u r ni ng j e to fna t ur a l ga s
ympusonthe easterncoast;thisweak
eidentificationofthemonsterwiththe
eenmadeinthethird centuryb.c.,4
alonewerenamedChimera,onesuspects
e earthalsoinotherplaces inthis
a k es .
thicalcreatureandnota gasflame,
that themythisconnected.Strabo
A p ol loP a t roos , s eeR I I , c o l . 6 3 ( We rn i ck e .G .F. H i l l
fClaudius'scoins withthefiguresshownonthe Masi-
lsof Gordian,butmadenosuggestionasto thepro-
C 1 903,p .402 .E ven von A u l ock in h is r e cen tG or d i a n
oins'Apollo.
'srecordsatP atara,seethecommentaryonthatcity
n1 0 6 .OnApol lo P a t ro dsan dh i s c u l t, s eeTAM 4 20=
R 7 39 , IIB ,XI I IC , an dXVI I .
C h i ma i r a2 (Ruge .S t r abo speakso f t he l oca li t yc a l led
P linymentionsoneonthesoutherncoast (NH5.131
,andsaysthatthe latterisoneof twonearbyplaces
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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hatthesceneofthe mythwasthe
8
o d I were s truck ,Lyc i ahad beco meq u i t e
echimeraofthe coinsmaywellbeunder-
theGreekBellerophon,grandfatherof
cusandSarpedon.Furthermore,the
emayrepresentBellerophonhimself.
wasHelios, typerhodienetcarien. 47
ledge,shownbearded.HillintheBMC
RobinsoncalledtheheadHeracles,
imitatedcertaincoins ofSelgewhich
thestyleofthe LycianandSelgean
eofSelgeshowingthehair andbeardin
paratelocks,whiletheLycian heads'
and longandflowing.AndHeracles,
Lyciancoins oftheclassicalperiod,
either Lyciaorthechimera,while
ruckmore thanacenturyanda half
coinageofthedynastP ericleswasthe
LyciabeforetheLeague's.Inthesecircum-
yhavecirculatedforsomeconsiderabletime,
furnishedsomeofthemodelsforthe
denominationsrepresentedbyissue2
doubleunitsand units,respectively are
i m a tewe ight so f t he tw osma l lb ro n e deno mi -
f n o t t heon lyLyc i a nb ro n ep r i o r t o the
atersshowinghisfacinglaureatehead,with
9: BMCSelge35.ThiscoinshowsHeracles'sheadto r.;
eemcloserparallels.
nd163-64.Thesi esarethoseofthe Leagueissues
average2.03(14specimenslocated comparedtoissue
18(12specimenslocated comparedtoissue
d i s sue4 ' t 1 . 07 (15 spec i me n s .SeeTabl e 8 .O th e re t r e mely
struckin LyciabeforetheLeaguecoinagearementioned
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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aypossiblyhaveservedas theartistic
.
Bellerophon,however,thechoiceof
besignificant.Whilethechimerais
atefifthcenturyonward,thereis but
nclassicalcoinage,althoughother
ted.51Itsappearanceonissue1 would
Lycians'tieswith Greeceandwiththe
emostprobabletimeforthe commence-
theLycians' alliancewithAntiochusand
me.Itis worthnotingthatTelmessus,
s notaformalmemberoftheLycian
alsoissuedbron esunderAntiochus's
i eofissue1, withfacingHelios
don theomphalosonthereverse,ason
ethe LycianadoptionoftheRhodian
rseheadinprofileandreversetype in
atof mostoftheLeaguecoinage,especial-
n thesilverdrachmsofthefollowing
dateofthis style'sintroduction,firstat
efoundinthe commentaryonP eriodII.
kholm-Zahle,p. 92.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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S
hichhavein thepastbeenerroneous-
ftheseis aseriesofpseudo-Rhodian
obverseshowsafacingheadofHelios
ek,andwhosereverseshowstheusual
fferingcombinationsofletters and
enturyascribedtovariouscitiesof
berofthereversecombinations(e.g.
t o Lyc iaandseeme dan a lo g ous t o t h e t rue
K HANorK TA. 56 Th e e r r o r o f
haspersistedasrecentlyas1950,for
ethatXanthuswasbrieflya memberof
Caunus, plausiblepoliticallyalthough
nfortunatelybeenrevivedinthemost
oftheseries, byW.Sheridanin1972.68
pedthe argumentsofA.Akarca,who
ecoins toMylasa.Akarca'sreasons
veeverbeenreportedfrom Caunus(or
w h i l e the s i kn own pr ov enances a r ea l l
that anidenticalheadofHelioswith
onsilvercoins,probablyofthe Augustan
01.
e D rachms , A NSMN 18 (1 97 2 ,p p . 5 - 15, e s pe ci a l l y
lishesahoard,nowIGCH1335.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ON.59Inanycase,thispseudo-Rhodian
publishedasilver drachmofanother
hadac uiredinLycia.Thecoin was
ndhesuggestedthatit hadbeenstruck
ngtheperiod ofRhodiansupremacy.80
ritishMuseum,whosecountermarkhad
n,81anda thirde amplehassince
mnos.82Thebeastofthe countermarkis
thatofissue1, withthelionhead
and Robinsonisundoubtedlyright,
sappliedin Lycia.Itisless certain,
struckin Lycia.
nown,seemtohave beencounter-
esduringthe periodoftheLeague.
thophoricseriesbears astampwitha
Y, j ustasonthe Leaguesilverof
msofSidebearcountermarksofa
d,evidentlyappliedbyAntiphellus.63
LeaguesilverinP eriodII(Cyaneae
e s g re c uesdeMy la sa ( a r i s , 1959 , pp .9 7 - 98 ( p r oven a nces
hethnic .L.Robertagreeswithher attributionin
s mo n nai e s , He l l en i ca11 -1 2 ( 19 60 ,p .5 3 ,n .1 , a nd ha s
ilityofSheridan'sattribution,in Rhodes, p.32,
argumentforMylasa,whichwill notstand:that
ations(AM/AY,p.58,12 canbereadas MYAA.
placementofthelettersandfrom theimprobability
ationsbeingsignificant,theargumentisdestroyedby
nAkarca's12(not inSheridan'scompilation and
M and152 (wi th TI / A M . Neve rt he l es s , t hecoin s
Lyc i a , pp .37a nd 4 1- 42 ,33 (no t i l l u st r a t ed ; com me n t a ry
aR h odes203 .
i t is h MuseumAc u i s i ti on s fo r t he Ye a r s 1 93 3 - 193 4 , NC
i s he dano the r e amp le i n Rh o de s , p . 30 .
ds , p . 17 , f i g. 1 , a nd p . 3 3 , fi g . 5 = B M C Ca r i a ,Rho des
ibedinMionnet,Suppl.7,p.10, 36.AN:P late1,J.
ar.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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hellusfrom butone andmayhave
theLeaguewiththis counterstamped
ver,however,thatstruck bythe
seformatechoesthatof theplintho-
hodianobversesshowaradiatehead
nonesalaureateheadof Apollofacing
theRhodianrosein ashallowincuse
te'snamewrittenoutin full,and,to
t h e s ua re , t he two le t te r s P O. Th e
ithacithara,alsoin ashallowincuse
alethnicAYKIQ N,and,inthesamel oca-
hefirst twolettersoftheparticular
ncoinswith thisformatwereknownin
vdo
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r a chmsandP l i n t hop ho r icD rac hm
P e r i od I I (S i l ver o f t h e C i t ie s Se r i es1s
deonlythefull-weightplinthophoroiofJenkins'sGroups
aredrawnfromthe ANScollectionandBMCCaria,
GLockett.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ns.88GroupsA-D ,showninFigure2,are
ricgroups.
strucktoastandardnoticeably
rachms.67Theweightofthe Lycian
betweenthesetwo,butmustbeunder-
eryslightlyr educedfromthatofthe
ionwasgenerallythecaseamongthe
age:theweightsoftheplinthophoric
fromthe Mugla1965Hoard,forin-
m e r angeas thoseof P e r i o d I sSe r i e s l .8 8
tohaveconsistedofsome200 Lycian
nLycia.8 Oneaccountgavethefind
southerncoast;another,fromprob-
t asnearmodernKemeronthe eastern
notherKemerinwesternLycia .The
nofthehoard (133coins,ofwhichwell
citiesofOlympusand P haselis confirms
ghtlyoverahundredof theRhodian-
ckbythecities wereknownbeforethe
asappro imatelydoubledthenumber
eLeague.
nplinthophoricdrachmgroups,seebelow,pp.81-84.
ntedout(privatecommunication thattheoldstyle
ight,weighingconsiderablylessthantheappropriate
styledidrachmsand tetradrachms;andthateven
ewhatheavierthantheold styledrachms,theystill
rdintermsofthosedidrachmsand tetradrachms.
lberpragungdeskarischenStratonikeia, JNG1967,pp.7-9
ordian,pp.34,37,47,and 52;itis no.96inCoin
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ofthecities, withAYKIQ Nandcity
caseofmostof thecoinsofOlympusand
OAIHAIreplacingAYKIQ N.Fourteen
havestruckLeaguesilver wererepresented,
ehoardcontained,however,noneofthe
ruckbythedistricts ofCragusand
velyrarecity issueswiththedistrict
e p la c ingAYKIQN on reve r se .
furthermore,wereofRhodianweight,
2, above .Indeed,withveryfew
lyknowne amplesofLeaguecoinsissued
Q Nonreverseareof Rhodianweight.
,onthe otherhand,mostofwhich
civicpieceswiththe sameformatare
kingat1.80grams.
ebetweenthetwogroupsof kithare-
tharephoroiwithAYKIQ Nonreverse:
sP eriodII.Theothergroup isthe
ndMasicytus,withwhichare tobe
oroiwithAYonobverse;theseform
rdsandthe usualplacementoftheethnic
tbeen understoodascomprisingtwo
eentherulein mostformertreatments
e BMC'scataloguecallsthedistricts'—
kitharephoroidrachms,butdoesnot
hermints'coins. E lsewhereinthe
drachmsandhemidrachms(ofdegra-
In thed rachmsh e incl ud e s a ll t h ek i t ha r e -
idrachmshemeansthesmalldistrict
and q uiverastypes.71Instill another
hesesmallercoinsashalf drachmsor
ies2and3, incontrasttoSeries 1ofRhodianweight.
headpiecesareindeedthe halfdenominationsofthedistrict
ntothe heaviercivicdrachms.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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themin thecatalogueasq uarterdrachms,
doncewithout.72HeadinHistoriaNumo-
rcifullyinshorter form,73andthesetwo
yfollowed.Thefirstworkwhichhas
woclassesofkitharephoroiis0. Merk-
ock,wheretheheaviercoinsareconsist-
er oneshemidrachms.74
roughthekindnessofmanyin-
E uropeithasbeenpossibleto collecta
pro imately200coins.Thecoins
peinseparatelots,twoof about50coins
ndtheremainderapparentlyafewat a
eriodIIdrachms,thenumberof their
seknownfromtheKemerHoardare
stedgeographicallyfromwesttoeast,
sion;thisisthe orderemployedinthe
individualmints.Table1alsogives
nforeach mintineachof thethree
i o d I I, bo thbe fo reand a ft e r t h e a pp e a ran c e
av e t he samefo rmat , w i thAYK IQN a n d
OAYMTTHorOAZ HAI,however,
ns ofOlympusandP haselis.Suchcoins
ederalethnic,maybeconsideredandare
ns.Theonlytrue-LeaguecoinsofOlym-
eries1; theircoinsofSeries2 and3areall
C r ag us15 ,Mas i cy tu s 24 .
sinSNGvAutockis nearlyperfect;herecogni esthat
8and4365 aretobeclassedwith thedistrictissues,
eavycoin,withonlyMfor mintidentification
n ofMyra.Still,Morkholmseemstobethe first
atthekitharephoroifallintotwo distinctgroups.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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a
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ies
1
bversedie Identities;dottedbracketstotheright
nitialsof onecityhavebeencutover thoseof
thus. Pseudo-League coinsarethosewithout
ndefinitenumbersofnewdiesresult fromspecific
castorphotographicrecordcouldbe obtained,
tknown.D ietotalsareof coursereducedby
mberofcoinsintrade since1970areq uite
hoardbutarenot hereorinthe cataloguecalled
ecificevidence.
areofRhodianweight,ornearlyso:
weightoftheRhodianplinthophoric
ducedfrom Series1;andSeries3 is
3 .
acharea(west,south,andeast within
nSeries2and 3.TheKemerHoardhas
nsknownof Series1,andaddeda few
nownofSeries2.Itcontainedno coinsof
eakdownswithineachseriesagree
dityof thedivisionofP eriodIIinto
n weightsisanewphenomenonfor
timeshadbeenstrucktodiffering
thecitiesanddynastsofthewest using
hesouthcentralregion.75
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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o f t heC i t i e s Se r i es1 -3
erHoardcoins.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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o f t heC i t i e s Se r i es1 -3 ,b yReg io n■
erHoardcoins
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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efirst silvercoinsknownofAnti-
dedthe secondknowndrachmof
obtainedofthis pieceandithas un-
hethirddrachmof P hellus;andthe
houghoneof thesemayinsteadbeof
guecoinsare known .Theonlyother
alsoherepublishedforthe firsttime.
rueLeaguecoins ofOlympusand
e g en dsAYKIQ N OAan d AY KI Q NOA,
rkingsofOAYMTTHandOAZ HAI.
selishasbeenforsomeyearsin aprivate
oneofOlympusin theCopenhagen
pin1955, butinvain,forthe coinhas
ince.78
tsalsoappearedin thehoard,and
hetwoeasterncitiesof Olympusand
heunderstandingofthesecities' emissions.
l LeagueP eriodIIcoinageis pitifully
a po l i s , i nPe r io d I Id o t h e c o in s e cee d
ahandfulofothercities dotheyeven
dII,leavingasidethe fivehoardcoins
reknown311 coinsfrom201dies,a
.Clearlythe knownmaterialrepresents
aloutput,andanyconclusionsdrawn
beregardedas tentative.
h e m a orLyc i an s a nc t ua r i e s, t heL e too n
mmerof1975a depositunderthecella
s.Thehoardisthefirst containing
eenfoundunder controlledconditions,
ppl.7,p. 17,69.Overlooked,fore ample,byJones:
Olympus,thoughof federaltype,neverbearthename
0 2 , andbyvon Aulock ,wh o i s a t l e a st aw are o f the M i o nne t
ngtonandWarren,however,appeartohaveseentrue
Mineure,p. 113;Warren,p.42 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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er coinagetogetherwiththeLeague's.
tedareaunderthecella floor,ormore
re thefloorhadbeen,forthe blockshad
y.Thefollowingbriefsummaryisbased
hoard,writtenbeforeallthecoinshad
fied.
n esandabout50silver coins.
tharephoroiofthe Leaguewithreverse
blycitycoinsof P eriodII;eightRhodian
hophoroi;41Rhodiantriobols(the only
;andatleast onepseudo-Rhodian
rroneouslycalleda hemidrachm .
edarethree smallonesofXanthusas
.7 8
coins areincludedinthe present
etospeculateonthehoard'sdateor
ledge.Itismentionedhereonlyfor
nLeague,P eriodsII-V.
LycianLeagueisStrabo.I nthemidst
country,hesaysoftheLeague:
chsharethevote.The
rvariouscities totheircongress
v e r c i ty theyhavese l e c ted .E a c h o f
votes,themedium-si edtwo,
ashiontheypaytheircon-
gies.Artemidorussaidthat
AuLe tdondeXan tho s : l e s deu t em ple sd e L t o ,
bliged toM.MellinkandH.Met gerforhavingput
owasdirectlyresponsibleforthe e cavationofthe
d.I ammuchindebtedtoM.Le Royforhislong
o n t he sub ec to f t heh oa r d , w hic hh e e p e c t sw il l b e
. 7 7 ,p .324 ,n . 1 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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a nt h u s ,Pa t a r a ,P in a r a ,O lym p us,
ssfirsttheychoosethe
theLeague,andappoint
a r l i er t heyused tod e c id e abo u t
nowtheydonot,ofcourse,
esettledbythe Romans
ratesareelectedfromthecities in
ntofLycia,Strabosays ofP haselis:
.. butithasno partinthecommon
a t i on to i ts e l f . 80 T he f tor u i t o fS t ra bo ' s
us,wasinthe169thOlympiad,104-100b.c.,
formationthatattheveryend ofthe
ostimportantcitieswereXanthus,P inara,
Myrainthesouth,andOlympusin the
otthenaLeaguemember.
recapitali edinTable2, whichgivesa
sof evidenceforthenineteenLycian
gue,andforatwentieth,Candyba,which
ties mintedthesilverdrachmsof
s us a ndArycanda , i ta l i c i e d a r ekn ow n
ecities strikingthecivicbron esof
o t ye tknown ins i l v er.D r a c hmsof
chmsofseveralother citiesareknown
yfew.
Leaguecoinagesofthetwenty
ms ofP eriodIIandcolumn2 thecivic
um n s3and4g iv e si l ve r and b r on es t r uc k
enamesofthe cities,althoughthebulk
riodswas,ofcourse,in thenamesof
lissues bearingcityinitials.Many
autonomouscoinages,someq uitepossibly
s;thesearenotincludedin thisstudy.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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ptionalE vidence
eCoinage,
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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softhe mintingcitiesinthe three
Lycia:Strabo,81whowroteinAugustan
edon theearlierworkofArtemidorus;
ury a.d.;andP tolemy,83fromthemiddle
tolemyorperhapsabitearlier wasan
e n namedOpra mo a s : a l ong in sc r ip t i o n f rom
s thecitieswhichbenefitedfromhis
lementedbyafewothersinTAM,
ownincolumn8 forallthecities
ba.Thesetwo,however,occurinacon-
citieshonoringthe LyciarchJasonof
dunder Claudiusina.d.43(see
o mi ti an ,Nerva , andTr a a n i n t h e b r ie f
ngsbearno indicationofmint.Lycia's
tedand rathersurprisingoutburstof
nderthe youngGordianIIIandhis wife
uckthiscoinage;thefourteenthat cor-
shownincolumn9.
useful,andcertainlyismorecom-
n,citybycity,with allthesebitsof evi-
ilationandstudyof thecoinageof
udesforeachof theirmintingcitiesan
raphical,inscriptional,andnumismatic
guecities,theinscriptions havebeen
whichincludestheinscriptions fromthe
odiapolisamongthesouthernmints,
haveerroneouslybeenascribedLeague
n di 1 .
d I GR704( Ja son .
onalcitiesstruckunder Gordian:Arneae,P odalia,
ndTrebenna.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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neachissue.Individualdies are
ediscussionby issuenumberfollowed
thethirdobversedieof issue8.
asterisks.Whenmorethan one
strated,theillustrationsfollowtheorder
sedieisillustrated.Unknownobverse
uebyanx .
bversedie areshownbylower-case
obversedienumber;theselower-case
the plates.Bracketstotheright
r e n ot g iven, a s theg reat ma o r i t y a re f f ,
f\.
nis fromtheKemer1970Hoard.
esttoeast,and commentaryoneach
alcommentaryfollowsSeries3.
ehind shoulder,usually,bow
nitials toeithersideof cithara;all
inscriptionsvaryonthe pseudo-
5and47-49 .
rev.dies
1 0a .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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2 1 ( Nov.16 ,1908 3 66 8
1
4 272 ,2 .80= Su p er io r ( O c t. 14 ,
G Fi t 5051= G lend i n i ng (Fe b .
k e t t 3012= Nav il l e 5 ( J un e
3 ( May15 ,1905 4 24 4
1 9 67 131 ,2 .75= Weber7 308
G 4 476
= Kuns ts am m.2 0
G 4 475
t c l ea rwhichc i t y 's c o i n swer e s t ruck
e'sslight deterioration(spreading
theCadyandacoin showsthatXan-
vertheXanthusRiver,someeight
ofLycia.Xanthus'sremainsarethe
einLycia;fromit cometheNereidmonu-
turedtombsnowinthe BritishMuseum.
c.,says thatXanthuswas,besidesone
hreevoteseachinthefederalassembly,
8
ngthatbut 15ofthe316 coinsof
asthese15arestruck from15reverseand
yles,itis clearthatthesurvivingma-
nal si eofXanthus'sLeaguecoinage.
dIIpresumablyweremelteddownfor
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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d,one travelinggroupofdies,is not
likelybythefactthatthe Sidymareverse
oupof dieswouldpresumablyhave
inara,andfinallytoCadyanda,thefar-
sunlikelythatthe mintworkmen
oruseatSidymawhilesavingused
ngatP inaraandCadyanda—especially
eredE somuchmoreeasilythanwould
llthe coinsofthefourcities were
reaksandrecuttingsallshowXanthus
teonlythatthe homecity'sre uired
afterallwhatonewoulde pect.
oughP ataraandTlosinthe west
esefourdie linkedcitiesofXanthus,
adid.(TheonlyotherP eriodIImint
he insignificantTrebendae. What-
eenthefourcitiesherediscussed,it
rev.dies
e u donne , Mon n a i e sg rec u e s r ecem ment
M e da i l l es , RN 19 0 2, p .8 1 , 71
o t c l ea rwhichc i t y 's c o i n sw ere s t ru ck
otrecut.Althougha Z could
andtheI istiltedsomewhat,thereisno
runder theI,and,withthe cithara
space wouldhardlyhavebeenlarge
eliablyreportedtohavebeenin the
wasmadeofit,andits diesare
lopeofMt. Cragus,westofthe
ninemiles northwestofXanthus.
antimesarenote tensive.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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d,firstpublishedin 1902,istheonly
dLeaguedrachmfromtheKemerHoard
ight.Sidyma'sdrachmsseemtohave
entedinP eriodIIaremissing from
e s o fP e r iod I II .T heab se nc e o f two ,
ablysignificantandwillbe discussed
esofSidymaorof Rhodiapolishaveyet
ce.
r e v.d i e
7 3 0 0
N G 4380 , ca l l edP a t a r a
n o t c l ea rwh ichc i t y' s c o i n sw er e s t ruck
ehasclear remainsofanAunder the\.
eundertheTT,and thiswasprobably
o n t a l s tr okea rev i s i b lea t t h e b o t tom
ern slopesofMt.Cragus,perhaps14
hus.P inara'sruinsfromtheperiodof
mesareimpressive.Strabo,besides
ycianLeaguecitieswiththreevotes,singles
helargestcities inLycia.
ncitiesmade contributionstothe
otheir votesintheassemblydoesnot
oinageat thetimeStrabowasdescrib-
enturyb.c. ,oratany othertime.
nthus,Tlos,P atara,andMyra did
ages,seeminglythroughoutSeries1.
agewase tremelyscant(oneobverse
eudo-Leaguecoinage(withoutAYKIQ N
mustbeunderstoodinconnectionwith
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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oinageofP haselis—whichStrabo
aguememberattheendofthe second
s k nownofP in a r a, t he s i t h o f S t r abo ' s
wayto theimportanceofthecity.
cutXanthianone;oneoftheir two
anda;andthecoins probablywereeven
Strabowouldchange P inarato
wouldagreefarbetter withthee -
rranted.Alonginscriptionof81 b.c.,
hereorgani ationofAsia,specifiessi
dwithCarianStratoniceia,wherethe
iancitiesare Xanthus,P atara,P inara,
hthe substitutionofLimyraforOlym-
thStrabo's.Olympuswouldby81b.c.
eintopiracy,8 andLimyrahad
possiblyreplacingOlympusasa
dimportancemaywellbereflectedin
dIIcoinage.Butforpresent purposes,
trabo'saccuracyin includingP inara
stcities.
its Leagueobligationsincoinother
Rhodianplinthophoroi.Hereis a
ownimportancedoesnotcorrelatewith
i t s er vea sacau ti on .
rev.dies
v e r Xan thus
sslight deterioration(spreading
theCadyandacoin showsthatXan-
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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d i e b reaka toneo f t he l ower l ea veso f t he
atesthatthedie wasusedfirstfor
clearremainsofan z .under
ycity isperhapsstretchingthings
idistantfromtheupperXanthusRiver
acessouthwest.Fromitshighsiteone
wellas theriverandthesea beyond
evenoreight milesfromtheriver,no
Thenorthernmostofthemintingcities
yabout30milesfromXanthusas the
eciallyfromtheRomanperiod,are
um,agora,gymnasium(? ,theater,
smallbutmagnificenttown. 90Ithad,
eratureuntilL.Robertresurrected it
ny.Thefoolish Ascandiandalis,Amelas,
storedtoitsoriginal Cadyanda,Lissa
an o s cop ium. 91
dyandaareherepublishedforthefirst
withmintinitials KAhavelongbeen
hethertheirmintwas Calynda,inthe
messus;Cadyanda;orCandyba,inland
mesaremaddeninglysimilar—but at
aryanda,mercifullysituatedinCaria.
vethesmallbron estoCadyanda;they
ly,byMagie.93Calyndahasbeenfavored
otherLycianmintsandfurthermore
ncyofCaunus,afterwhichdateit placed
des.94Candybaisfavoredhesitantly
es,onthe groundsthatCadyandalay
ngonP liny,NH5.101.
arlierscholarsfavoringCadyandawereFougeres
ng t o n3035 , and H e a d (t f N9 , p . 69 5 .
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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67b.c.was Attalid;buttheydonot
gorasinscription showingthat
an activeLeaguememberintheearly
sotentativelyassignstheKA bron esto
ofthe threetostrikeImperialsunder
responsibleforthe KAcoinsmight
b r on e ,o r q uad rup l eu n i t, a tA th e ns , 7
eotherelevencoinsof thisraredenomi-
wns,asare nineofthetwelveidenti-
n i t s o fP e r io d I II .
shedfirmly linktheKAcity, which
ies oftheXanthusValley.Itmay be
ewhatcloser,inair miles,toXanthusthan
munications,overthemountains,be-
unthinkable:anypracticalroute
of riversandthesea,past otheractive
elyhaveusedinpreferenceto themore
TAM,althoughchieflyfromRoman
n easyreachofothers.Theinscriptions
tionofciti ensofnineothercom-
a,Tarsus,andLaodiceia arenon-
thesefivearepreciselythefive other
,Tlos,Sidyma,P inara,andCadyanda.
astoccur intheXanthusinscriptions.
dtheLeaguesilvercataloguedabove;
s s u e9 , fol l owing ; a nd theKAb ro n eso f
FortheOrthagorasinscription,seepp.11-12.
arintheXanthianinscriptionsTAM 307,330,and335.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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remainuncertain.Itsobversestyle
eaguecoinage.Its fabric,thickand
is unusuallyplacedtotheright,yet
allyoncoins ofmintsthroughoutLycia
olis anddoesnothelpto attributethecoin.
er,foundelsewhereonlyoncoinsofthe
uitecorrectasusual,that thereisa
semanatedfromtwomints,andthatissue
iscrownsymbolofthe othersouthern
asdifferentiationenoughbetweenthe
P reciselythissortofdifferentiation
heAchaeanL eaguecoinsofMessene
e.100TheIsiscrown'ssouthernandeastern
stivebuthardlyconclusive,forthetwo
thusValleyarealsofoundelsewhere
Arycandatookcare todistinguish
n s, u s ingAYorA > in s t ead o f a s im ple AP .1 M
andyba,ifindeeditstruck issue9,would
vedistinguisheditselffromCadyanda.
Candybastruckissue 9,theevidence
mtowarranttheratherdrastic stepof
hmsto twoseparatemints.IfCadyanda
iking wasprobablydoneathome.
ariancein styleandfabricfromCadyan-
ndfromtheknowncoinsofXanthus.
ies
rebendae,Myra,Olympus,andP haselis.
Hoard,ANSNNM159(NewYork,1968 ,pp.31-37.
,andOlympus;the branchatOlympusandP haselis.
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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a ls o i s sue13 .
L 1971 ,no.5 G 74 7 , 2. 41 (Kemer
= Kuns ts amm.1 9
G 4 4 63
on 1 2 .3a .
e so n 1580
; VonAulock2.83 = S NG4 46 2
ng ( F eb .21,1961 24 81 , 2. 81 = S N G
n e 2 3,1924 15 88= Web er7 30 3
a ls o i s sue11 .
ratedbecauseofobversestyleand
dmintinitialsfoundonlyonsome later
n d 3 .
aguecities,Tloslay northofXanthus,
stofthe XanthusRiver.FromTlos'slofty
tand thecentralLycianmountainsto
gthe mostimportantLyciancities;
inscriptionalevidence.108Itisnotable
as independentofthatofXanthusandthe
hXanthus.Tlosalsoproducedagreat
n ag e , i n s i l ve r andb ron e , i nhe r ow n nam e .
22rev.dies
a ( s eea lso i s su e 1 9 .
e, p . 503 ,1
.
p . 503 ,2
G 4 3 81
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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g t on 3135
1 3 6
( seea l so i s sue1 4 .
G 113
9 1 = ( ? Weber72 88 ,2 .52 , no t i l lu s -
G 4 3 79
2 128 ,2 .72
= CoinsandAn ti u i t i es ( F L
me r
ratedbecauseofobversestyle.
its havingthecurlinghairof issue
ecauseitshead issmallerthanthose
sreverseissimilar tothatofthe coin
rg es t c i t i es ,P a t a ra l aya t t h e mou t ho f t he
rncoast.P atara'sport,todaysiltedup,
smentionedrepeatedlyinLivy's account
Rome.P ataraistheoneLycian city
besiegedbyMithradatesVI in88b.c,
o havecapitulatedtoBrutusin42 b.c.
madeita naturalcenterofLycian
bothbyseaand bytheimportant
was,in practicalterms,thegeo-
deed considersP atarathecapitalof
m
M
C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o
r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n c - s a - 4 . 0
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doubtfulthattherewasaformalpolitical
edthatthefederalassemblymetin which-
sen,however,supportshisstatement
o f Pa t a r aa s c a p u t ge n t i s ; 1 0 4More t t i
lyusedinageneralsense,as theLatin
p o us des igna t i ono f / i t rgdn ohg tov Av -
ptionsofthe Romanperiodtoseveral