The Benefits of Teat Dipping as Prevention of Mastitis

Journal of Livestock Science and Production p-ISSN 2598-2915 e-ISSN 2598-2907

Volume 4 No. 1 March 2020

231

The Benefits of Teat Dipping as Prevention of Mastitis

Yanuartono1, Alfarisa Nururrozi1, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto1*, Hary Purnamaningsih1, Dhasia Ramandani2

1)Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada. 2)Department of Biotechnology and Veterinary, Vocational College, Universitas Gadjah Mada

*) Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Mastitis is the major disease and the most costly disease of the dairy industry worldwide. One

of the mastitis control programs that until now has been carried out and proven to be quite effective is the teat dipping method as a form of prevention. Various methods and uses of teat dipping solutions have been widely used and used for this purpose such as iodine, potassium permanganate, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine gluconate chlorine, iodophor, sodium hypochlorite, lactic acid, phenolics and Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (DDBSA). Pre milking and post milking teat disinfection have been recommended widely by veterinarians and adopted by dairy producers in increasing numbers. This procedure is simple to perform, economical, and effective in controlling contagious mastitis pathogens. More recently, teat dipping in association with good udder preparation reduced the rate of intramammary infections by environmental pathogens. This paper aims to provide a brief review of the benefits of teat dipping as a method of controlling the incidence of mastitis in dairy cows. Keywords: mastitis, teat dipping, pathogens, intramammary infections

Introduction

Management of dairy farming is

implemented to improve milk quality and

safety. The management implementation

includes sanitation equipment, hygiene

milking, environmental cleanliness, air

source, feed, animal health, and milk

processing after milking (Izquierdo et al.,

2017). Mastitis is a major problem in the

management of livestock businesses

throughout the world, including Indonesia

(Nurhayati and Martindah, 2015). These

problems are related to economic losses

that occur due to an increase in poor milk

quality, a decrease in milk production, an

increase in maintenance costs, an increase

in the number of animals that are culled

before their age even severe them to death

(Majic et al., 1993; Samad, 2008; Bogni et

al., 2011). Therefore, proper control and

management of mastitis in herds is an

indispensable effort to ensure animal health

and safety of dairy products. During the last

few decades, more advanced mastitis

control and management have been

developed, however, this disease is still a

major problem in a dairy farming business

(Fetrow et al., 1991; Bhutto et al., 2012).

Eberhart and Buckalew (1972) and Schmidt

et al., (1985) added that pathogens

originating from the environment can

increase the number of clinical mastitis

sufferers during the livestock period in

accordance with a well-designed control

system.

One of the mastitis control and

management which has been carried out

and proven to be quite effective is the teat

dipping method as a form of prevention



232

(Hassan et al., 2009). Oliver et al. (2001)

stated that teat dipping is a simple

procedure and does not require expensive

costs. Teat dipping, both before and after

milking is the most effective procedure for

preventing the occurrence of new mastitis in

dairy cows (Contreras et al., 2003). The

procedure involves a teat dipping method

using a germicidal antiseptic to reduce

contamination and colonization of bacteria

that cause mastitis in the nipples and

minimize penetration into the streak canal or

nipple canal. The use of teat dipping for

mastitis control in dairy cows was first

reported by Moak in 1916 to control the

infection of Streptococcus agalactiae. At

that time the dipping solution used was pine

oil(Barnum et al., 1982). Teat dipping using

disinfectant is now widely recommended by

animal health practitioners and has been

widely implemented by dairy farmers since it

can be done easily, cheaply and effectively

for the control and control of pathogens of

environmental origin as a cause of infectious

mastitis (Oliver et al., 1993; Oliver et al.,

2001).

To date, the most commonly used

solutions for teat dipping are Iodine 0.25%,

0.5% and 1% (Nickerson et al., 1986; Oliver

et al., 1993), chlorhexidine 0.5% (Schultze

and Smith, 1972), chlorine 4% (Gleeson et

al., 2009), Iodophore 0.5% (Kamal and

Bayoumi, 2015), sodium hypochlorite

(Hemling, 2002), phenolics (Oliver et al.,

2001), Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid

(2015 DDBSA) 1.94% (Barnum et al., 1982),

potassium permanganate (Yasothai, 2017;

Abinaya and Thangarasu, 2017), bronopol

(Boddie and Nickerson, 2002) and hydrogen

peroxide (Leslie et al., 2006). Alternative

solutions that have been studied and are

useful for teat dipping consist of Morinda

citrifolia extract (Purwantiningsih et al.,

2017), starfruit leaf extract, or Averrhoa

bilimbi Linn. (Julianto et al., 2017), essential

oils from M. alternifolia (Dore et al., 2019)

and leaf extracts of babadotan or Ageratum

conyzoides (Mahpudin et al., 2017). The

solution can be used for teat dipping both

before and after milking with varying

degrees of success. This paper aims to

provide a brief review of the benefits of teat

dipping as a method to manage and control

the incidence of mastitis in dairy cows.

Results and Discussion

Milking Management

The occurrence of mastitis is

generally caused by the interaction of

various factors related to the host,

pathogenic agents, and the environment

(Pankey, 1989; Klaas and Zadoks, 2018).

All of these factors are related to overall

farm management (Sharif et al., 2009).

Milking management according to

Surjowardojo (2011) is divided into three

stages, namely the preparation,

implementation, and final stages of milking.

The milking preparation stage includes

activities to provide facilities for milking,

cleaning cages, bathing cows, washing



233

udders, and removing the first 3-4 squirts

(Munksgaard et al., 2001; Rushen et al.,

2001; Widaningrum et al., 2006). The

implementation stage is the milking process

while the last stage is washing udder and

doing teat dipping after milking

(Surjowardojo et al., 2008; Mahardika et al.,

2016). Elmoslemany et al. (2009) added that

the total number of plate counts (TPC) in

milk is a parameter that can describe the

milk sanitary conditions starting from animal

hygiene, milking process, sanitation of

shelter environment, and handling after

milking. According to FAO (2004) to obtain

safe milk from a dairy farm, five basic

requirements need to be considered namely

animal health, hygienic milking, animal feed,

animal welfare, and livestock environment.

According to Lakew et al. (2009), the

prevalence of mastitis is higher in cows with

a low milking hygiene process when

compared with a high level of hygiene.

Routine hygiene procedures of

milking such as washing udder using a

disinfectant, using a separate towel, flushing

the milking machine and teat dipping are

effectively decreasing mastitis (Erskine and

Eberhardt, 1991). On the contrary,

according to Harmon and Langlois (1986), if

the procedure of implementing teat dipping

was stopped, the incidence of mastitis had

increased. According to Galton et al. (1982),

the number of bacteria in the nipple to form

a colony is affected by the nipple treatment

procedure before milking. Nipple cleaning

procedures using a wet towel and followed

by a paper towel have significantly reduced

the number of bacteria on the nipples

(McKinnon et al., 1990; Gibson et al., 2008).

Barkema et al. (1998) and Kelly et al. (2009)

reported that washing with a towel before

teat dipping was one of the important factors

related to the low number of Somatic Cell

Count (SCC). Supar and Ariyanti (2008)

added that the transmission process of

mastitis-causing agents can occur during

milking manually through milking hands,

water used to clean udders, cloths, or other

equipment used during milking. The

statement was strengthened by Van Den

Berg (1988) who stated that transmission of

mastitis can occur due to bacterial contact

from the milker hands with the cows. The

risk of contamination of microorganisms

from milker hands is higher when compared

to milking machines. Moreover, the dirty

hands of the milker can make contamination

of the skin of the nipples and milk then

spread between cows in herds (Pandey and

Voskuil, 2011). The udder needs to be

washed before milking or rinsed using a

towel to clean it so that it can stimulate milk

release (Reinemann et al., 2008; Zalizar et

al., 2018). Mahardika et al (2016) research

results show that washing udder using a

water temperature of 37°C significantly

increases milk production compared to

without washing or washing with a water

temperature of 19-22°C.

The research showed that 96.3%

of the dairy farmers in Jimma and 77% of

Wolayta Sodo, Ethiopia had used hygienic



234

milking methods such as washing hands,

milk tank, and udder before milking (Wolde

and Jimma 2014; Duguma and Janssens,

2015). Nevertheless, Koster et al. (2006)

and Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi and Rayatdoost-

Baghal (2014) cautioned that washing udder

with water will increase milk SCC rates. It

caused by the flow of water from udder

falling to the tip of the nipple will carry

bacteria which results in an increased risk of

mastitis. The results of these research

studies indicate that milking management in

accordance with recommended procedures

can repress and reduce the risk of clinical

and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in the

field.

Benefits of Teat Dipping to Control

Mastitis

One of the activities after milking

that can reduce the incidence of mastitis is

teat dipping (Hogan and Smith, 1987; Zucali

et al., 2011; Putri et al., 2015). According to

Contreras et al. (2003) and Kamal and

Bayoumi (2015), the teat dipping process is

divided into 2, namely before milking and

after milking. Teat dipping before milking is

aimed at reducing microbial populations and

minimizing new intramammary infections

(Gleeson et al., 2018). Teat dipping after

milking is primarily given to infected groups

and has been shown to be very effective in

preventing the spread of mastitis (Galton,

2004). However, the results of other studies

show that not all pathogens that cause

mastitis respond equally to the treatment of

teat dipping (Osteras et al., 2008).

González and Wilson (2003),

Osteras et al. (2008) and Hogan and Smith

(2012) stated that various bacteria cause

mastitis and in general they can be

classified as infectious pathogens that have

a good response to the treatment of teat

dipping such as Staphylococcus aureus,

Streptococcus agalactiae, and Mycoplasma

spp. Whereas environmental pathogens are

not responding to teat dipping treatment for

example are Streptococcus uberis,

Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia

coli, and Klebsiella sp. Hamadani et al.

(2013) added that although C. bovis is a

common cause of mild clinical mastitis, it

can spread among cattle in herds quickly if

it is not treated by teat dipping after the

milking process. Therefore, the prevalence

of clinical mastitis caused by C. bovis tends

to be low in cattle farms that routinely carry

out teat dipping. Teat dipping has also been

shown to have succeeded in reducing

microbial populations and minimizing new

intra-mammary infections, so teat dipping

has been used widely, especially in flocks

that are very susceptible to infection and is

a very effective method for preventing

mastitis (Paape et al., 2001; Bergonier and

Berthelot, 2003; Contreras et al., 2003).

The benefits of teat dipping have

been proven by a number of research

results in the field which show that teat

dipping can prevent and reduce the

incidence of mastitis. Galton (2004) tested



235

mastitis in 120 Holstein cattle by applying

Streptococcus agalactiae and

Staphylococcus aureus to the nipples and

148 Holstein cows with Streptococcus

uberis in a 22-week study. Cattle are

grouped in 4 treatments, namely groups

without teat dipping, manual teat dipping

groups with commercial iodophors, manual

teat dipping groups with iodophor formulas

from teat dipping machines, and groups

using teat dipping machines that release

iodophors automatically. All teat dipping

procedures are performed after milking. A

bacterial suspension is applied to the

nipples of all cows after milking preparations

and just before the milking machine is

attached. The results of the study showed

that the teat dipping treatment using an

automatic milking machine was able to

reduce the number of bacteria Staph.

aureus (88.2%), Strep. Agalactiae (94.4%)

and Strep. uberis (93.8%). These results

indicate that the milking machine that

contains iodophors can reduce the number

of various bacteria used in research.

However, it should be remembered that this

method can only be done in the dairy

farming industry with a large capital scale

because it requires more advanced

technology. The results of a study by Kamal

and Bayoumi (2015) in a dairy cow group

with subclinical mastitis showed that the teat

dipping group before and after milking had a

lower Californian Mastitis Test (CMT) (+ and

++) score compared to the group without the

teat dipping (++++). The results of field

research by Zalizar et al. (2018) in the

District of Pujon Malang Regency in

lactation dairy cows showed that the number

of cases of subclinical mastitis occurred less

in cows that received teat treatment dipping

with antiseptics when compared to the

treatment of nipple rinse with water. The

number of cows suffering from mastitis both

subclinical and clinical and received teat

treatment dipping after milking with

antiseptic as many as 28 cattles, while the

cases of mastitis that were treated were

rinsed with water as many as 109 cows.

Sanitary procedures such as cleaning dirt

and organic material from the udder and

nipple skin followed by the teat dipping

process are not only able to prevent cases

of mastitis but can also help reduce the

number of bacteria that might get into the

milk.

Teat dipping before milking gives

many positive results because it has been

proven to reduce the number of bacteria in

the nipples (Dufour et al., 2011). Oliver et al.

(2001) in his research suggested that teat

dipping before milking combined with good

milking preparation and ended with teat

dipping after milking can reduce the

incidence of new mastitis during the

lactation period. Pankey et al. (1987) in his

research concluded that teat dipping

treatment before milking was able to reduce

the incidence of mastitis by 54%. Gibson et

al. (2008) suggested the benefits of teat

dipping before milking can reduce or clean

the bacteria on the nipples thus reduce the



236

potential for contamination in milk and also

play a role in controlling the incidence of

mastitis. Results of research by Mišeikienė

et al. (2015) also showed that the use of

antiseptics for teat dipping before milking

was able to reduce the population of

microbial coliforms, coagulase-negative

staphylococci and Streptococcus uberis on

the nipples even though they did not have

an impact on Candida sp.

However, there are also many

opinions which state that teat treatment

dipping before milking has little or no benefit

in preventing mastitis. The treatment of teat

dipping before milking in herded dairy cows

showed insignificant results for eliminating

Strep. uberis found in the nipples (Morton et

al., 2014). Research by Gleeson et al (2018)

also shows that teat dipping before milking

does not have a significant impact on

decreasing SCC or decreasing the

incidence of new intramammary infections.

According to (Dufour et al., 2011), SCC

rates are more influenced by milking

procedures such as wearing gloves during

milking, teat dipping after milking, and

routine checks on milking equipment

compared to teat dipping before milking.

This was confirmed by Nakano et al. (1995)

which states that sanitation such as the

cleanliness of the nipples and udder, the

type of towel dryer, the type of antiseptic

used, and the length of antiseptic contact

with the nipples play a greater role in milking

hygiene. Galton et al. (1982) add the

statement that milking preparation can

affect the number of milk bacteria and will

ultimately have an impact on the quality of

milk produced

Differences opinion from the

researchers must be examined carefully

and more deeply before choosing by using

a teat dipping solution that is considered

close to ideal. Apart from these differences,

some things must be considered: the fact

that some teat dipping solutions can irritate,

cause cracks and lesions on the nipple skin

after the dipping process. Source of irritation

from dipping solution in the form of the

chemical composition of germicide, pH

value that is too low or too high, storage of

products that are not according to the rules,

exposed to extreme temperatures, and

dilution with inappropriate water sources. In

addition to these weaknesses, the impact of

the teat dipping treatment that must look at

is the presence of teat dipping residue in

milk. Research results between 2007 and

2008 in Canada showed that milk in storage

tanks containing Iodine 54 to 1,902 μg / kg

(Borucki et al., 2010). Besides originating

from the feed, the high content of iodine in

milk is thought to be carried from the

implementation of teat dipping. Borucki et al.

(2012) added that although survey results

show that feeding and the implementation of

teat dipping are the main contributors to the

concentration of iodine in milk, controlled

studies are still needed to determine exactly

the contribution of both feed and teat

dipping. Although there are still many pros

and contras results of research and opinions



237

of experts and practitioners about the

benefits of the treatment of teat dipping

before milking, however, the treatment of

teat dipping both before and after milking is

proven to be very useful and is the most

rational choice to be made in prevention

programs and control of the incidence of

mastitis, both subclinical and clinical.

Various Types of Solutions of Teat

Dipping and Their Benefits

The idea of preventing mastitis

through hygienic milking procedures has

long been put forward in the dairy industry.

The idea arose because of the awareness

that mastitis cases could never be

completely eliminated from livestock

groups, but the cases could be suppressed

as low as possible. The main keys in

controlling the incidence of mastitis include

using trained employees, teat dipping

before and after milking, treatment of

mastitis during the non-lactation period, and

culling cows with chronic mastitis (Petrovski

et al., 2006; Nielsen and Emanuelson,

2013).

Teat dipping is one of the keys to

mastitis control in the dairy farming industry.

Various methods and uses of teat dipping

solutions have been widely used and utilized

for this purpose. Solutions that can be used

for teat dipping purposes include iodine

(Poutrel et al., 1990; Flachowsky et al.,

2007), potassium permanganate (Yasothai,

2017), calcium hypochlorite (Putri et al.,

2015), chlorhexidine (Goodwin et al., 1996),

chlorhexidine gluconate (Hogan, et al.,

1995), chlorine (Drechsler et al., 1990),

Iodophor (Dunsmore et al., 1977), sodium

hypochlorite (Pankey et al., 1983; Boddie et

al., 1998), Sodium chloride and lactic acid

(Oliver et al., 1989), phenolics (Oliver et al.,

2001), Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid

(DDBSA) (Fisher and Newbould. 1983),

quaternary ammonium (Stewart) and

Philpot, 1982), bronopol (Boddie and

Nickerson, 2002) and hydrogen peroxide

(Leslie et al., 2006). Although various types

of disinfectants can reduce the incidence of

mastitis, but have raised concerns about the

formation of residues in milk due to the high

concentration used (Galton et al., 1986).

Table 1. Types of teat dipping solutions and their benefits

Animals Types of teat dipping solutions

Ability References

Friesian Holstein cows

1% Iodine Safe to use and has no impact on the quality of milk

Castro et al., 2012

Friesian Holstein cows

Iodine, Chlorhexidine Chlorine

Significant reduction in the number of Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. on the nipple surface

Gleeson et al., 2009

Dairy cows 1,6% phenol Reducing cases of intramammary infection and the incidence of new mastitis

Peters et al., 2000

Dairy cows 1% potassium permanganate

No significant effect for mastitis control Abinaya and Thangarasu, 2017

Cows and buffalos

2% iodine Decreased number of SCC Shailja and Singh, 2002



238

Dairy cows 0,5% iodine Decreased number of SCC, decreased Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae

Kamal and Bayoumi, 2015

Dairy cows 1% povidone-iodine and glycerin 10%

Significant decrease in Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, although Streptococcus agalactiae did not experience a noticeable decrease

Pisestyani et al., 2017

Dairy cows 2% iodine Prolongs milk reductase time and decreases SCC rate

Mahardika et al., 2016

0,25% Iodine Very effective against pathogens that cause infectious mastitis but ineffective against pathogens derived from the environment.

Oliver et al., 1991

Dairy cows 1,94% dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA)

Significantly decreased the incidence of intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae although not significantly

Pankey et al., 1984

Table 1. illustrates the various

solutions used for teat dipping and their

ability to reduce the incidence of mastitis

through decreasing SCC and decreasing

numbers of various types of bacteria that

cause mastitis. The many types of teat

dipping solutions on the market are differed

by its strengths or weaknesses in its ability

to protect the nipples. The advantage of a

product given significant effect is the level of

its ability to protect a large number of

bacteria that cause mastitis (Ebehart et al.,

1983; Schmidt et al., 1985; Oliver et al.,

1990). Although the effective teat dipping

treatment can reduce the level of

intramammary infections caused by

Streptococcus agalactiae and

Staphylococcus aureus (Bramley and Dodd,

1984), according to Oliver and Mitchell

(1984) and Smith et al. (1985) it has not

been effective enough in controlling mastitis

caused by pathogenic environments such as

coliforms and streptococci except Strep.

agalactiae.

Today, teat dipping solutions are

widely marketed with highly variable formula

compositions and can be used single or in

combination with other solutions such as

iodine with collagen protein emollient

(Boddie and Nickerson, 1989), Sodium

chloride and lactic acid (Poutrel et al., 1990)

and Iodophor with DDBSA (Pankey et al.,

1987). The most commonly used solution

teat dipping today is iodine in various

concentrations. According to Boddie et al.

(2000) and Leslie et al. (2005) Iodine have

long been used extensively as a teat dipping

active ingredient with concentrations

ranging from 0.10% to 1.0%. Iodine is a

broad-spectrum germicide and is

considered effective against all bacteria,

fungi, viruses, and bacterial spores that

cause mastitis (Philpot et al., 1978). As a

teat dipping, Iodine has been formulated

with a low pH for a long time to obtain a



239

stable iodine concentration. The

concentration of iodine that is widely used as

a teat dipping is 0.05% (Pankey et al., 1983),

0.1% (Boddie and Nickerson, 1990), 0.175%

(Boddie et al., 1989), 0.25% ( Oliver et al.,

1991), 0.5% (Nickerson et al., 1986) and

1.0% (Eberhart et al., 1983). Although the

price is quite cheap and easy to obtain, the

use of iodine can be a residue in milk. A

significant increase in residue has been

found when iodine 1% is used as a teat

dipping. According to Boddie and Nickerson

(1989) Iodine residues increase in milk by 80

to 100 µg / L when 1% iodophor is used as

a teat dipping. Different results were shown

in the study of Vavrova et al. (2014) which

states that a concentration of 3% iodine is

the most effective choice for teat dipping

when compared with concentrations of 0.4%

and 1.5%. Unfortunately, Iodine residue

examination in milk in the study was not

carried out. According to Nickerson (2001),

another lack of Iodine is that it can irritate the

nipple skin, although this is denied by Foret

et al. (2003) which states that the use of

Iodine as a teat dipping does not irritate the

nipple.

Another teat dipping solution that

is widely circulating in the market is

chlorhexidine. Chlorhexidine is a colorless

solid organic compound, it is soluble in water

and usually comes in 2 forms, namely

chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorhexidine

acetate (King et al., 1977). The advantage of

using chlorhexidine is that it is not irritating

and has a residual effect which means it can

kill microbes for a long time. However, the

disadvantage of chlorhexidine is that it is

more expensive compared to Iodine.

Schultze and Smith (1970) challenged the

evaluation of the ability of chlorhexidine as a

teat dipping in reducing the level of S.

aureus infection in the udder. After being

challenged with an artificial infection with S.

aureus for 31 weeks, the results of his study

showed that 9 udders without the treatment

of teat dipping had infections and only 3

udders with the treatment of teat dipping had

infections.

Barnum et al. (1982) conducted a

study using DDBSA as a teat dipping

solution in dairy cows. The results showed

that the infection rate of Streptococcus

agalactiae was 62.5% and Staphylococcus

aureus was 75% without dipping with

DDBSA. Whereas dipping treatment with

DDBSA showed a much lower infection rate

of 12.5% for Streptococcus agalactiae and

21.5% for Staphylococcus aureus. The teat

dipping solution containing DDBSA works by

denaturing proteins, deactivating the

essential enzyme system, and disrupting

microbial cell membranes. Dodecylbenzene

sulfonic acid is also effective against Gram-

positive and Gram-negative bacteria and

yeast (Oura et al., 2002).

Currently, it has been tested and

tried out in the field of alternative antiseptics

for teat dipping from natural ingredients.

Research using the leaves of the cherry leaf

(Muntingia calabura L.) as a teat dipping has

been done by Kurniawan et al. (2013). The



240

results of his study showed that the palm leaf

decoction (Muntingia calabura L) with a

concentration of 20% was able to reduce the

incidence of mastitis by up to 80%.

Purwantiningsih et al. (2017) in his research

using noni (Morinda citrifolia) fruit extracts

on the results of the CMT test. Noni (Morinda

citrifolia) has been known to have anti-

bacterial properties because it contains anti-

bacterial substances such as acubin, L.

asperuloside, alizarin, and some

anthraquinone substances. The results of

his research showed that noni fruit extract

can inhibit the growth and spread of bacteria

that cause mastitis thereby reducing the risk

of mastitis. Vala et al. (2013) and

Ramprabhu et al. (2014) evaluated the

ability of herbal Mastidip liquid (M / S Ayurvet

Limited, India) containing herbal viz,

Berberis lycium, Curcuma longa, Eucalyptus

globulus and other ingredients with certain

concentrations as teat dipping to reduce the

incidence of mastitis. The trial results show

that the application of teat dipping using

Mastidip liquid can maintain the health of

healthy udder animals, reduce the number

of SCC, and reduce the incidence of

mastitis. According to Waghmare et al.

(2013), Mastidip Liquid may work by creating

a barrier at the tip of the nipple thereby

reducing the chance of the infectious agent

entering it. Mastidip Liquid may also play a

role in helping reduce the microbial

population of the nipple skin after milking.

With alternative antiseptic studies made

from easily available local materials, it is

hoped that it will reduce the cost of

controlling mastitis cases, especially on

small-scale smallholder farms in poor and

developing countries. However, further

research is still needed to optimize the ability

of alternative antiseptic ingredients.

Conclusion

Until now, teat dipping, both before

and after milking is one of the most important

keys in mastitis prevention and control.

various teat dipping solutions are widely

available in the market both from chemicals

and natural ingredients, although further

testing is still needed to find out the

effectiveness of each teat dipping solution.

Since it is a very important factor in the

management of a dairy farming business,

every dairy cattle business should run a teat

dipping procedure to improve the quality of

milk produced.

References

Abinaya, P., and S. Thangarasu. 2017. Testing the efficacy of potassium permanganate as an antiseptic agent for the control of bovine mastitis. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 6(10): 609-611. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.074

Barkema, H.W., Y. H. Schukken, T. J. G. M. Lam, M. J. Beiboer, G. Benedictus, and A. Brand. 1998. Management practices associated with low, medium, and high somatic cell counts in bulk milk. J. Dairy Sci. 81(7):1917-1927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75764-9



241

Barnum, D.A., R.E. Johnson, and B.W. Brooks. 1982. An evaluation of a teat dip with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid in preventing bovine mammary gland infection from experimental exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. Can Vet J. 23(2): 50-54.

Bergonier, D., and X. Berthelot. 2003. New advances in epizootiology and control of ewe mastitis. Livestock Production Science. 79(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00145-8

Bhutto, A.L., R.D. Murray, and Z. Woldehiwet. 2012. California mastitis test scores as indicators of subclinical intra-mammary infections at the end of lactation in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 92(1): 13-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.10.006

Boddie, R.L., S. C. Nickerson, and R.W. Adkinson, 2000. Efficacies of chlorine dioxide and iodophor teat dips during experimental challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. J. Dairy Sci. 83(12): 2975-2979. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75197-6

Boddie, R.L., and S.C. Nickerson. 1990. Efficacy of two iodophor postmilking teat germicides against Streptococcus agalactiae. J. Dairy Sci. 73(10):2790-2793. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78965-5

Boddie, R.L., and S.C. Nickerson. 1989. Efficacy of .18% iodine teat dip against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. J. Dairy Sci. 72(4):1063-1066. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79203-1

Boddie, R.L., S.C. Nickerson, and R.W. Adkinson, 1998. Germicidal activity of a chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide teat dip and a sodium chlorite teat dip during experimental challenge with

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. J Dairy Sci. 81(8): 2293–2298. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75809-6

Boddie, R.L., and S.C. Nickerson. 2002. Reduction of mastitis caused by experimental challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae by use of a quaternary ammonium and halogen-mixture teat dip. J. Dairy Sci. 85(1): 258-262. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74075-7

Bogni, C., L. Odierno, C. Raspanti, J. Giraudo, A. Larriestra, E. Reinoso, M. Lasagno, M. Ferrari, E. Ducrós, C. Frigerio, S. Bettera, M. Pellegrino, I. Frola, S. Dieser, and C. Vissio. 2011. War against mastitis: Current concepts on controlling bovine mastitis pathogens, in A. Méndez-Vilas (ed.), Science against microbial pathogens: Communicating current research and technological advances. 483–494, Rio Cuarto, Cordoba, Argentina.

Borucki, C.S.I., R. Berthiaume, P. Laffey, A. Fouquet, F. Beraldin, A. Robichaud, and P. Lacasse. 2010. Iodine concentration in milk sampled from Canadian farms. J. Food Prot, 73(9):1658–1663.

Borucki, C.S.I., R., Berthiaume, A. Robichaud, and P. Lacasse. 2012. Effects of iodine intake and teat-dipping practices on milk iodine concentrations in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(1) :213-220 doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4679

Bramley, A.J., and F.H. Dodd. 1984. Reviews of the progress of dairy science: mastitis control-progress and prospects. J. Dairy Res. 51(3): 481-512.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900023797

Castro, S.I.B., R. Berthiaume, A. Robichaud, and P. Lacasse. 2012. Effects of iodine intake and teat-dipping practices on milk iodine



242

concentrations in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 95(1): 213–220. doi:10.3168/jds.2011-4679

Contreras, A., C. Luengo, A. Sanchez, and J.C. Corrales. 2003. The role of intramammary pathogens in dairy animals. Livestock Production Science. 79(2-3): 273-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00172-0

Dore, S., A.M. Ferrini, B. Appicciafuoco, M.R. Massaro, G. Sotgiu, M. Liciardi, and E.A. Cannas. 2019. Efficacy of a terpinen-4-ol based dipping for post-milking teat disinfection in the prevention of mastitis in dairy sheep. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 31 (1): 19-26. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2018.1523069

Dufour, S., A. Fréchette, H.W. Barkema, A. Mussell, and D. T. Scholl. 2011. Invited review: effect of udder health management practices on herd somatic cell count. J Dairy Sci. 94(2):563-79. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3715.

Duguma, B. and G.P.J. Janssens. 2015. Assessment of dairy farmers’ hygienic milking practices and awareness of cattle and milk-borne zoonoses in Jimma, Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management. 45:114-121.

Dunsmore, D.G., C. Nuzum, and S.M. Wheeler. 1977. Iodophors and iodine in dairy products. IV. Milking machine cleaning techniques. Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. 32(3): 114-119.

Drechsler, P.A., E. E. Wildman, and J. W. Pankey. 1990. Evaluation of a chlorous acid-chlorine dioxide teat dip under experimental and natural exposure conditions. J. Dairy Sci. 73(8): 2121-2128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78892-3

Ebehart, R.J., P.L. Levan, L.C.Jr. Griel, and E.M. Kesler. 1983. Germicidal teat dip in a herd with low prevalence of Streprococcus agalactiae and

Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 66(6):1390-1395. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81949-3

Eberhart, R.J., and J.M. Buckalew. 1972 .Evaluation of a hygiene and dry period therapy program for mastitis control. J. Dairy Sci. 55 (12):1683-1688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85745-X

Eberhart, R.J., P.L. LeVan, L.C.Jr., Griel, and E.M. Kesler. 1983. Germicidal teat dip in a herd with low prevalence of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 66(6): 1390-1395. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81949-3

Elmoslemany, A.M., G.P., Keefe, I.R. Dohoo, and R.T. Dingwell. 2009. Microbiological quality of bulk tank raw milk in Prince Edwad Island dairy herds. J.Dairy Sci. 92 (9):4239- 4248. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1751

Erskine, R.J., and R.J. Eberhardt. 1991. Post-milking teat dip use in dairy herds with high or low somatic cell counts. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 199(12):1734-1736.

FAO. 2004. Guide to good dairy farming practice. International Dairy Federation Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations. www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5224E/Y5224E00.HTM

Fetrow, J., D. Mann, K. Butcher, and B. McDaniel. 1991. Production losses from mastitis: carry-over from the previous lactation. J Dairy Sci. 74(3): 833- 839.DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78232-5

Fisher, G. C., and F.H.S. Newbould. 1983. Field evaluation of a teat dip containing dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid in preventing new mammary gland infections in a dairy herd. Can. Vet. J. 24(3): 89-91.



243

Flachowsky, G., F. Schone, M. Leiterer, D. Bemmann, M. Spolders, and P. Lebzien. 2007. Influence of an iodine depletion period and teat dipping in the iodine concentration of serum and milk of cows. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 16(1):18–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66722/2007

Foret, C.J., W. E. Owens, R.L. Boddie, and P. Janowicz. 2003. Efficacy of two Iodine teat dips during experimental challenge with Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae J. Dairy Sci. 86(11) :3783–3786 DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73985-X

Galton, D.M. 2004. Effects of an automatic postmilking teat dipping system on new intramammary infections and Iodine in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 87(1):225–231. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73161-6

Galton, D.M., R.W. Adkinson, C.V. Thomas, and T.W Smith. 1982. Effects of pre-milking udder preparation on environmental bacterial contamination of milk. J Dairy Sci. 65 (8):1540-1543. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82379-5

Galton, D. M., L.G. Petersson, and H.N. Erb. 1986. Milk iodine residues in herds practicing iodophor premilking teat disinfection. J. Dairy Sci. 69(1): 267–271. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80397-6

Galton, D.M. 2004. Effect of an automatic postmilking teat dipping system on new intramammary infections and and iodine in milk. J. Dairy Sci. 87(1): 225-231. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73161-6

Gibson, H., L.A. Sinclair, C.M. Brizuela, H.L. Worton, and R.G. Protheroe. 2008. Effectiveness of selected pre-milking teat-cleaning regimes in reducing teat microbial load on commercial dairy farms. Letters in App Micro.

46(3):295–300. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02308.x

Gleeson, D., B. O’Brien, J. Flynn, E. O’ Callaghan, and F. Galli. 2009. Effect of pre-milking teat preparation procedures on the microbial count on teats prior to cluster application. Irish Veterinary Journal. 62 (7): 461-467. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-0481-62-7-461

Gleeson, D., J. Flynn, and B. O’ Brien. 2018. Effect of pre-milking teat disinfection on new mastitis infection rates of dairy cows. Irish Veterinary Journal. 71(11): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-018-0122-4

González, R.N., and D.J. Wilson, 2003. Mycoplasmal mastitis in dairy herds. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 19(1):199-221.

Goodwin, P.J., G.P. Kenny, M. J. Josey, and M. Imbeah. 1996. Effectiveness of postmilking teat antisepsis with iodophor, Chlorhexidine or dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 21: 266-269

Hamadani, H., A.A. Khan, M.T., Banday, I. Ashraf, N. Handoo, A. Bashir, and A. Hamadani. 2013. Bovine Mastitis - A Disease of Serious Concern for Dairy Farmers. International Journal of Livestock Research. 3(1): 42-55. doi: 10.5455/ijlr.20130213091143

Harmon, R.J., and B.E. Langlois. 1986. Prevalence of minor mastitis pathogens and associated somatic cell counts. In Proc. Natl. Mastitis Counc., 25th Annu. Mtg., Columbus, OH. 11-23.

Hassan, K.J., S. Samarasinghe, and M.G. Lopez-Benavides. 2009. Use of neural networks to detect minor and major pathogens that cause bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 92(4): 1493-1499. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1539

Hemling, T.C. 2002. Teat Condition - Prevention and Cure Through Teat



244

Dips Proceedings of the British Mastitis Conference (2002) Brockworth, p 1-14 Institute for Animal Health/Milk Development Council. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2c37/af5203801e24f6694803a48d937dbe6db1fb.pdf

Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 2012. Managing environmental mastitis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 28(2):217–24. doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.03.009

Hogan, J.S., and K.L. Smith. 1987. A practical look at environmental mastitis. Com. Con. Edu. Pract. Vet. 9: F342.

Hogan, J.S., Smith, K.L. Todhunter, D.A., and P.S. Schoenberger. 1995. Efficacy of a barrier teat dip containing .55% chlorhexidine for prevention of bovine mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 78(11):2502-2506. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76879-5

Izquierdo, A.C., J.E.G. Liera, R.E. Cervantes, J.F.I. Castro, E.A.V. Mancera, R.H. Crispín, M. L.J. Mosqueda, A.G. Vázquez, J.O. Pérez, P.S. Aparicio, and B.E.R. Denis. 2017. Production of milk and bovine mastitis. J. Adv. Dairy Res. 5(2): 1-4. doi:10.4172/2329-888X.1000174

Julianto, J., P. Sambodho, and D.W. Harjanti. 2017. Pengaruh dipping menggunakan ekstrak daun belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) terhadap total bakteri dan jamur susu sapi perah mastitis subklinis. Agromedia. 35(1): 7-13

Kamal, R.M., and M.A. Bayoumi. 2015. Efficacy of premilking and postmilking teat dipping as a control of subclinical mastitis in Egyptian Dairy cattle. International Food Research Journal. 22(3): 1037-1042

Kelly, P.T., K. O’Sullivan, D. P. Berry, S.J. More, W.J. Meaney, E.J. O’Callaghan, and B. O’Brien. 2009. Farm management factors

associated with bulk tank somatic cell count in Irish dairy herds. Irish Veterinary Journal. 62 (Suppl.4) :45-52. doi: [10.1186/2046-0481-62-S4-S45]

King, J.S., S.V. Morant, and A.J. Bramley, 1977. The bactericidal activity of a teat dip containing chlorhexidine and cetrimide. Veterinary Record. 101(21): 421-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.101.21.421

Klaas, I.C., and R.N. Zadoks. 2018. An update on environmental mastitis: Challenging perceptions. Transbound Emerg Dis. 65(Suppl. 1):166–185. DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12704

Koster, G., B.A. Tenhagen, N. Scheibe, and W. Heuwieser, 2006. Factors associated with high milk test day somatic cell counts in large dairy herds in Brandenburg. II. Milking practices. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. A, Physiology, pathology, clinical medicine. 53(4):209-214. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00814.x

Kurniawan, I., Sarwiyono, and P. Surjowardojo. 2013. Pengaruh teat dipping menggunakan dekok daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) terhadap tingkat kejadian mastitis. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan. 23(3): 27- 31.

Lakew, M., T. Tolosa, and W. Tigre. 2009. Prevalence and major bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in Asella, South Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 41(7): 1525- 1530. doi: 10.1007/s11250-009-9343-6.

Leslie, K.E., C.S. Petersson, E. Vernooy, and A. Bashiri. 2005. Efficacy of an iodophore test disinfectant against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in experimental challenge. J. Dairy Sci. 88(1): 406-410. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72701-6



245

Leslie, K.E., E. Vernooy, A. Bashiri, and R.T. Dingwell. 2006. Efficacy of two hydrogen peroxide teat disinfectants against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. J. Dairy Sci. 89(9): 3696-3701. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72410-9

Mahardika, H.A., P. Trisunuwati, and P. Surjowardojo. 2016. Pengaruh suhu air pencucian ambing dan teat dipping terhadap jumlah produksi, kualitas dan jumlah sel somatik susu pada sapi Peranakan Friesian Holstein. Buletin Peternakan. 40 (1): 11-20. DOI: 10.21059/buletinpeternak.v40i1.8785

Mahpudin, F. Wahyono, and D.W. Harjanti. 2017. Efektivitas ekstrak daun babadotan sebagai green antiseptic untuk pencelup puting sapi perah. Agripet. 17 (1): 15-21. DOI : https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v17i1.6927

Majic, B., B.V. Jovanovic, Z. Ljubic, and S. Kukovics. 1993. Typical problems encountered in Croatia in the operation of goats milking machines. Proceedings of the 5th Internacional symposium on machine milking of small ruminants. Budapest, Hungary. 377-379.

McKinnon, C.H., G.J. Rowlands, and A.J. Bramley. 1990. The effect of udder preparation before milking and contamination from the milking plant on bacterial numbers in bulk milk of eight dairy herds. J Dairy Res. 57(3):307-318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900026959

Mišeikienė, R., J. Rudejevienė, and G. Gerulis. 2015. Effect of pre-milking antiseptic treatment on the bacterial contamination of cow teats’ skin. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 18(2):159-166 DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.833

Morton, J.M., J.F. Penry, J. Malmo, and G.A. Mein. 2014. Premilking teat

disinfection: is it worthwhile in pasture-grazed dairy herds? J Dairy Sci. 97(12):7525–537. doi: 10.3168/jds.2014-8185.

Munksgaard, L., A.M. DePassillé, J. Rushen, M.S. Herskin, and A.M. Kristensen. 2001. Dairy cows’ fear of people: social learning, milk yield and behaviour at milking. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 73(1): 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00119-8

Nakano, T., D. Sahara, T. Senou, M. Ichikawa, T. Ichikawa, and I. Notsuki. 1995. The effects of different methods of premilking liner and teat preparation on bacterial counts in raw milk. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Mastitis Seminar, Part I, Tel Aviv, Israel, pp. 70–71.

Nickerson, S.C., J.L. Watts, R.L. Boddie, and J.W. Pankey. 1986. Evaluation of .5% and 1% Iodophor teat dips on commercial dairies. J Dairy Sci. 69(6):1693-1698. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(86)80588-4

Nickerson, S.C. 2001. Choosing the best teat dip for mastitis control and milk quality. NMC-PDPW Milk Quality Conference Proceedings (2001) www.dairyweb.ca/Resources/USWebDocs/TeatDips.pdf

Nielsen, C., and U. Emanuelson. 2013. Mastitis control in Swedish dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 96(11): 6883–6893 http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2012-6026

Nurhayati, I., and E. Martindah. 2015. Pengendalian mastitis subklinis melalui pemberian antibiotik saat periode kering pada sapi perah. Wartazoa. 25(2): 65-74. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v25i2.1143

Oliver, S.P., and B.A. Mitchell. 1984. Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in herds participating in a mastitis control program. J. Dairy Sci. 67(10): 24-36.



246

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81592-1

Oliver, S.P., S.H. King, P.M. Torre, E.P. Shull, H.H. Dowlen, M.J. Lewis, and L.M. Sordillo. 1989. Prevention of bovine mastitis by a postmilking teat disinfectant containing chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide in a soluble polymer gel. J. Dairy Sci. 72(11):3091-3097. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79463-7

Oliver, S.P., M.J. Lewis, T.L. Ingle, B.E. Gillespie, K.R. Matthews, and H.H. Dowlen. 1993. Premilking Teat Disinfection for the Prevention of Environmental Pathogen Intramammary Infections. Journal of Food Protection. 56(10): 852-855. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-56.10.852

Oliver, S.P., M.J. Lewis, S.H. King, B.E. Gillespie, T. Ingle, K.R. Matthews, H.H. Dowlen, P.A. Drechsler, E.E. Wildman, and J.W. Pankey. 1991. Efficacy of a Low Concentration Iodine Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Against Contagious and Environmental Mastitis Pathogens in Two Dairy Herds. Journal of Food Protection. 54 (9): 737-774. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-54.9.737

Oliver, S.P., B.E. Gillespie, M.J. Lewis, S.J. Ivey, R.A. Almeida, D.A. Luther, D.L. Johnson, K.C. Lamar, H. Moorehead, and H.H. Dowlen. 2001. Efficacy of a premilking teat disinfectant containing a phenolic combination for the prevention of mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 84(6): 1545-1549. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70189-0

Oliver, S.P., S.H. King, M.J. Lewis, P.M. Torre, K.R. Matthews, and H.H. Dowlen. 1990. Efficacy of chlorhexidine as a postmilking teat disinfectant for the prevention of bovine mastitis during lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 73(8): 2230-2235. DOI:

10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78903-5

Osteras, O., A.C. Whist, and L. Solverod. 2008. The influence of iodine teat dipping and an external teat sealant in heifers on bacterial isolation from quarter milk culture obtained post-calving. Livestock Science. 119(1-3): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.03.008

Oura, L.Y., L.K. Fox, C.C. Warf, and G.K. Kemp. 2002. Efficacy of two acidified chlorite postmilking teat disinfectants with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid on prevention of contagious mastitis using an experimental challenge protocol. J. Dairy Sci. 85(1):252–257. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74074-5

Paape, M.J., B. Poutrel, A. Contreras, J.C. Marco, and A.V. Capuco. 2001. Milk somatic cells and lactation in small ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 84(Suppl.): 237-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)70223-8

Pandey, G.S., and G.C.J. Voskuil. 2011. Manual on milk safety, quality and hygiene. GART.

Pankey, J.W. 1989. Premilking udder hygiene. J. Dairy Sci. 72(5):1308-131. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(89)79238-9

Pankey, J.W., W.N. Philpot, R.L. Boddie, and J.L. Watts. 1983. Evaluation of nine teat dip formulations under experimental challenge to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. J. Dairy Sci. 66(1): 161-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81767-6

Pankey, J.W., S.C. Nickerson, and R.L. Boddie. 1984. Evaluation of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid teat dip under experimental challenge. J. Dairy Sci. 67(6):1327-1330



247

DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(84)81441-1

Pankey, J.W., E.E. Wildman, P.A. Drechsler, and J.S. Hogan. 1987. Field trial evaluation of premilking teat disinfection. J Dairy Sci. 70(4):867-872. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80085-1

Peters, R.R., S. Komaragiri, M.J. Paape, and L.W. Douglass. 2000. Evaluation of 1.6% phenol as a premilking and postmilking teat dip in preventing new bovine intramammary infections. J. Dairy Sci. 83(8):1750–1757. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75045-4

Petrovski, K.R., M. Trajcev, and G. Buneski. 2006. A review of the factors affecting the costs of bovine mastitis. Tydskr. S. Afr. vet. Ver. 77(2): 52–60. DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v77i2.344

Philpot, W.N., J.W. Pankey, R.L. Boddie, and W.D. Gilson. 1978. Hygiene in the prevention of under infection. VI. Comparative efficacy of a teat dip under experimental and natural exposure to mastitis pathogens. J. Dairy Sci. 61(7): 946-969. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(78)83674-1

Pisestyani, H., E. Sudarnika, R. Ramadhanita, A.Z. Ilyas, A. Wicaksono, C. Basri, A.B. Nugraha, and M.B. Sudarwanto. 2017. Perlakuan Celup Puting setelah Pemerahan terhadap Keberadaan Bakteri Patogen, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, dan E. coli pada Sapi Perah Penderita Mastitis Subklinis di Peternakan KUNAK Bogor. Jurnal Sain Veteriner. 35 (1): 63-70. DOI: 10.22146/jsv.29293

Poutrel, B., F. Serieys, and M. Ducelliez. 1990. Efficacy of a germicidal postmilking barrier-type teat dip in preventing IMI. The Vet. Rec. 126(26):638–640. DOI: 10.1136/vr.126.26.638

Purwantiningsih, T.I., Y.Y. Suranindyah, and Widodo. 2017. Efektivitas celup puting menggunakan ekstrak buah mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) terhadap hasil uji California Mastitis Test (CMT). Sains Peternakan. 15 (2): 66-69 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ sainspet.15.2.66-69

Putri, P., Sudjatmogo, and T.H. Suprayogi.

2015. Pengaruh lama waktu dipping

dengan menggunakan larutan

kaporit terhadap tampilan total

bakteri dan derajat keasaman susu

sapi perah. Animal Agriculture

Journal. 4(1): 132-136

Ramprabhu, R., Jairam., A. Karthik, K. Ravikanth, S. Maini, and Adarsh. 2014. Evaluation of regular teat sanitization control measures for prevention of sub clinical mastitis in cattle. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. 2 (10):1212-1216

Reinemann, D.J., R.D. Bade, and P.D. Thompson. 2008. Method for assessing teat and udder hygiene. Paper No. 083796. In: ASABE Annual International Meeting. Providence, Rhode Island.

Rushen, J., L. Munksgaard, P.G. Marnet, and A.M. DePassille. 2001. Human contact and the effects of acute stress on cows at milking. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 73(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00105-8

Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi, A., and F. Rayatdoost-Baghal. 2014. Effects of herd management practices on somatic cell counts in an arid climate. R. Bras. Zootec. 43(9):499-504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000900007

Samad, M.A. 2008. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, volume II, LEP pub no.11, Bangladesh Agricultural University campus, Mymensingh.

Schmidt, A.L., S.P. Oliver, and M.E. Fydenkevez. 1985. Germicidal



248

persistence of teat dips by moditied excised teat procedure. J. Dairy Sci. 68 (1):158-162. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80810-9

Schultze, W.D., and J.W. Smith. 1970. Effectiveness of chlorhexidine in a postmilking teat dip. J. Dairy Sci. 53 (1)38-45 https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(70)86145-8

Schultze, W.D., and J.W. Smith. 1972. Effectiveness of postmilking teat dips. J Dairy Sci. 55(4): 426-431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(72)85511-5

Shailja, and M. Singh. 2002. Post milking teat dip effect on somatic cell count, milk production and composition in cows and buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 15 (10) : 1517-1522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1517

Sharif, A., M. Umer, and G. Muhammad. 2009. Mastitis control in dairy production. J. Agric. Soc. Sci. 5(3): 102–105

Smith, K.L., D.A. Todhunter, and P.S. Schoentmger. 1985. Environmental pathogens and intramammary infection during the dry period. J. Dairy Sci. 68 (2):402-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(85)80838-9

Stewart, G.A., and W.N. Philpot. 1982. Efficacy of a quaternary ammonium teat dip for preventing intramammary infections. J. Dairy Sci. 65(5):878-880. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(82)82281-9

Supar, and Ariyanti, T. 2008. Kajian pengendalian mastitis subklinis pada sapi perah [Studies on subclinical mastitis control in the dairy cows]. Di dalam: Diwyanto, K., Wina, Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. Bogor. Indonesia: hlm 360-366.E., Priyanti, A., Natalia, L., Herawati, T., Purwandaya, B., editor. Semiloka

Nasional Prospek Industri Sapi Perah Menuju Perdagangan Bebas 2020; 2008 Apr 21; Jakarta,

Surjowardojo, P., L. Suyadi, Hakim, and Aulani’am. 2008. Ekspresi produksi susu pada sapi perah. Jurnal Ternak Tropika. 9 (1): 1-11.

Surjowardojo, P. 2011. Tingkat kejadian mastitis dengan whiteside test dan produksi susu sapi perah Frisien Holstein. Jurnal Ternak Tropika. 12(1): 46- 55

Vala, K.B., M.J. Saxena, K. Ravikanth, A. Thakur, and S. Maini. 2013. Efficacy Evaluation of Herbal Teat Dip “Mastidip Liquid” in Sub-Clinical Mastitis in Crossbred Cows. Theriogenology Insight. 3(2):47-51. DOI Number: 10.5958/j.2277-3371.3.2.001

Van Den Berg, T.C.T. 1988. Higiene and Dairy Technology. Agriculture Faculty Wageningen University. Nederland.

Vavrova, E., Z. Sladek, V. Trojan, and M. Machacek. 2014.Iodine teat dips: A comparison of three Iodine concentrations. MendelNet. 204-206.

Waghmare, S.P., A.Y. Kolte, K. Ravikanth, and A. Thakur. 2013. Application of Herbal Teat Dip Mastidip Liquid in Subclinically Mastitic Animals and Its Role in Further Prevention of Mastitis. Int. J. Agric. Sc & Vet.Med. 1 (4): 43-49

Widaningrum, S., Usmiati, and Abubakar. 2006. Penerapan HACCP pada proses pemerahan susu sapi di tingkat peternakan (Kasus koperasi susu Sarwa Mukti Kecamatan Cisarua Kabupaten Bandung 2005). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner, Bogor 5-6 September 2006.

Wolde. S., and A. Jimma. 2014. Assessment of knowledge gap and constraints affecting production and consumption of standardized dairy products in Wolayta Soddo,



249

Southern Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 9(47): 3427-3433. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014. 9042

Yasothai, R. 2017. Effect of Premilking And Postmilking Teat Dipping in Control of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology. 6(2):1413-1417

Zalizar, L., Sujono, D. Indratmi, and Y.A. Soedarsono. 2018. Kasus mastitis sub klinis pada sapi perah laktasi di

Kecamatan Pujon Kabupaten Malang. Jurnal Ilmu Ilmu Peternakan. 28 (1): 35-41. DOI: 10.21776/ub.jiip.2018.028.01.03

Zucali, M., L. Bava, A. Tamburini, M. Brasca, L. Vanoni, and A. Sandrucci. 2011. Effects of season, milking routine and cow cleanliness on bacterial and somatic cell counts of bulk tank milk. J. Dairy Res. 78(4): 436–441. doi: 10.1017/ S0022029911000598

The Benefits of Teat Dipping as Prevention of Mastitis

Documents