T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d 10 10 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute www.studentofislam.com 2010 2010
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T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d
1010 Lessons to Tajweed ComprehensionLessons to Tajweed ComprehensionDr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute
www.studentofislam.com20102010
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LESSON ONE:
ى
ى
ي
ا
INTRODUCTION
HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION
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A S t o r y
A Place
One Book
One Man
A Statement
A Team
A Divine Chain
An I n v i t a t i o n
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نن
ار
د
نن
ن
ن
ل
رول
ن
: ه»
و نآرا م
رم ن »
ن
د ار و
ذيل
فذاك ا
ذا
دي
دنآر ا
م و
ج
ػ ا
ن نز ف
وؾ .ن a l - T i r m i d h ī 2 9 8 5
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THE COURSE:
A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweed
according to the Reading of Ḥafṣ based upon the text
Tuhfah al-Aṭfāl by Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī.
INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
Practice
History
Theory The Formal Rules
of Tajweed
Biographies of the
Imāms of Recitation
Iqrā’ ارا
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
اطل
طا
The Childrens Bequest
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
PREREQUISITES
• Ability to read Arabic script
• Basic knowledge of Tajweed
WHAT YOU NEED FOR
THIS CLASS
•Writing material• Mushaf (preferably Madinan
edition)
•Voice Recorder (optional)
• POSITIVE ATTITUDE
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ى
ى
ي
ا
Will help you establish a relationship with Allah’s Book
Will help you understand Allah’s Book.
Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an.
Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of
the Qur’an.
Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.
Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones
Benefits of
the Class
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ى
ى
ي
ا
Course Outline
Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology, Mistakes in
Tajweed
Lesson 2: How to Begin (Rules of Istiadhah and
Basmala)
Lesson 3: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin, Nun/Meem
Mushaddad
Lesson 4: Rules of Meem Sakin, Rules of Lam
Lesson 5: The Makharij
Lesson 6: The Sifaat
Lesson 7: Rules of Ra
Lesson 8: The Rules of Assimilation
Lesson 9: The Rules of Madd
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
Terminology
Tarteel
Qirā’ah
Tilāwah
Tajweed
Surah al-Muzammil 4
Surah al-Nahl 98
Surah al-Anfal 2
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
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ى
ي
ا
Contemporary
the precise methodology of reciting the Qur’ān as it was transmitted from
the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and
principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation
TechnicalReciting the Qur’an by granting each letter its due including its intrinsic properties
and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters
ى
ى
ي
ى
ك
ي
ى
و
ؼ
ى
ي
ي
ى
LinguisticBeautify Embellish Adorn
Definition of Tajweed
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
طرطرق
ا ار ر
ة را را
رئ
راو
أب
اطرق
أب
اطرق
راو
أب
اطرق
Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
ن طرق ان طرق ال
ص
ا صر
ا ر
ة ة را را م
ص
رو ن
اح
ال
زرن
د
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
Learning the Variant Readings Today
رى
ا رشا
ط
اش
ع
ر
ك
ن
و
و
ر
ن
م
ص
ة
ز
ح
ئ
س
ك
ة
ر
اد
ر
ج
و
ب
ق
ف
خ
اشر
ارى
شر
ا /
ط
اشر
A
l
1
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
ى
ى
ي
ا
Mistakes in Tajweed ا
Mistakes
MajorAddition, ommision,
changing of words,
elements, vowels
Forbidden
MinorViolations of madd
duration, ghunnah,
finer rules
Disliked
T h e C o m p a n i o n s a n d e a r l y M u s l i m s w e r e v e r y
i n t o l e r a n t o f a l l t y p e s o f m i s t a k e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e
Q u r ʼ ā n
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ى
ي
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Types of Reciters
Reciters
Experts
Noble Company
Those who make
mistakes
Excused
Double Reward
Blameworthy
T a j w e e d i s t h e o n l y s c i e n c e w h e r e m i s t a k e s a r e
r e w a r d e d
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest INTRODUCTION
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ى
ي
ا
Ruling on Tajweed
Types of
Tajweed
Knowledge
Theoretical
Communal
Obligation
Practical
Individual
Obligation
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest HOW TO BEGIN
ى
ى
ى
ا
ى
ك
ة
ى
ذ ا
HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATIONThe Rules Of Isti‘adhah and Basmala
ى اىى
كى
اىذىة
ـي ىىى اىى
كى
اىذىة
ـي ىى
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ى
ى
ى
ا
ى
ك
ة
ى
ذ ا
ة
ى
ذ ا
Form
ا
ف
ى
ا
ى
ي
ذ
ي
ى
ا
اىف
ى
ى
ا
ا
ذي
ي
ى
Manner
Silent If Alone or in Salah
Aloud All other cases
Al-Isti‘adhah ى
ذ
ى
ى
Surah al-Nahl 98
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ى
ى
ى
ا
ى
ك
ة
ى
ذ ا
Al-Basmalah ى
ى
ى
ى
Surah al-Fatiha 1
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ى
ى
ى
ا
ى
ك
ة
ى
ذ ا
Joining 2 Surahs
Why Only 3 Ways ?
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest HOW TO BEGIN
ى
ى
ى
ا
ى
ك
ة
ى
ذ ا
Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah
l-Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah.
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LESSON TWO:
ا
ى
ك
ى
ا
اف
ي
ـ
ى
ى
RULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION
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1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir
al-Shāmī (d 118H)
SPOTLIGHT
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QUICK REVIEW
1. What is tarteel in the Qur’an?
2. Define Tajweed.
3. What are the 2 forms of istiadha?
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Imām ‘Alī’s definition ofTarteel
:
اروف
ود
اووف
رو
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Levels ofevels of Tajweedajweed
1. Tajweed ofIndividualLetters
2. Tajweed ofLetters inCombination
3. Knowledge ofStopping/Continuing
TT CC BB
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The Rules of the Letter Nunن
and Meem م
TT CC BB
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Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?
Surah al-Nisa 93
TT CC BB
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DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS
The LetterNun andMeem
ن م
Sakin Tanween
Ghunnah
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION
TT CC BB
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ن ـو ـ
ن و ـ ون إن
ن ـو ـ
ن و ـ ون إن
ن ـو ـ
ن و ـ ون إن
ن ـو ـ
ن و ـ ون إن
ن ـ
ذ فـ
م ـ ـ
ـ نر ـ
ذ فـ
م ـ ـ
ـ نر ـ
ذ فـ
م ـ ـ
ـ نر ـ
ذ فـ
م ـ ـ
ـ ر
For theFor the nūnnūn without vowels and thewithout vowels and the tanwīntanwīn diction,diction,
exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION
TT CC BB
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Rules ofules of
Nūnn
Sākinākin /
Tanwanwīnīn
IẒHĀR
IKHFĀ’
IDGHĀM
IQLĀB
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION
TT C dr nsC dr ns B q sB q s
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)
ـرؾ ل ل اظر ـ
فؾرـ ل ل اظر ـ
فؾرـ ل ل اظر ـ
فؾرـ ل ل اظر ـ
ف
رؾ ف تـ ـ
ر
ق ت ؾر ف تـ ـ
ر
ق ت ؾر ف تـ ـ
ر
ق ت ؾر ف تـ ـ
ر
ق ت
ـن
مـ
ـف
ـز
ـن
مـ
ـف
ـز
ـن
مـ
ـف
ـز
ـن
مـ
ـف
ـز
نـؼ
ـم ـن ـ ـ نـؼ
ـم ـن ـ ـ نـؼ
ـم ـن ـ ـ نـؼ
ـم ـن ـ ـ
The first of these, the rule ofThe first of these, the rule of Iẓhār Iẓhār , is before the letters hence, , is before the letters hence,
arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:
HamzaHamza andand HāHā’, then ‘’, then ‘ Ayn Ayn andand ḤāḤā’,’,
without the marks, thenwithout the marks, then GhaynGhayn andand KhāKhā’.’.
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)
1. Definition
2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]
خ غ ح ع غ ح ع
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
ت ـ
ـ
م ؼـد
ن إ ـ
ا و
ت ـ
ـ
م ؼـد
ن إ ـ
ا و
ت ـ ـ
د
دم
رون
فـ ـ
د
دم
رون
ف
The second isThe second is IdghāmIdghām , with six it takes effect, , with six it takes effect,
inin yarmuloon yarmuloon, a mnemonic which they accept. , a mnemonic which they accept.
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
•Definition
• Its Letters:
ن
و
ل
م
ر
ي
و
ل
م
ر
ي
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
ـؼد ن م
ــ ـؼد ن م
ــ
* * و ـ ـ ـ ـ
فـه ؽ و ـ ـ ـ ـ
فـه ؽ
ـف ـ ـ ـ اذإ
إ ـف ـ ـ ـ اذإ
إ
* *ـ ان
ـم ـدؼم د ان
ـم دؼم د
ؼــه
ؽـر
إدؼم
ان
ؼــه
ؽـر
إدؼم
ان
* *رـه ر
مـ
ا را
ام
فهـر ر
مـ
ا را
ام
ف
But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,
with the trait ofwith the trait of ghunnah ghunnah, and by , and by yanmu yanmu recognized.recognized.Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,
nono idghāmidghām in articulation, as in the wordsin articulation, as in the words dunyadunya andand ṣinwān ṣinwān..
The second type is Idghām without theThe second type is Idghām without the ghunnah ghunnah trait,trait,
inin lāmlām andand rārā , but the latter you must reverberate. , but the latter you must reverberate.
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
•Types of Idghām:
1. With Ghunnah: و م ن ي
2. Without Ghunnah: ر ل
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
EXAMPLES
Surah al-Nisa 123
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
EXAMPLES
Surah 6:98
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
EXAMPLES
Surah 24:45
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
EXAMPLES
Surah 42:44
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH
Surah Al-Baqarah 5
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH
Surah 24:37
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
E X C E P T I O N S :1. No Idghām within one word.
4 Qur’anic Examples:
دد ن ا و او ن ا و ا و ن
2. No Idghām in the following 2 verses:Surah Yasin: v1-2
Surah Nun: v1-2
The rule in the above examples is called Izhār Mutlaq.
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
Surah Yasin 1-2
Surah al-qalam 1
E X C E P T I O N S :
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
Types ofAssimilation
Complete
ل
إدؼم
Incomplete
ص
إدؼم
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)
ا
د
ب ـا
ث ـ
او ا
د
ب ـا
ث ـ
او
ـا
ـ
ـؽ
ـ ـا
ـ
ـؽ
ـ
The third rule ishe third rule is Iqlābqlāb which occurs with thehich occurs with the
letteretter bāā
,
which is converted tohich is converted to meemeem and pronouncednd pronounced
withith Ikhfākhfā.
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)
• Definition
• Letter: ب
• 3 Steps: 1. Nūn converted to meem
2. Suppress meem (Ikhfā’)
3. Ghunnah
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)
EXAMPLES
Surah al-Maidah 39
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)
ال
ـد
ا
ا رالا
ـد
ا
ا را
ل اـب لن اروؾ اـب ن اروؾ
زر
ر
د
ن
فزر
ر
د
ن
ف
د
ت ا
ـذا
م
ف
د
ت ا
ـذا
م
ف
د ص د م م د ص د ؾ ذا ؾ ذا
ظ ف دز ـ ـ
دم ط ظ ف دز ـ ـ
دم ط
The fourth isThe fourth is IkhfāIkhfā for the respected student,for the respected student,
with specified letters mandatory for thewith specified letters mandatory for thestudent.student.
In fifteen letters it takes effect,In fifteen letters it takes effect,
within this prose that I erect:within this prose that I erect:
Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent isRelate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is
he who achieves status robust;he who achieves status robust;
Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,
and fend off the one who is unjust.and fend off the one who is unjust.
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)
• Definition
• 15 Letters:
س ق ش ج ك ث ذ ص ق ش ج ك ث ذ ص
ظ ض ت ؾ ز ط د ض ت ؾ ز ط د
ففففذذذذ ث ث ث ثانانانانككككممممججججداداداداششششصخصخصخصخق ق ق قددددسسسس ددددممممططططاـبـاـبـاـبـاـبـ
ز
ز
ز
ددددز
ييييت ت ت تىىىىضضضضععععظظظظ
اااا
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)
B R E A K D O W N :R E A K D O W N :
1) The articulation of nūn like a
separate letter
2) between full manifestation and full
assimilation
3) without emphasis (shaddah)
4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations)
5) and association with the subsequent
letter (in characteristics)
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)
EXAMPLES
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)
EXAMPLES
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RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION
THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDYMuslim Immigrant Mahmood
The Nun: Muslim Identity The Subsequent Letter: US Society
4 Scenarios
Suppression
Assimilation
C o n v e r s i o n
Manifestation
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LESSON THREE:
ة
ى
د
ى
ي
ا ا
ى
ك
اف
ي
ـ
ى
ى
RULES OF NŪN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH
ى
ا ا
ي
ـ
ى
ى
RULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM
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1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir
al-Shāmī (d 118H)
SPOTLIGHT
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RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM
دا
د
و
م
دو ؼن
د
و
م
و ؼن
دا
ؼ
رؾ
مود
ؼ
رؾ
مو
And articulatend articulate ghunnahhunnah of thef the nūnūn andnd meemeem
that carries the double accent,hat carries the double accent,
and refer to both as letters ofnd refer to both as letters of ghunnahhunnah, as isas is
obvious and apparent.bvious and apparent.
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RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM
•Definition
م
من
ن
• Length of 2 Durations
In Continuing andIn Continuing and StoppingStopping
Surah al-Baqarah 20
Surah al-Rahman 39
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
ا
ل
ن
إن
م ا
ا
ل
ن
إن
م ا
ا يذ
ؾ ا يذ
ؾ
ط
ن
ط
ن
إظر فط إظر فطإ إدؼم إ إدؼم
When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet,
but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent
are three rules for he who would endear them to memory,
and they are the rules of Ikhfā, Idghām and Iẓhār only.
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
Rules ofules of
Meemeem
Sākinākin
IẒHĀR
IKHFĀ’DGHĀM
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
Rules ofules of
Meemeem
Sākinākin
IẒHĀR
SHAFAWYHAFAWY
IKHFĀ’
SHAFAWYHAFAWY
IDGHĀM
MITHLAYNITHLAYN
ṢAGHĪRAGHĪR
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY
ا
د
ا
ل
فو ا
د
ا
ل
فو
ا ر
يوا
ه
و را
يوا
ه
و
The first is Ikhfā with the letter bā,
And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhfā.
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY
• The Letter: ب
•The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhfā
• Only occurs between 2 words
• Functionally identical tounctionally identical to Iqlqlābb
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM
مؼدإ ن
ا و مؼدإ ن
ا و
ف
ؽرا
ؼدإ
م
فو
ؽرا
ؼدإ
م
و
The second is Idghām when its likeness appears,
and name it the Smaller Idghām my dears.
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM
Idghām Mithlayn Ṣaghīr
•The Letter: م
• The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah)
• Only occurs between 2 words
• Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM
IDGHĀM due to assimilation of 2 meems
MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters
ṢAGHῙR due to 1
st
Meem unvowelled, 2
nd
vowelled
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY
ه
ا ف رظا ث
ا وه
ا ف رظا ث
ا و
وه
و
رؾ
وهن
و
رؾ
ن
The third is Iẓhār which occurs with the balance
of the letters, and termed Labial Iẓhār in our
parlance.
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY
• The Remaining 26 Letter
•The Meem is pronounced normally
• Can occur within a word or between 2 words
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING
ن ف و واو اد و اذر ن ف و واو اد و اذر
فرؾ
اد
و
رؾرف
اد
و
ر
And be wary of making Ikhfā with wāw and fā when
you read,
due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so
take heed.
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RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING
Al-Fatiha 7
AlAl--BaqarahBaqarah 1717
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LESSON FOUR:
اـ
ي
ـ
ى
ى
THE RULES OF LĀM
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1. Imām Ibn Kathīr al-
Makkī (d 120H)
2. Imām Abu ‘Amr al-
Baṣrī (d 154H)
SPOTLIGHT
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RULES OF L ĀM
ارؾ
ل
ن
ل
ؾرا
ل
ن
ل
رؾ ف
رظ
وأؾر ف
رظ
وأ
ه ذ ةر ل ار ه ذ ةر ل ار
ه
ؾ
ك
ػ ا
هن
ؾ
ك
ػ ا
ن
ر ف ؼد ر ف ؼد
ف زر رز ف رة رة
The lām of the definite article exists in two states before the letters,
the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better,
Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well,from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel.
The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist,
and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this:
Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent;
Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence.
م
ذا
ؾ
ز
ر
ل
م
مطب
ذا
ؾ
ز
ر
ل
م
طب
رم ر رز
رمدع و ظن ر رز
دع و ظن
ه
ر
م او
ه ا
ر
م او
ا
ه
ىرا م
ه ا
ىرا م
ا
م فل ط
ظرن م فل ط
ظرن
ا م و ل ف ا م و ل ف
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RULES OF L ĀM
TYPES:
1. Lām of the Definite Article
ارفم
(ا
م
)
2. Lām of the Verb
ام
3. Lām of Commands
ام
4. Lām of the Noun ا م
5. Lām of Particles
ارف
(م
و
ل
م )
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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RULES OF L ĀM Lām of the Definite Article
• Definition
با كت ابل ت
“a book”“a book” “the book”“the book”
• 2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation
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RULES OF L ĀM
The Lām of al-
The MoonLetters: Iẓhār
ك و
اػ
ه
ؾ
The Sun Letters:Idghām
ططبب
ث
ححررللصصممث
تتضضففذذاا ددععسس و و
ظ
ظ
ن
ن
ز
ررز
ش
ش
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RULES OF L ĀM Lām of the Definite Article
AlAl--FatihaFatiha 22--33
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RULES OF L ĀM Other Types of Lām
• Default: Iẓhārhār
• If followed by the letter Lām or Rā: Idghdghāmm
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RULES OF L ĀM Other Types of Lām
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RULES OF L ĀM Other Types of Lām
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Ā
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RULES OF L ĀM Other Types of Lām
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Ā
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RULES OF L ĀM The Grand Word (Laf ż Jalālah)
• If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy
• If preceded by kasrah: Light
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Ā
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MAKH ĀRIJ
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RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
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RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
Izhār Idghām [ followed by ل or ر ]
[al-Kahf 18: 72]
[al-Kahf 18: 75]
The Other Types of Lām
RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
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RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
Izhār Idghām [ followed by ل or ر ]
Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ]
O my Lord, increase me in knowledge.
[Taha 20: 114]
Say: “The Guidance of Allah, that is the
(only) Guidance.” [al-Baqarah 2: 120]
Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewithto write out) the words of my Lord.Sooner would the ocean be exhaustedthan would the words of my Lord, evenif we added another ocean like it, for its
aid." [Kahf 18:109]
The Other Types of Lām
RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
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RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
Izhār Idghām [ followed byل
orر
]
Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood,and it knocks out its brain, and behold,
falsehood doth perish! Ah! woe be to you forthe (false) things ye ascribe (to Us). [al-Anbiyā
21:18]
Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up untoHimself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.
[al-Nisā 4: 158]
Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to
come): but We have prepared a Blazing Firefor such as deny the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]
Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for
their blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-Baqarah 2: 88]
Is there any reward for good other than good? [al-Rahmān 55: 60]
And say (O Mūsā ) to him (Pharoah ): “Would you purify yourself (from the sin of disbeliefby becoming a believer)?” [al-Nāzi„āt 79:18]
The Other Types of Lām
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LESSON FOUR:
كؼ
ي
ي
ا
ي
رج
ى
ى
THE MAKHĀRIJ
(POINTS OF ARTICULATION)
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1. Imām Nāfi‘ al-Madanī
(d 169H)
2. Imām ‘Āṣim al-Kūfī (d
127H)
SPOTLIGHT
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QUICK REVIEW
1. What are the 3 possibilities of what canhappen to the meem sakin?
2. What are the two possibilities that can occurwith lam sakin?
3. When is the lam pronounced heavy?
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MAKHĀRIJ
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MAKH ĀRIJ
Singular: Makhraj
Plural: Makhārij
Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter
Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations
Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede
it with a vowelled hamzah
اىـ
اىر
اىؾ
اىث
اىؽ
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MAKHĀRIJ
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MAKH ĀRIJ
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MAKHĀRIJ
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MAKH ĀRIJ
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MAKHĀRIJ 1 ORAL CAVITY (AL JAWF)
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MAKH ĀRIJ 1.ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)
Not a real makhraj, approximated
Makhraj of the Madd Letters
واي
Madd Letters:
Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha
ىؿى
Unvowelled Yā preceded by kasrah
ى
Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma
ىيؿي
Mnemonic:
ى
ي
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MAKHĀRIJ 2 THROAT (AL ĤALQ)
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MAKH ĀRIJ 2. THROAT (AL-ĤALQ)
Six Guttural Letters ا فورا
خ
غ
ح
ع
ػ
أ
3 Levels:
The Farthest Portion
اق
أ
أ
The Middle of the Throat اق
وط
ح ع
The Closest Portion أد اق
خ
غ
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MAKHĀRIJ 3 THE TONGUE (AL LISĀN)
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MAKH ĀRIJ 3. THE TONGUE (AL-LISĀN)
Posterior:
ق ك
Middle: م ش ج
Edge:
ض ؿ
Tip: ف ر
ت د ط
س ز ص ث
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MAKHĀRIJ 4 THE LIPS (AL SHAFATAYN)
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MAKH ĀRIJ 4. THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)
Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors):
ف
Between the lips: و
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MAKHĀRIJ 5 NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)
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MAKH ĀRIJ 5. NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)
Ghunnah
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LESSON FIVE:
كؼ
ي
ي
ا
ىت
THE ṢIFĀT (ATTRIBUTES)
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Attributes
ت
ا
Basic
ا ا
ت ا
ا ت
ا
Paired
ا
ا
ت
ا
ز
ا ت
ا
Unpaired
ت أداد
ا
Conditional
را ت
ا
e.g. Idghām,Ikhfā, etc.
OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES
كؼ
ي
ي
ا ت
ى
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا
1. Whispered or Loud
2. Forceful or Soft orr
Moderateoderate
3. Elevated or Depressed
5. Flowing or Sharp
4. Closed or Open
• There are a total of 11 paired attributes
arranged within 5 pairs that
necessarily affect each letter.
Every Lettervery Letter
is either:s either:
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا
Pairair 1:
Examples
Attribute
QualityExhalation of Breath
ى
ا
ي
ف
ى
ى
Whisper
ى
ا
ه
ى
ي
ى
ى
ى
ى
Loudness
ى
ا
The Rest
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا
Pairair 2:
Examples
Attribute
QualityFlow of Sound
ات
ي
ف
ى
ى
Soft
ة
ى
ك
ى
ا
The RestThe Rest
Moderate
ى
ا
ى
ي
Forceful
ة
ا
ى
ى
ى
ي
ى
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا
Pairair 3:
Examples
Attribute
QualityHeavy/elevated articulation
ا
Elevated
ا
و
ى
ي
Depressed
ؿ
ى
ا
The Rest
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا Pairair
44:
Examples
Attribute
Quality Adhesion of tongue againstpalate
Closed
ؽ
ى
ا
ظ
ط
ض
ص
Open
ح
ى
ا
The Rest
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا
Pairair 5:
Examples
Attribute
Quality Smooth, flowingarticulation
Flowing
اذؽ
ى
ي
Sharp
ت
ى
ا
The Rest
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THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
ى
زا
ت
ى
ا
Pairair 5:
Examples
Attribute
Quality Smooth, flowingarticulation
Flowing
اذؽ
ى
ي
Sharp
ت
ى
ا
The Rest
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic Linguistics Rule:inguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more thanny Arabic word of more than 3
letters must contain a Flowing letteretters must contain a Flowing letter
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES
دادأ ت
ا
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• The hissing Sound of
ص
Whistle ا
•The echo when stopping on: طب د
Echo
ى
ى
ى
ا
• The soft –aw and –ay madd soundsLenience
ا
•The slight bending of the tongue tip
towards the roof of the mouth in:
ر ل
Drifting اؼ
ى
ا
• The vibrating, trilling quality of
ر
Repetition ار
ى
ا
• The expansive sound of ش
Spreading
ى
ا
• The expansive, elongated quality of Lengtheningض
ى
ى
ا
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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HEAVY versus LIGHT
ا ا
Separating the noviceeparating the novice
from the expertrom the expert
Always Heavy
• 7
Letters:
و
ى
ي
و
ى
ي
Variable
ل •
•ر
• The Madd
Alif ػ ػى ى
Always Light
• The Rest
Note the configurationote the configuration
of the mouthf the mouth
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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HEAVY versus LIGHT
ا ا
Separating the noviceeparating the novice
from the expertrom the expert
By the 5
Heavy Letters:
•Heaviest to least:•
ط
•ض
ص •
•ق •ظ
غ •خ •
By the States
of the Letters:
•Vowelled by fatḥa
and followed by
alif
ل
• Vowelled by fatḥa
ل
•Vowelled by
dhammah
ووا
• Unvowelled
وا
• Vowelled with
kasrah
ل
By Vowels:
•Strongest: fatḥah• Strong: dhamma
• Weakest: kasrah
ي
ؿ
ي
ى
ى
ؿ
ى
ى
Scales of HeavinessScales of Heaviness
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
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HEAVY versus LIGHT
ا ا
Separating the noviceeparating the novice
from the expertrom the expert
Attributes Summarized by StrengthAttributes Summarized by Strength
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T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d
77 Lessons toLessons to TajweedTajweed ComprehensionComprehensionDr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute
20092009
The Childrens BequestThe Childrens Bequest
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SPOTLIGHT
Witness Excellence and Precision in
Recitation: Shaykh al-Ḥuṣarī
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest
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QUICK REVIEW
1. How many total attributes are there?
2. What are conditional attributes?
3. What are the 2 types of Basic Attributes?
4. Name the 7 heavy letters.
The Childrens BequestThe Childrens Bequest
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SPOTLIGHT
1. Imām al-Kisā’ī (d 189H)
2. Imām Abū Ja‘far al-
Madanī (d 130H)
LESSON SIX:
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest
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LESSON SIX:
اا
ي
ـ ىى
THE RULES OF THE LETTER RĀ
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
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A Peak at the Rules of Rā:
Basic Premise:asic Premise:
Fatḥa/dhamma heavy vowelseavy vowels
Kasrah light vowelight vowel
Basic Principles:asic Principles:
1. Look to the vowel of the rā
2. If unvowelled, look to preceding
vowel
3. If unvowelled, look to preceding,
etc.
4. Pay attention to heavy letters,
conditional vowels
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Relax and Take
a Deep Breath.
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
ر
ه
ى
ر
ه
كح
ر
ؿه هرى
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
ا
ىآفى
ى
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
ى
ى
Note that this sukūn is due to
stopping on the word
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-childrens-bequest-2010 140/177
• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
ىا
ىا
ا
ا
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-childrens-bequest-2010 141/177
• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-childrens-bequest-2010 142/177
• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
Thehe Rā is heavy ins heavy in 5 cases and light inases and light in 4 cases.ases.
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-childrens-bequest-2010 144/177
• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Only 5 such examples in
the Qurʼān:
و
س
ى
/وى
ىدنركى
ا
ن
د
ى
/
ى
د
ى
ى
ف
ى
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
E X C E P T I O N SX C E P T I O N S
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
•2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
There are a limited number of
Qurʼānic words which are
exceptions to these rules
In their case the rā may be
pronounced heavy or light
These are subject to the rules of
Riwāyah
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
E X C E P T I O N SX C E P T I O N S
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
•2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah
but followed by heavy letter vowelled
with kasrah:
ؽو
Only one such example in the Qurʼān: al-
Shu‘arā 63
•The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to
the preceding rules)
•But it may also be pronounced light due to
that heavy letter being vowelled with
kasrah which is a “light vowel” that lessens
its heaviness
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
E X C E P T I O N SX C E P T I O N S
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
•2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
ر يي
كى
Al-Qamar 54:16
•The rā may be pronounced heavy
(due to the preceding rules)
•But it may also be pronounced
light due to a fine grammatical
point:
The original word was
ذري
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
E X C E P T I O N SX C E P T I O N S
d d id d i
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
ىى
/
ى
•The rā may be pronounced heavy
(due to the preceding rules)
• But it may also be pronounced
light due to a fine grammatical
point:
The original word was ر/ ري
The yā was dropped in writing
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF RĀ
ااي
ـ
ى
ى
E X C E P T I O N SX C E P T I O N S
Ad d iAd d i
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• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah but followed by heavy
letter
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
• 3. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled yā
LIGHT
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
Unvowelled and preceded by
unvowelled (other than yā)
heavy
letter and preceded by kasrah
/ا
Only two such words in the Qurʼān: al-Saba’
34:12, Yūsuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51
•The rā may be pronounced light
(due to the preceding rules)
• But it may also be pronounced
light due to it being preceded by a
LESSON SEVEN:
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ادىـ
ـي ىى
THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ىا
ـي ىى
THE RULES OF ELONGATION
SPOTLIGHT
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1. Imām Ya‘qūb al-Baṣrī (d
205H)
2. Imām Khalaf (d 229H)
LESSON SEVEN:
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ادىـ
ـي ىى
THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ـ
ى
دا
ي
ـ ىى
Basic Issue:asic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each
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other?
Basic Rule:asic Rule:
1. The default articulation of every letter is iẓhār (overt pronunciation)
2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states
Basic Principles:asic Principles:
There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs:
1. Mithlayn
2 Identical Lettersdentical Letters (same makhraj + attributes)
2. Mutaqāribayn
2 Close Letterslose Letters (similar makhraj + attributes)
3. Mutajānisayn
2 Similar Lettersimilar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes)
4. Mutabā‘idayn
2 Distant Lettersistant Letters (very different makraj + attributes)
There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:
1. Unvowelled/vowelled
Ṣaghīraghīr: often results in assimilation
2. Both vowelled
Kabīrabīr: rarely results in assimilation
3. Both unvowelled
Muqayyaduqayyad: no assimilation
4. Vowelled/unvowelled
Muṭlaquṭlaq: no assimilation
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ـ
ى
دا
ي
ـ ىى
Basic Examples:asic Examples:
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Mithlayn Letters:
ب
ػ
ب
Mutaqāribayn Letters:
ؾ
ػ
ؽ
Mutajānisayn Letters:
ت
ػ
ط
Mutabā‘idayn Letters: ػ ـ ح
Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:
1.
Unvowelled/vowelled
Ṣaghīraghīr:
ذا
ى
2.
Both vowelled Kabīrabīr:
3. Both unvowelled
Muqayyaduqayyad:
4. Vowelled/unvowelledMuṭlaquṭlaq:
Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be
discussed further, leaving only Ṣaghīr and Kabīr.
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ـ
ى
دا
ي
ـ ىى
1 MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS
1 . M I T H L A Y N
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ṢAGHĪR
• When 2 identical letters appear
adjacently, with the first
unvowelled and the second
vowelled, they are always
assimilated
• This is known as Idghām
Mithlayn Ṣaghīr
• This can occur within one word
or between 2 words
• Examples:
ى
دك ا
ي
ى
ر
ي
ي
KABĪR
• When 2 identical letters appear
adjacently that are both
vowelled, their default
articulation is iẓhār in nearly all
cases:
ى
ا
ح
و
ى
• Only a few limited exceptions
exist, where these letters are
assimilated (Idghām Mithlayn
Kabīr) **details next slide **
1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS
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ـ
ى
دا
ي
ـ ىى
1 . M I T H L A Y N
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Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Examples
•Original word
ىػيػىى
ػ ىى
• The nūn is pronounced with ishmām or ikhtilās as a remnant of the
first nūn
•Ishmām = circling of the lips
• Ikhtilās = 2/3 of a ḥarakah
Surah Yusuf 12:11
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ـ
ى
دا
ي
ـ ىى
1 . M I T H L A Y N
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Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Other Examples
• The word
ػ
ى
Original word
ى
ى
[18:95]
• The word
ىيى
Original word
ىىيى
[6:80]
•The word
ك
ي
ي
ى
Original word
ى
ك
ي
ي
ى
[39:64]
• The word
Original word
ى
ى
[2:271/4:58]
Advanced Topic Advanced Topic
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ـ
ى
دا
ي
ـ ىى
MUTAQARIBAYN
2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N
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ر • ل
•
ث
ت
Similar makhraj
& attributes
ث • ك
imilar attributes
but not makhraj
•
س
د
ر • ض
Similar makhraj
but not attributes
ج • د
•
ح
Same attributes,
similar makhraj
ت • ك
• ث
ث • ح
Same attributes,
different makhraj
MUTAQARIBAYN
(CLOSE) LETTERS
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
2 MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS
2 . M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N
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ṢAGHĪR
• Assimilation mandatory in 4
specific cases [next slide]
• This is known as Idghām
Mutaqāribayn Ṣaghīr
KABĪR
•Never assimilated
2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS
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ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
. M U T A Q Ā R I B A Y N
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Idghām Mutaqāribayn Kabīr 4 Cases
• Single Qurʼānic
example 77:20
• ى
ى
ى
•
ا
ى
ر
ى
ك
•
اي
•
ي
ا
•
بر
ي
كى
•
ا
ي
ى
ى
ر
ى
ر
ل
اروف
ل
شا
ك ق
Nūn
Sākin/Tanwī
n followed
by [
رو
]
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
3 MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS
3 . M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N
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ṢAGHĪR
•General rule is iẓhār
• Assimilation mandatory in only
5 cases and optional in 2 cases
[next slide]
• This is known as Idghām
Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr
KABĪR
•Never assimilated
3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS
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ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
. M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N
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Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 5 Mandatory Cases
1. Unvowelled [
د
] followed by vowelled [
ت
]
2. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ت] [د]
3. Unvowelled [
ت
] followed by vowelled [
ط
]
4. Unvowelled [
ذ
] followed by vowelled [
ظ
] occurs in 2 verses
5. Unvowelled followed by vowelled [ط] ت] ]
Incomplete Idghām
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ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
. M U T A J Ā N I S A Y N
Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 2 Optional Cases
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1. Unvowelled [
ث
] followed by vowelled [
ذ
]
2. Unvowelled [
ب
] followed by vowelled [
ـ
]
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
4 MUTABA‘IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS
4 . M U T A B Ā ‘ I D A Y N
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ṢAGHĪR
•Never assimilation
KABĪR
•Never assimilated
4. MUTABA IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS
These are the majority of letter combinations
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ـ ىدا
ي
ـ ىى
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LESSON SEVEN:
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
THE RULES OF ELONGATION
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
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Basic Issue:asic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated
to longer durations, and exactly how long?
Onlynly Tajweedajweed term found in theerm found in the Sunnahunnah
Linguistically:inguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong
Technical Definitionechnical Definition:
Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters
و
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
A Peak at the Rules ofPeak at the Rules of Maddadd
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TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION
ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
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Types of Madd
اد
Basic
ا
اد
طا
اد
Derived
را
اد
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
T H E B A S I C M A D D
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All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters:
Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fatḥa
ىؿى
Unvowelled Yā preceded by Kasrah
ى
Unvowelled Wāw preceded by Dhamma
ىيؿي
Mnemonic:
ى
ي
Its duration: 2 ḥarakas [referred to as
ى
ا
]
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
T H E B A S I C M A D D
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Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings
ىى
“I”
ى
“Verily we”
ىف
“that”
ىىى
“we took”
ىىف
“the women took”
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
T H E B A S I C M A D D
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The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with
examples in every Qurʼānic verse
How many examples can you find in the following verse?
TheThe ChildrensChildrens BequestBequest THE RULES OF ELONGATION
ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
T H E B A S I C M A D D
There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd:
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1. MADD LĪN
Unvowelled
Wāw
preceded by Fatḥa
ـ
ى
Unvowelled Yā preceded
by Fatḥa
ى
Its duration: 2- ḥarakas
[
ى
ا]
2.
5 DISJOINTED
LETTERS [
ي
ى
]
ح
ى
,
م
ى
,
ط
ى
, ق
ى
,
ر ا
ى
ر
3. SUBSTITUTE
MADD
[
ض ى
ى
]
Stopping on tanwīn
fatḥa is articulated as a
Basic Madd Alif
ا
ن
ر
ي
ى
/ا
ن
ي
/
ن
ى
/
ى
Exception words
ending with ػ are
pronouned with
unvowelled hā on
stopping
ى
ى
ر
ى
4. LESSER
CONNECTING
MADD
[
ل
ى
ا
ى
ا
ى
]
The attached 3
rd
person
masculine pronoun [
/ ]
plus the word [ هذ] also
follows the basic madd
when
it is vowelled and between 2
vowelled letters
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
T H E D E R I V E D M A D D
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Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations
due to certain elements (known as causes,
sabab,
for madd)
There are 2 causes of madd
Causes of
Madd
اد
ب أ
Hamzah
زة
Sukūn
ون
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ى
ا
ي
ـ ىى
T H E D E R I V E D M A D D
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The Derived Madd
Hamzah
After
Different
word
د ئز
ل
2 4 5
يى
ى
Same
word
واب
د
ل
4 5
ىا
Before
دل
د
2
ـ
ى
اد
ى
Sukūn (following madd letter)
Actual
زم
د
6 ḥarakahs
ا In a word
Shaddah
Heavy
ى
ا
Sukūn
Light
ى
ا
ى
را
In a letter
ص
ل
م
Shaddah
Heavy
Sukūn
Light
Presented
(due to
stop)
د ئز
2, 4, 6
ػ
ى
ى
ا
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