How Cells Function CHAPTER the BIG idea CHAPTER OUTLINE All cells need energy and materials for life processes. Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.1 Cells capture and release energy. 2.2 Materials move across the cell’s membranes. 2.3 NEW CHAPTER
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How Cells FunctionCHAPTER
the BIG idea
CHAPTER OUTLINE
All cells need energy and materials for life processes.
All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—
Chemical reactions take place inside cells.2.1
SECTION OUTLINE
carbohydrate
chemical reaction
lipid
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids—that support cell function.About two thirds of every cell is water. The properties of water are important to cell function.
A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches used for energy or as structural materials. Carbohydrate molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes used for energy or as structural materials. Lipids are made up of subunits of fatty acids.
A macromolecule in living things that is made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins control the chemical activity of a cell and support growth and repair.
One of several carbon-based molecules that carry an organism’s genetic code. One of the nucleic acids (DNA) contains the information needed to construct proteins. RNA, a second type of nucleic acid, translates the information into proteins.
All cells need energy. Some cells capture light energy through photosynthesis. All cells release chemical energy from glucose.Cellular respiration and fermentation are two ways that cells release energy from glucose.
Energy that is stored in the chemical composition of matter. The amount of chemical energy in a substance depends on the types and arrangement of its atoms. When wood or gasoline burns, chemical energy produces heat. The energy used by the cells in your body comes from chemical energy in the foods you eat.
The process by which green plants and other producers use simple compounds and energy from light to make sugar, an energy-rich compound. This is an endothermic process in which light is absorbed and used to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
A light-absorbing chemical, a pigment, that traps the energy in sunlight and converts it to chemical energy. Found in chloroplasts of plant cells and the cells of other photosynthetic organisms.
Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.
Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.Active transport is the movement of materials from an areaof lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Cells need energy to perform active transport.