The Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens BULLETIN · other German colleagues including Eberhardt Frömter and Rainer Greger at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics in

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Volume 1, 2003

The Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens

BULLETIN

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Letter from the Director 2OBITUARY: JOHN ATHERTON YOUNG

by Arthur Conigrave 4John Atherton Young - Memorial speech

by Stephen Garton 7ACTIVITIES IN GREECEDeputy Director’s Report from Athens 10Museums and Exhibitions in Greece 11The Australian Paliochora Kythera Archaeological Survey 2003 16The 2003 Torone Study Season 20FEATURE ARTICLESEastern Anatolia during the Time of

Xenophon by Claudia Sagona and Antonio Sagona 23

The Red-figured Pottery from Torone by Ian McPhee 33

A Terone Tetradrachm: New Acquisition of the Nicholson Museum 37

ACTIVITIES IN AUSTRAILAThe Visiting Professorship 38Significant Donations 38The Institutional, Corporate Members &

Governors of the AAIA 39REPORTS FROM THE FRIENDSThe Sydney Friends 41The Tasmanian Friends 42The Queensland Friends 42The Canberra Friends 43The University of Melbourne Friends 44The Athens Friends 45The West Australian Friends 45The South Australian Friends 46The Society of Mediterranean Archaeology

(University of Sydney Friends) 48PUBLICATIONS:Some Recent Australian Publications 49

NEWS IN BRIEF:2003 Hostel Report 10Report from the 2003-04 AAIA Fellow 12Peter Wilson: The New Professor of Classics

at the University of Sydney 14Previous AAIA Visiting Professors 38New Corporate Members 39New Institutional Members 39New Governors 40Contact Information for Friends of the AAIA

Societies 41New President of the Canberra Friends:

Mr John Kalokerinos 42 ANU (Canberra) Friends Scholarship Report

by Mark Thomson 43Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 49OBITUARIESMrs Mary Tancred 46Mr Jack Stammel 47

Editorial credits 51Front and Back Cover notices 51

TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter from the Director IamwritingthislettersatisfiedthattheInstitute’sactivitiescontinueunabatedinspiteofmyownpersonalhealthproblemsandinspiteofthedeathofourgenerousandhard-workingTreasurer,ProfessorJ.A.Young.

TheFellowship for theEuropeanAcademicYear 2003-2004,whichis at present awarded biennially, went to MrMatthewMcCallum, and myunderstandingisthathisresearchinAthensisprogressingsatisfactorily.Alsoin2003fivescholarshipswereawardedtostudentsthatneededtodoresearchinGreeceasfollows:MrMarkThomson(AustralianNationalUniversity),MrAndrewSim(UniversityofMelbourne),MsMiriamRiverlea(UniversityofMelbourne),MsSusanPhilips (UniversityofQueensland)andMrNicholasVlachos(UniversityofSydney).

Animportanteventduring2003wasthejoiningofCranbrookSchoolinSydneyasanInstitutionalMember,whichwasmadepossiblethroughthegenerosityofMrTimothyHarding.AttheendoftheyearAschamSchoolalsojoinedasanInstitutionalMember,thankstothegoodservicesofDrRobertHarperandMrsVictoriaHarper,bringing thenumberofsecondaryschoolswhicharenowmembersoftheAAIAtofive.

TheInstitutealsoacquiredtwonewGovernorsin2003,MrsPaulineHardingandMrSpirosArvanitakis.MrsHarding,whohasbeensupportingtheInstitutewithherhusbandMrTimothyHardingmentionedabove,isawelcomeaddition to theCouncil in her own right.MrArvanitakis is a distinguishedaccountantpracticinginSydneyanditishopedthathewillbeabletoassisttheInstitutethroughhiscontactsintheGreekcommunityandhisprofessionalexpertise.

Asreportedat thelastCouncilmeetingthelecturetourofProfessorAnthonySnodgrasshad,sadly,tobecancelledbecauseofdifficultiesthataroseduringmynegotiationswithhim.

AsthemembersandFriendsoftheInstituteknow,theannualVisitingProfessorship, which was inaugurated with Professor Sir John Boardman’slecture tour in 1987, was made possible through the generous sponsorshipofMrSidneyLondish (1987-2000)andMrPeterBurrows (2001-2004).MrBurrows’sponsorshipwillcoverthecostofthelecturetouruptoandincluding2004.Intheabsenceofaspecificfuturesponsor,attheCouncilmeetingheldlast September, itwas decided to appoint a committeewith Professor JohnChalmers as chairmanand turnover to it the taskof securing funds for theVisiting Professorship from 2005 on. The Committee, which includes theChancellor,MrPeterBurrows,MrMichaelDiamond,DrRobertHarper,Dr

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MonicaJacksonandmyself(italsoincludedoriginallythelateProfessorJ.A.Young),hasmetseveraltimessincelastSeptemberandhasalreadysecuredfundsfortheyears2005to2009witharemarkablespeed.TheInstituteisgratefultotheCommitteeforitscommitmentandefficiency.

FinallyawordshouldbesaidabouttheCouncil’sdecisiontochangethenameofthe“Newsletter”,whichwaspublishedannuallyfor15yearssince1987,andrenameit“TheBulletinoftheAustralianArchaeologicalInstituteatAthens”.AsthereadersofthisfirstissueoftheBulletinwillrealize,thechangeaffectsboththeformatoftheperiodicalandthematerialpublishedinit.Althoughtheinformativesideofitscontentwillberetained,moreweightwillbeputonscholarlyarticles.ThepublicationoftheAnnualLectureinAthenswillbecomeitsmainfeature.ThechangementionedabovewasmadepartlypossiblethroughthegeneroussponsorshipofHalkeas PrintingtowhichtheInstituteismostgrateful.

Theeditorial committee regrets that forvarious reasons thecirculationof this issuehad tobeconsiderablydelayed.

AlexanderCambitoglou

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OBITUARYJohnAthertonYoungAO,FAA,FRACP

(18 April 1936 - 10 February 2004)

byArthurConigrave(AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofSydney)

JohnAthertonYounggrewup inBrisbane, theelder sonofBillandBettyYoung.Hismother’s family, theAthertonswerepioneeringpastoralistsfromNorthQueensland.JohnattendedBrisbaneChurchofEnglandGrammarSchoolandhisacademicabilitieswererecognisedearly.Heleft“Churchie”in1953,havingestablishedhiscredentialsatthePublicExaminationasoneoftheforemostyoungmindsinthestate.

WiththesupportofaStateGovernmentOpenScholarship,heenteredtheFacultyofMedicineattheUniversityofQueensland.There,heestablishedhimselfasoneofitsmostacademicallygiftedundergraduates,takingtheopportunity

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totesthissuitabilityformedicalresearchasanhonoursstudentintheDepartmentofPathology.HegraduatedwithFirstClassHonoursandtheUniversityMedalin1960.AfterhisinternshipatRoyalBrisbaneHospital,heleftBrisbanein1962andcametoSydney.Hisaim:topursuealifeinmedicalscience.Withtheexceptionofshortfamilyorprofessionalvisits,heneverreturnedtoBrisbane.However,longafterwards,heacknowledgedtheformativeinfluenceofhisfamily,especiallyhismotherBetty,andhisprovincialAustralianupbringing,andinlaterlifehetooktheopportunitytoeditandpublishhisgrandmother’sdiary,Jane Bardsley’s Outback Letterbook across the years 1896-1936(Angus&Robertson1987).

InSydney,hemovedintoStPaul’scollegeattheUniversityofSydneyasatutor,meetingtherethearchaeologistAlexanderCambitoglou,who later became Professor ofClassicalArchaeology,Curator of theNicholsonMuseumanddirectorof theArchaeological InstituteatAthens (AAIA).The twoformeda life-longpersonaland intellectualrelationship.

WhilstinSydneyintheearly1960s,JohnYoungadvancedhiscareerbycompletingaDoctorateofMedicineunder the supervision ofDrDavid Edwards at theKanematsuMemorial Institute, then based at SydneyHospital.Characteristically,hemaintainedcontactwithDrEdwardsandhiswifeforyearsafterwards,visitinganddiningwiththemevenaftertheymovedtoNewYorkinthe1970s.

DuringhistimeasanMDstudent,Youngdevelopedasarenalandgastro-intestinalphysiologistandmighthavebecomearenalphysician.However,hislifetookanotherturnwhenhewenttoworkinBerlinwithKarlUllrich,astheC.J.MartinFellow,NationalHealthandMedicalResearchCouncilofAustralia,attheFreiUniversitätBerlin.ProfessorUllrichwasattractingalargenumberofyoungpost-doctoralstudentswantingtoworkonthekidney.Atthattime,in1964-1965,therewasamorepressingphysiologicalproblemwithinreachofUllrich’smicropuncturetechniques-thesolutionastohowsomeofthebody’sglands,suchasthoseproducingsalivaandsweat,couldsecreteanessentiallysalt-free,wateryfluid.

Inparallel studies,Youngandanotherpost-doctoral fellow inKarlUllrich’s laboratory,RiccardoMartinez,demonstratedthatsalt-depletedsalivarysecretionswere,infact,salt-richattheirsource,butbecamedepletedofsaltintheirprogresstowardsthemouth.Thistwo-stageprocesshadbeenpredictedinthe1950sbytheDanishscientistsJ.H.Thaysen,N.A.ThornandI.L.Schwartz.ThephysiologistNielsThornbecamealife-longcolleagueandfriend.ThescientificpapersthatfollowedestablishedJohnYoungasoneoftheworld’sforemostglandularphysiologistsandsetthepatternfortheremainderofhiscareer.Hewastobefirstandforemostascientist,aphysiologist,aswellasaninnovatorwhopaidmeticulouscaretoacquiringstate-of-the-arttechniquesthathewouldemploytotestthemostsophisticated

hypotheses.

ReturningtoSydneyin1966,hequicklysecuredapositionasSeniorLecturerintheDepartmentofPhysiologyattheUniversityofSydney.However,heneverforgothisdebttoKarlUllrichandreturnedtoworkalongsidehimandotherGermancolleaguesincludingEberhardtFrömterandRainerGregerattheMaxPlanckInstituteforBiophysicsinFrankfurtwhenonsabbaticalleavein1973.

InSydney, JohnYoung embarked on a full-time academic career that featured a brilliant lecturing style inwhichhestrovetocommunicatetheprinciples,thefactsandtheexcitementofhisdiscipline.Byforceofpersonality,heattractedalargenumberofstudentstoundertakeresearchdegreesinhislaboratoryduringthetwentyyearperiodfrom1966to1986.Asignificantnumberofthesestudents,captivatedbytheideasandinsightspropoundedinhislectures,

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wentontobecomeacademicsthemselves.JohnYoungalsoattractedasignificantnumberofscientificvisitors,includingtheEnglishphysiologist,MaynardCasein1977,whomhesubsequentlyvisitedforasixmonthperiodonsabbaticalinManchesterinthe1980s.HealsorapidlyestablishedastrongpresenceatthemeetingsofseveralfledglingAustralianscientificsocieties,especiallytheAustralianPhysiologicalandPharmacologicalSociety(APPS).Ultimately,heservedasitsSecretary,TreasurerandPresident.

OnceappointedattheUniversityofSydneyhesetaboutestablishingapresenceintheFacultyofMedicine,engagingenthusiasticallyinitsdebatesandlookingforopportunitiestoserveitandenhanceitsstanding. Asoneofhismajorprojects,heundertooktheeditorshipofThe Centenary Book of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Sydney in1984,assistedbyDrAnnSeftonandMrsNinaWebb,withapanelofcontributingauthorsrepresentingdisciplinesacrosstheFaculty.Theresultwasacollectionofessaysthatbuiltanhistoricalpictureofthefacultythroughthestoriesofitsfoundersandtorchbearersaswellasitspoliciesanditsbuildings.TheViceChancelloratthetime,ProfessorJohnWard,aprofessionalhistorian,wroteinhisforeword:“For a book that is written soberly, modestly and with a strict purpose of recording the facts, this one has turned out unintentionally to be a story of outstanding achievement, past, present and future.”Thebookwassupportedbyoverfourteenhundredsubscriptionsandwasaninstantsuccess.ItisnoteworthythatJohnYoungdecidedtowriteinitashortsectiononCurriculumDevelopment.“The interested reader ... can readily gain an overview of how the curriculum developed by examining the successive by-law revisions that have taken place between 1882 and 1983.”LongbeforehebecameacurriculumreformingDean,hewasclearlyestablishingafamiliaritywiththeinstitutionandthemeansofreformingitscourses.

From the time that JohnYoungwasmadeProfessorofPhysiology in1977,hebecamedrawn increasinglyintoFacultyandUniversitypolicies andadministration, serving for extensiveperiodsonboth theAcademicBoardandtheSenate.HewasalsoforatimethePresidentofSAUT(theSydneyAssociationofUniversityTeachers)–theacademicstaffunion.WhenProfessorRichardGyeretiredasDeanin1988,Youngsucceededhimandembarkedonafull-timecareerinAcademicManagement.However,hemaintainedhislinkstohisdisciplinebasebyattendingweeklymeetingsoftheDepartmentofPhysiologyandthroughhislong-lastingcollaborationwithProfessorDavidCook,oneofhisBScMedstudentswho,earlyon,committedhimselftoacareerinmedicalscience.ProfessorYoung’sscientificachievementshavebeen recognizedby theAustralianAcademyofSciences (FAA,1986) and a constant streamofinvitations to chair and/or speak at international symposia and conferences on epithelial transport.His scholarshipwasfurtheracknowledgedwiththeprestigiousResearchPrizeoftheAlexandervonHumboldtFoundation,Germany(1998),andtheOrderofAustralia(1994)foralifetimeofachievement.

During his time in the Faculty ofMedicine, the medical curriculum had kept pace with developments initsdisciplines,butwas structuredonamodel thathadundergoneonly limitedchange indecades.Asnotedabove,ProfessorYounghadtakenadetailedinterestintheoriginsanddevelopmentofthecurriculum,andasDeanhetooktheopportunitytorestructureitandrethinkthefaculty’spoliciesonadmissions.

Thenewcoursewastobetailoredforgraduatestudents,andtheprogrammewastobecurtailedtofouryearswith a heavy emphasis on the early acquisition of clinical knowledge and skills. In addition, the principalmethodofcurriculumdeliverymovedtoproblem-basedlearningandanewadmissionsprocedurewasestablishedbasedonundergraduateperformanceandperformanceonanentrancetest(GAMSAT)andinterview.ThiswastobeYoung’slastmajoracademicundertaking.Henowbecamemoreandmoredeeplyinvolvedintheuniversity’scentraladministrationandtheadministrationofvariousboardsincludingtheCentralSydneyAreaHealthService,whereheservedasDeputy

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* This is one of the orations delivered at the Memorial Ceremony held in the Great Hall of the University of Sydney on May 12, 2004, in the presence of Her Excellency, Professor Marie Bashir AC, Governor of New South Wales.

YourExcellency,Chancellor,ViceChancellor,friendsandcolleaguesofProfessorJohnYoung.

WehavealreadyheardmuchaboutProfessorJohnYoung’scontributioninmanyspheres.Icanaddthathealsomadeanimportantcontributiontothehumanities.

I think it is noteworthy that atmanyof the events that have occasionedProfessorYoung’s retirement andpassing,someonefromtheFacultyofArtshasbeenaskedtospeak.

JohnYoungwasoneofthosealltoorareindividualswhoinbothwordanddeedlovedthesciencesandthearts.

ItisalsonoteworthyperhapsthatofthefewwhocangenuinelyclaimtobridgewhatC.P.Snowsawasourtwointellectualcultures,somanyofthesehavecomefromtheworldofmedicine.

Most here will of course be aware of ProfessorYoung’s love of the creative arts – opera,music, drama,architecture,paintingandsculpture.Hepossessedanencyclopedicknowledgeinmanyoftheseareas.

JohnAthertonYoungbyStephenGarton(DeanoftheFacultyofArts)*

ChairmanandbrieflyasChairman.HealsobecameincreasinglydrawnintotheadministrationoftheboardsofvariousresearchinstitutesincludingtheInstituteofRespiratoryMedicine,theKollingInstituteforMedicalResearch,theAnzacHealthandMedicalResearchFoundation,andtheNorthernMedicalResearchFoundation.

HewasagreatmusicloverandbecauseofhislinkswithMusicaVivaandwithpeoplewholovedchambermusicheassistedforlongyearstheAssociation(laterFoundation)ofClassicalArchaeologyintheorganizationoftheAnnualNicholsonMuseumConcerts.

DuringhistimeasDeanand,subsequently,asPro-ViceChancellor(HealthSciences),JohnYoungdevelopedastronginterestintheAustralianArchaeologicalInstituteatAthens.Indoingso,hetappedintohisownpersonalinterestsinhistoryandarchitecture.Ultimately,theinstitutebecameacentralconcernforhim.JohnYoungworkedtoestablishitsadministrationonasoundfootingandstrengthenitsfinances.Heattractedlike-mindedindividualsfrombusiness,universitiesandschoolstobroadenitsmembershipandsupporters’baseandtoestablishareservoirofadministrativeexpertiseontheCounciloftheAAIA.HepersonallycontributedmostgenerouslytotheInstitute’sfinances.

Finally,fiveyearsagohewasdiagnosedashavingmyelodysplasiaandasthechronicblooddisorderdevelopedintoacuteleukaemia,hepreparedhiswilltounderwriteitsfuture.

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Hemovedeasilyinawiderculturalworld.ThereisadelightfulstoryabouthiminDavidMarr’sbiographyofPatrickWhite.In1964JohnworkedtirelesslytohelphisfriendsmakethatmomentousmovefromDogwoodstoMartinRoad–drivingbackandforthalldayinhisoldVolkswagen‘loadedtotherunningboards’.IntheeveninghebroughtManolyLascarisdown‘withalastloadofpotplantsandcats’.

JohnYounghasleftusarichtreasuretroveofmemoriesanditisonlyrightthatsomehavealreadymadeitintoliterature.

Formostofus,whileourremembranceisessentiallyprivate,itisalsosomethingtoshare.Thestoriescirculate,changeshapewitheachre-telling,takingonalifeoftheirownastalesarewonttodo.ItisinthesestoriesthatJohnYoung,thealltoohuman,largerthanlifecharacterwillcontinuetolive.

OnethatIamfondofconcernshisdesiretodeepenhisunderstandingandappreciationofart.TothatendheenrolledinFineArtsIatSydneyUniversity,buthecouldnothavechosenaworsetime.TheimageofJohnsittinginlectureslisteningtolongdisquisitionsontheworkofDerrida,FoucaultandBaudrillard,scarcelyeverseeingapainting,finallydiscontinuinginfrustration,isonethatcanstillamuseevenusintheFacultyofArts.

Lesswellknown,butnolessimportant,however,washisowncontributiontothehumanities.IfirstheardofJohnYounginthelate1980sthroughtheAustralianDictionaryofBiography,undoubtedlythegreatestcollaborativescholarlyendeavourinthehumanitiesinthiscountry–runningcurrentlytosixteenvolumes,over12,000biographiesandwitharound3000authors.JohnYoungwasoneoftheseauthors,writingtwoentries.Moreimportantlyhewasaninvaluablesourceofadvice,usuallythefirstportofcallwhentheDictionaryneededtoknowwhomightbethebestauthorforaparticulardoctorofsignificance;heinvariablysteeredusintherightdirection.

OneoftheverygreatpleasuresinbeingtheDeanofaFacultyistheopportunitytomoveoutsideone’sfamiliarcirclestoworkwithawiderrangeofinterestingcolleaguesfromdifferentdisciplines.OnbecomingDeanIbecamesomeonethatJohnputhismindto‘influence’.

Soon after, Professor Ros Pesman, then Pro-Vice-Chancellor, College ofHumanities and Social Sciences,informedmethatJohnYounghadsummonedmetomeetinherofficetotalkaboutthefutureofArchaeologyattheUniversityofSydney–asonlyJohncoulddo,hehadpersuadedsomeoneelsetoactashisemissary.

IobedientlyturneduponthedayforthemeetingwithRos,JohnandEmeritusProfessorAlexanderCambitoglou,where Iwas ever so politely askedwhatmy intentionswere concerning the forthcoming vacancy in theChair ofClassicalArchaeology.UnbeknowntothemIhadinfactgiventhismatteragreatdealofthought.IndeedunbeknowntothemIhadinfactdonetwoyearsofArchaeologyinmyundergraduatedegreeandhadasaresultwitnessedthemagicofaCambitogloulecture.

I knew that the incumbents of the ClassicalArchaeologyChair at thisUniversitywere some of themostoutstandingscholarsevertohavegracedthehumanitiesinthiscountry.Herewasanopportunityforanother.MoreoverIbelievedwehadanobligationtohonourthegenerouscontributionofSirArthurandLadyGeorgeembodiedinthetitleoftheChair.

So,withoutamoment’shesitation,Irepliedthatwewouldofcourseadvertiseandadvertiseassoonaspossible.John,whowasawareofthedifficultfinancialcircumstancesoftheFacultyandhadperhapscomepreparedforalong

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battletomakemeseesense,seemedsomewhattakenabackathowquicklyhispersuasivepowershadworked.Andofcoursehavingsetasideanhourtobringmetoheel,therewasnowadecentintervaltofill.And,asIhadhoped,bothAlexanderandJohn,nowfeelingrelaxedthatthehardworkwasoverproceededtodelightandcharmbothRosandIwithstoriesandanecdotesaboutcolleagues,pastandpresent.

SoonaftercameaverywelcomeinvitationfromProfessorCambitogloutojointheCounciloftheAustralianArchaeologicalInstituteatAthens.ThisInstitutewasJohnYoung’smostlastingandconspicuouscontributiontothehumanities.

Someherewillperhapsnotappreciate thesignificanceof this Institute. It iswithoutdoubtoneof theverybrightestjewelsintheUniversity’scrown.

The Institute is one of seventeenForeignSchools inAthens, and the only one established andmaintainedwithoutGovernmentsupport.ItisAustralia’sforemostpresenceintheheartlandofClassicalArchaeology,enablingtheUniversityofSydney tohavea significant researchpresence inGreeceaswellasAustralia.Equally importanttheInstitutehasactedasa lightningrodforclassicalscholarsaroundthecountry, linking themintoanetworkandconnectingthatnetworktoaninternationalcommunityofscholars.

TheAustralianArchaeologicalInstituteatAthensistheproductoftheextraordinaryvisionandcommitmentofProfessorCambitoglou.Hehascreatedaresearchinstituteoftrulyinternationalsignificance.

But this success was also made possible by the unstinting efforts of Professor Young. John devoted hisconsiderableenergiestoundertakingmuchofthecomplexfinancialandadministrativeworkthatsustainedtheInstitute,freeingProfessorCambitogloutorealisethelargeracademicgoal.

ForJohnYoungadministrationwasbothanartandascience.Ascienceinthatonehadtoknowhowthingswork.Butalsoanartbecausetoachievethatend,onehadtohaveaverygoodunderstandingofhumanbeingsandhowtheymightbebent toone’swill.Johndelightedindoingthingsandheusedhis immenseknowledge,doggedperseveranceand,yes,everywileinthebook,andsomewilesthataren’tinanybook,tomakethingshappen,ashewantedthemtohappen.

Ofcoursehismemorywillfadeasthosewhoknewhimwellthemselvespasson,buthewillstillbehere,intheArchaeologicalInstituteandinmyriadpolicies,proceduresandwaysofdoingthingsthathehelpedembedintotheveryfabricofthisgreatinstitutionoflearning.

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Activities in Greece

DeputyDirector’sReportfromAthensbyStavrosPaspalas

2003 Hostel Reportby Jan Medhurst

NEWS IN BRIEF

Theadministrativedutiesat theInstitutefollowedtheirusualcoursein2003,andIamhappytobeabletoreportthatwecouldoffertherequiredassistance toAustralian academics and students who made a research tripto Greece, as well as to a number of scholars who communicated with usfromAustralia.AsinthepasttheInstituteisgreatlyinthedebtoftheGreekauthorities,particularlytheofficersoftheMinistryofCulture,withoutwhosecooperationandhelpwewouldnotbeabletofacilitatetheresearchprojectsofAustraliansinthiscountry.TheInstituteisalsoparticularlygratefultotheother Foreign Schools at Athens which regularly assist visitingAustralianresearchers,primarilybymakingtheirlibraryresourcesavailabletothem.

For a part of 2003 I was in Sydney, where I delivered a series oflectures, but this interlude away from Greece did not interfere with theoperationsoftheAthensoffice.TheAnnualReportwasheldonMay22,andthe international archaeological community ofAthens was informed of theworkconductedbyAustralian researchersduring the Torone Study Season at Polygyros in Chalkidike, aswell as that carried out by theAustralian Paliochora-Kythera Archaeological Survey. Recent research byBeatrice McLoughlinoftheUniversityofSydneyonmaterialexcavatedbyProfessorAlexanderCambitoglouattheEarlyIronAgesettlementofZagora on Andros wasalsohighlighted.

The2003AnnualLecture,which followeddirectlyupon theReportwasdeliveredbyAssociate Professor Antonio Sagona of the University of Melbourne.ProfessorSagona’slecturewasentitled“Eastern Anatolia at the Time of Xenophon.” InrecentyearsanumberofpapersweredeliveredinourInstitutefocussingonvarioustopicsthathighlighttheinteractionsbetweentheGreekworldandtheancientNearEast,andProfessorSagona’spresentationfittedwellintothiscontext.

Inadditiontotheabovelecture,theInstitutewasveryhappytohostinFebruaryaseminarbyDr Lesley Beaumont of the University of Sydney,who spoke on “Changing Childhoods? Interpreting Diachronic Change in the Iconography of Children from the Archaic to the Early Hellenistic Periods.”LaterintheyearImyselfgavealectureentitled“Philip Arrhidaios’ Chrysos Ouraniskos. An Ill-advised Persianism?”, and read a paper on“The Australian Paliochora Kythera Archaeological Survey, 1999-2003”,co-authored with Professor Timothy Gregory, at a three-day conferenceorganized by the Second Ephoreia of Prehistoric and ClassicalAntiquities.ThisistheEphoreiawhichisresponsiblefortheclassicalantiquitiesofalarge

The number of guests in 2003 who

stayed at the Hostel was 48. Most of them

were staff members or students of Australian

Universities, though there were also members

of various Friends’ Societies and some

students and scholars from other Foreign

Schools. Among the many Australians who

stayed in the hostel were Associate Professor

Antonio Sagona (University of Melbourne),

Dr Keith Walker (University of New England)

and Mr Geoffrey Cooke, Mrs Pat McNamara

(President Queensland Friends) and Mrs

Patricia Robins (Sydney). Participants of the

Torone and Kythera projects who stayed at

the hostel include Mr Richard Fletcher, Ms

Bernadette McCall, Mr Anthony Miller, Ms

Susan Phillips, Ms Anthoulla Vassiliades, Mr

Nicholas Vlachos (SoMA scholarship holder

2003) and Dr William Caraher (Ohio State

University).

cont’ on following page

Associate Professor Antonio Sagona

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The AAIA Fellow, Matthew

McCallum, and his wife Sigrid, have been

in residence since October 2003, and the

following scholarship holders also stayed at

the Hostel: Ms Miriam Riverlea, Mr Andrew

Sim and Mr Mark Thomson.

The distinguished scholars from

outside Australia who were in residence in

2003 include Professor Oliver Dickinson

(Durham University), Dr John Hayes (Oxford)

and Drs Giada and Elvia Giudice (University of

Catania, Sicily).

The Hostel Library of the Institute

was enriched from a number of sources. It

received a number of books and journal issues

from the other Foreign Schools with which it

has an exchange agreement, as well as from

the Ministry of Culture of Greece.

The Institute is indebted to the

“Athens Friends” for the purchase of a

microwave oven.

cont’ from previous page

MuseumsandExhibitionsinGreecebyStavrosPaspalas

Figure 1: Façade of Macedonian Tomb on display at Phoinikas

The latter part of 2002 saw the opening of two exhibitions inThessalonikewhichitwasnotpossibletoincludeintheoverviewpublishedin last year’sNewsletter.The first of these can actually be described as anundergroundmuseum just to the east of Thessalonike, at Phoinikas, whichincorporatesaMacedonianTombandthefindsfromit(Fig.1).Thepastfewdecadeshave seen thediscoveryofanastonishingamountofgravesof thistype, largelydue to the intensiveeffortsof theEphoratesofPrehistoricandClassicalAntiquitiesofnorthernGreece.Thebestknownexamples,ofcourse,are the royal tombs at Vergina. However, the type --usually characterisedbyafaçadewithelementsreminiscentofthoseseeninGreektemplesanda


partofAtticaaswellasfortheislandofKythera,wheretheAustralianprojectmentionedaboveisbeingconductedundertheauspicesof theInstitute.Thepurposeoftheconferencewastopresentresultsofrecentfieldworkundertakenin the areaof theDirectorate’s responsibility.Thiswas aprimeopportunitytohighlighttheKytheraproject,whichisnotonlyanAustraliancontributiontothereconstructionofGreece’spast,butalsoameansbywhichAustralianstudents have been able to participate in fieldwork and so gain first-handexperienceoftheresearchtechniquesusedinarchaeologicalsurvey.

Although a great distance separates Australia from Athens schoolgroupsdomakethejourney,andIamonlytoohappytoguidethemovertheantiquitiesofAthens.Thisyearagroupofstudents,parentsandteachers,ledbyWendyBrookeofMelbournePresbyterianLadiesCollegevisitedGreeceandwetoured theHillofPhilopapposand thePnyx,bothexcellentvantagepointsfromwhichtosurveytheancientmonumentsofthecityaswellasbeingimportantsitesinthemselves.

IwouldliketoclosethisreportbythankingAustralia’sAmbassadortoGreece,H.E.MrStuartHume,forhissupportofourendeavoursandtheAthensFriendsoftheInstitutefortheirunstintingassistanceandencouragement.

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NEWS IN BRIEF


Since beginning my tenure as the

Fellow of the AAIA in October I have been

based in Athens conducting research for my

PhD dissertation on the bathing establishments

of ancient Athens. I have currently accounted

for over forty bathhouses in a variety of

contexts, both public and private, and ranging

in date from the 5th century BC through to the

6th century AD. My primary focus, however, is

on the bathing facilities located within the area

of the Athenian Agora Excavations, where I

have been a member of the team since 2000.

As is well known, the Agora was the centre of

civic activity of Classical Athens, where people

went about their daily social, philosophical, and

religious duties. It was also the administrative

centre for the political and commercial life of

the city. By the Roman period the Agora area

had lost most of its commercial and civic roles,

becoming instead the location of a number

of public entertainment buildings, including

a music hall, schools of philosophy, and an

increasing number of bathing establishments.

The excavation of this important

site, carried out over the past seventy years

by the American School of Classical Studies

at Athens, has revealed ten such bathing

establishments. They are positioned for the

most part around the fringes of the Agora, and

range in date from the 2nd century BC through

to the 6th century AD. Most of the remains are

still visible out on site, and the excavation

Report from the 2003-04 AAIA Fellow

by Mr Matthew McCallum


Figure 2: Graphic reconstruction of a country house of Classical-Hellenistic date excavated at Liotopi Rouscheli, Asprovalta from the Ancient Country Houses on Modern Roads exhibition

barrel-vaultedchamber(orchambers)--wasnotrestrictedtotheMacedonianroyalfamily;manynoblesalsohadsuchmonuments,whichwereultimatelycoveredbytumuli,erectedforthemselvesorfamilymembers.Manyofthesemonumentsboreextensivepaintingson their façadesor their interiorwalls,orevenonfurnishingssuchasstonefunerarycouchesandthrones.Thetombat Phoinikas dates to the last quarter of the fourth century and as such is arelativelyearlyexampleofthetype.

The second major archaeological exhibition referred to above washeld in the cryptoporticus --the underground arcade-- of the Roman-periodforuminThessalonike.Entitled“AncientCountryHousesonModernRoads”,itpresentedtheresultsofexcavationsundertakenover thepastfewyearsassalvageoperationsinareaswherenewhighwayswerebeingconstructed(Fig.2). These excavations revealed very important evidence for the use of thecountrysidefromthelatesixthcenturyBCthroughtotheLateRomanperiod.Insightwasgainedintotheorganizationofspaceonancientfarmsteadsandintheexacttasksthatwereundertakenonthem.Thefindsdisplayedrangedfrommonumentalstoragejarsusedinwineproduction,finewaresusedatthetablesof thosewho could afford them,metal agricultural tools, votives offered atsmallsanctuariesassociatedwithfarmsandamphorasmadeinlocalkilnsusedto transport agriculturalproduce. In short, this exhibition threw lighton thelivesoftheowners,administratorsandworkersonancientfarmsandthelinkstheyretainedwiththecities,aboutwhichwearesomuchbetterinformedbythepreservedancientwrittensources.

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InAthens the Megaron Mousikes (the Concert Hall) continued itspolicy of housing exhibitions with archaeological and historical content.Overthesummerof2003itwasthevenueforonethatwentbythenameof“EgyptianFacesfromGizatoFayoum”.ThiswasacollaborativeeffortwiththeEgyptianMuseuminCairo,andconsistedofawiderangeoffuneraryartwhichconcentratedonthemostaccessible,butyetenigmatic,ofallimages:thehumanface.TheantiquitiesdisplayeddatedfromPharaonictimesdowntotheRomanperiod,andshowedthechangesthatoccurredintherenderingofthehumanfaceovertime.FurthermoretheyenabledthevisitortoappreciatethemeetingoftheEgyptianandGreektraditionssowellillustratedbytheworld-famousFayumfuneraryportraits.“EgyptianFacesfromGizatoFayoum”wasaccompanied by a photographic exhibition entitled “TheNewValley of theNile:LegendaryOasesoftheEgyptianDesert”,whichpresentedasurveyofthe impressive architectural remains of theEarlyByzantine period that stillstand at the settlements ofDakhla andKharga, and at the necropolis at al-Bagawat.

Arguably the most impressive exhibition held in Greece over thelast twelve months was “Πλόες: Sea Routes… From Sidon to Huelva:Interconnections in theMediterranean16th-6th centuriesBC”at theNicholasP.GoulandrisFoundationMuseumofCycladicArt.Theorganizationof thispresentationwasagargantuantask,asexhibitscamefromseventymuseumsofninecountriesaroundtheMediterranean,andincludedover1,200antiquities.TheMediterraneanhasalwaysbeenahighwayofcommunicationandamajorthoroughfare for themovementofpeople.Thesewere theaspectsexaminedin the exhibition.As indicated in its title the display drew attention to thetrans-MediterraneanlinksthatreachedfromthePhoenicianmerchantcityofSidonontheLebanesecoastallthewaytoHuelva,anentrepôtontheAtlanticcoastofIberiathatgavePhoenicians,GreeksandotherpeoplesaccesstothemineralwealthofsouthernSpain.TheexhibitionthrewlightonthewidespreadcontactsbetweenthevariouspeoplesaroundtheMediterraneanfromasearlyas theBronzeAge, andon the relationships theyhadwith societies in theirrespective hinterlands. The pottery vessels (which ranged from perfumecontainers,throughtransportamphorastoculticinstruments),metalartefacts,seals,ostricheggs,stoneobjectsandotherantiquitiesondisplaytestifiedtothemovementsofpeoplesandthedissemination(andsubsequentmodification)ofideasandproductiontechniques.TheexhibitionaimedtobenothinglessthananexaminationofthefoundationsoftheMediterraneanworld.

FurtherafieldanewArchaeologicalMuseumwasopenedontheislandofAndros.AndroshasformanyyearsboastedafineArchaeologicalmuseumatChorawhere,amongotherdisplays,thereisanextensiveexhibitionofthe


archives are stored in the Stoa of Attalos (a

reconstructed building of the 2nd century BC

that serves as the museum and workrooms of

the Agora excavations). I would like to thank

Professor John McK. Camp II, Director of the

Agora Excavations and Visiting Professor of

the AAIA in 2000, who has granted me full

access to the material from the American

excavations relevant to my thesis.


My research is carried out either

in the Stoa of Attalos at the Agora, or in the

extensive libraries of the American School

and the Scandinavian Institutes. I have also

attended a number of lectures organised by

the various Foreign Schools. It is also my

intention to use my time as Fellow to travel

around Greece and examine the remains of

baths in other parts of the country. Trips to

Italy and Turkey are also planned to examine

some of the well-preserved baths in those

countries.

Being in Greece also allows me

to work toward improving my knowledge of

Modern Greek.

Mr McCallum at work

The AAIA Bulletin

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Professor Peter Wilson

finds from the excavations conducted by ProfessorAlexander Cambitoglouat theEarly IronAge settlement of Zagora.The newmuseum is located atPalaiopolis,thevillagethatisbuiltuponpartoftheareaoftheClassicalcityofAndros,whichwasoccupiedfromtheArchaicperiodthroughtoRomantimes.Thenewmuseumacquaints thevisitorwith thehistoryandmaterialcultureofthisisland-polis.AspartoftheCulturalOlympiad,theV.&E.GoulandrisMuseumofModernArtatChoraonAndroswillalsobehostinganexhibitionentitled“Picasso:GreekInfluences”fromJune26toSeptember26,2004.

If we travel northeastwards from Andros we reach the large andimportantislandofLesbos(Mytilene),closetothecoastofTurkey.Theislandiswell-knownforitsnumerousantiquities,butin2003atthevillageofPetraamuseumdedicatedtoitsmorerecentpastwasopened.Themuseumisactuallytherestoredearlynineteenth-centuryhouseofawealthylocalfamily,andisknownastheVareltzidainasMansion.ItisafineexampleofanarchitecturaltypethatwaswidespreadthroughouttheBalkansandwesternAnatoliaintheEarlyModernperiod, and as suchoffers interesting informationonLesbos’place(andthatofitspeople)inthiswidercontext,aswellastheroleplayedbytheVareltzidainasfamilyintheirowncommunity.

ToreturntotheGreekcapital,wemayconcludewithabrieflookatthelongtermprogrammecalled“TheUnificationoftheArchaeologicalSitesofAthens”. The centre piece of this programme is the pedestrianization oftheroutewhichstartsoppositeHadrian’sArchand theTempleofOlympianZeus,runssouthandwestoftheAcropolisandterminatesintheareaoftheKerameikos.Themajorpartof thisproject isnowcomplete,andallows fora very pleasant promenade by the Theatre of Dionysos and the Odeion ofHerodesAtticus,withaccesstotheantiquitiesoftheHillofPhilopapposandthePnyx,theAcropolisitselfaswellastheAncientAgora.Suchanitineraryisnotsimplyapromenade,butamagnificentwaytoacquaintoneselfwithsomeofthemostimportantmonumentsofAttica.TheprojecthasmadethepastofAthensfarmoreaccessibletoAtheniansandvisitorsanditsexecutionledtothediscoveryofnewantiquities,suchasthecave-sanctuaryofPanbelowthePnyx

hill.

TheOlympic year 2004will see the re-opening ofmanymuseumsandsiteswhichwereclosedinrecentmonthsforrefurbishment.Ofthemanyexhibitionsbeingmountedaspartof the“CulturalOlympiad”organizedbytheGreekMinistryofCulture,themostsignificantarchaeologicalexhibitionsinclude:

• “Ἀγών - The Athletic Spirit in Ancient Greece” at the NationalArchaeologicalMuseuminAthens(July1-October31)

Professor Peter WilsonThe New Professor of Classics

at the University of Sydney

NEWS IN BRIEF


Born and educated in Sydney,

Professor Peter Wilson was recently appointed

Professor of Classics in the University of

Sydney succeeding the late Professor Kevin

Lee, who died in 2001.

Professor Wilson’s qualifications

include a BA with Honours of the University

of Sydney (1987), a Doctorate of Cambridge

(Pembroke College) (1993), a Research

Fellowship of New Hall, Cambridge (1992-

1993); a tutorial Fellowship of University

College, Oxford (1994-1995); a Research

Fellowship of Warwick University (1996-2000);

a Lectureship in Classics at the University

ofOxford and anOfficial Fellowship of New

College, Oxford (2000-2003).

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• “MagnaGrecia:AthleticsandtheOlympicSpiritinthePeripheryoftheGreekWorld”attheGoulandrisMuseumofCycladicArtinAthens(June25-October2)

• “AncientGames”intheOldMuseumatOlympia.

Notalltheeventsinthe“CulturalOlympiad”arespecificallyrelatedtoathleticthemes.Oneofthemajorexhibitionsinitsprogrammeis“ImperialTreasuresfromChina”whichisbeingheldattheNationalGalleryofAthens(May24–October31).Othernon-athleticcentredexhibitionsthatwillbeheldin2004include:

• “Cyprus:A Thousand Pieces of Memory - The Thanos N. ZintilisCollection”attheMuseumofCycladicArtinAthens(May4-December31)

• “Περίπλους : Twelve Magnum Photographers in ContemporaryGreece,”atthePeiraiosSt.buildingoftheBenakiMuseuminAthens(June15-August31)

• “Πτυχώσεις:FoldsandPleats:DraperyfromAncientGreekDressto��stCenturyFashion”alsoattheBenakiMuseum(22June-17October)

• “Icons andManuscripts from theMonastery at Sinai -A DialoguebetweenEastandWest”attheBenakiMuseum(July20–September26).

ForthefullprogrammeofculturaleventsbeingheldinAthensuntiltheendof2004seehttp://www.cultureguide.gr/

AnAustralianpresenceinAthensduringtheOlympicperiodwillberegistered by the exhibition “Our Place: IndigenousAustralia Now,” at thePeiraiosSt.buildingoftheBenakiMuseuminAthens(July1-August31).

ItshouldalsobenotedthattheextensivecollectionofIslamicartheldby theBenakiMuseum is scheduled to bemade accessible to the public in2004.TheMuseum’sholdingswillbehousedintotallynewpremises–tworestoredNeoclassicalbuildingsintheKerameikosareaofAthens–andwillbeknownastheMuseumofIslamicArt.

Professor Wilson’s research is

focused on Greek culture, society and poetry

from Homer to the Hellenistic period and he is

especially interested in Greek theatre and the

sociology of Greek music.

He has contributed a number of

chapters in scholarly books and articles in

highly respectable journals and, although

young, he has already established himself as

an international authority in his field, mainly

through two books: The Athenian Institution

of the ‘Khoregia’: the Chorus, the City and the

Stage, Cambridge University Press (2000);

paperback edition (2003) and Music and

the Muses: the Culture of ‘Mousike’ in the

Classical Athenian City, which he edited with

Penelope Murray, Oxford 2004.

As Professor of Classics, Professor

Wilsonisanex-officiomemberoftheCouncil

of the AAIA.


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Julyof2003sawthefifthfieldseasonofthesurveyproject.Theteamcomprised,asithasinpastyears,archaeologistsandstudentsfromAustralia(University of Sydney, La Trobe University, University of Queensland,MacquarieUniversity)andtheUnitedStates(OhioStateUniversity),aswellasagraduateoftheUniversityofTasmanianowstudyingatCambridge.Thegoaloftheprojectistoconstructahistoryofthelanduseofthenorth-centralsection of the island through time.While the project was designed aroundcertainquestionsthathadspecificrelevancetothemajormediaevalsettlementofPaliochora(AghiosDemetrios),whichisencircledbythesurveyarea,theinterestsoftheteammembersrangefromtheearliestperiodforwhichthereisevidenceofhumanactivityintheregionrightuptothepresent.

Asinpastyearsthegreaterpartoftheteam’stimewasdedicatedtofieldwalking,thatisthecarefulexaminationofsubstantialtractsofthelandscape,duringwhichhuman-madefeaturesaredocumented,asaretheculturalremainsthatlieonthesurfaceoftheground.Mostofthelattermaterialispottery,butstone tools, glass fragments andmetal artefacts have also been noted. Therecordedpotteryisofcriticalimportancesinceit-despiteitsfragmentaryanddegradedstate-suppliestheprimaryevidencefordating.Althoughmostoftheencounteredculturalmaterialisleftin situ,arepresentativesampleofallthenotedobjectsiscollectedforfurtheranalysis(Fig.1).Thestudyofthismaterialwillcontributetoamorenuancedunderstandingofthehumanactivityintheareassurveyed.

TheAustralianPaliochoraKytheraArchaeologicalSurvey(APKAS)

The2003SeasonbyTimothyGregoryandStavrosPaspalas

Figure 1: Pottery collected during the APKAS survey being processed


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Ammoutseswasthefirstareasurveyedbytheteamin2003,completingaphaseoftheprojectbegunin2002.Ammoutsesliesonthesouthernborderof the APKAS concession (Fig. 2). The work conducted last year clearlyshowed that the area, characterizedby extensive, ratherflat, spaces suitableforcultivation,interspersedwithlowrisesandafewgulleys,wasafocusofhumanactivityduringvariousphasesoftheBronzeAge(Fig.3).ThispicturewasfurthersubstantiatedbytheworkcarriedoutinJuly2003;inparticular,thepotterycollectedshowsaheavyconcentrationofEarlyHelladicandMinoan-typeceramics.

Themain phase of the Early Helladic (EH) period documented onKytheraisEHII,whichisdatedca.2750-2300BC.Itistothisphasethatmostofourearliestpotterydates,andsoittiesinwiththefindsexcavatedbytheBritishinthe1960’satthecoastalsiteofKastri.Onthemainlandacrossthestraitsthisisaperiodcharacterizedbyanincreaseinthenumberofsettlements,andthematerialcollectedbyourteammaytestifytothesamephenomenononKythera.Thissuggestionmaybestrengthenedbytheobservationthatthedocumentedpotteryofthisperiodisofmainlandtypes.

TheEHmaterialissucceededbyfindswhichpointtoageographicalre-orientationin thepotteryusedin the immediatelyfollowingperiods,as itisnowlargelybasedonCretanprototypes.Thefirstofthese(foundingreaternumbers in 2002) are classed asMiddleMinoan (ca. 2400-1600BC). It is,

Figure 2: Map of Kythera with APKAS survey concession shaded in grey


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though, in the following period, expressed in conventional archaeologicaltermsasMiddleMinoanIII-LateMinoanI(ortheNeo-Palatialperiod), thatthereisanexplosionintheamountofpotterynoted.Indeed,thiscategoryofceramicsaccountsforthebulkoftheidentifiedfindsmadeatAmmoutses.Itwasduringthisperiod,ca.1700-1450BC,thattheMinoansettlementatKastri


Figure 3: Members of the APKAS team field walking at Ammoutses

Theothermajorareaoffieldworkin2003wastheregionofPhoinikiesin thefarwestof the island(Fig.4).While local loremakesmentionof thediscovery of numerous antiquities in this region, the obvious agriculturalpotentialoftheareaanditspossibleexploitationinpasttimesmadeitofprimeinteresttotheteam.Intensivefield-walkingdocumentedtheextensivespreadofBronzeAgematerialhere,similartothatfoundatAmmoutses.Onceagain,theprehistoricperiodwhichisbestdocumentedamongthenotedfindsistheNeo-Palatial.Thisfindingsignificantlyincreasestheareaoftheislandwhichsawhumanactivityatanearlyphase.Thefindsof2003intheregionofPhoinikiesclearlyindicatetheextensivescopeoftheMinoanimpactonKythera.These,however,arebynomeansrestrictedtotheBronzeAge;materialofRomanandEarlyModerntoModerndatewasalsodocumentedandcollected.

The other focus of thework carried out in 2003was the height ofAghios Demetrios (Aroniadika). Surveywork had been carried out here in1999,andithadbeennotedthatthepotterycollectedwaspracticallyalldatedtothesixteenthcenturyAD,thecenturywhichsawthedestructionofPaliochora(the main population centre of the region) by the admiral of the Ottomanfleet,Barbarossa.Interestingly,thesiteisalsocharacterizedbywhatappearsto be a rather rudimentary, though not insubstantial, fortification system.Given thedateof theaccompanyingpotteryand theknownhistorical eventofPaliochora’s destruction (AD1537) it is tempting to suggest thatAghiosDemetrioswasaninitialplaceofrefugefortheinhabitantsofthenorthernpartoftheislandwhosurvivedthesackofPaliochora.Itwasnecessary,asafirststepfortheelucidationoftheexactnatureofthissite,toprepareaplanofthe

was most fully developed, as was the MinoanpeaksanctuaryatthesummitofAghiosGeorgiostouVounou,alandmarkclearlyvisiblefromourstudy area. Thereafter our finds at Ammoutsesdrop off markedly for the later phases of theBronzeAge; the Early IronAge (ca. 1050-700BC)isnotrepresentedatall,butfromtheArchaicto Hellenistic periods we do have evidence ofhumanactivitiesinthearea,whichcontinueintotheRomanperiod.Mediaevalactivitytoocanbedocumented,ascanEarlyModerntoModern.

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remainsofAghiosDemetrios,andthiswasaccomplishedin2003.

Furtherworkwascarriedoutduringthisseasononthepre-20thcenturyroadnetworkofthenorthernpartoftheisland.ThemostnoteworthydiscoverywasmadenortheastofPotamos,whereastonebuiltroadwaslocated.Itrunsalong the flat land north of this major centre towards the coast, and thendescends,inaseriesofswitchbacksinthedirectionofAghiaPelagia.Whilethedateofthisfeatureisstilltobedetermined,thereisnodoubtthatitwasamajorundertakingandanimportantthoroughfareinpre-moderntimes.

Alongside thework outlined above,DrDaleDominey-Howes fromMacquarieUniversity,Sydney,conductedgeologicalresearchthatwillleadtoabetterappreciationofthechangessustainedthroughtimebythelandscapesexamined during the survey. This will allow the members of the team togainabetterunderstandingof theprocessesthat ledtothedepositionof thematerialtheyfoundandarestudying,aswellashighlightinganytopographicalalterations thatmayhaveoccurred since the timehumansfirstoccupied theisland.

RichardMacNeilloftheHeritageServicesBranch,AboriginalAffairsVictoria, worked with the team this season on the databases and the GISanalysisanddisplaycapacities.Hewasabletoprovide“real-time”reportsasfieldworkwentonand invaluablehelp in themappingofAghiosDemetrios(Aroniadika)andthepre-modernroadproject.Healsomadeafirstattemptatatheoreticalpredictionofthemostlikelytransportroutesforvariousperiodsandhasbeenbusy,after theendof theseason,workingon theanalysisandpresentationoftheteam’sdata.

In addition, progress was made in the recording of the moderncemeterieswithinthesurveyarea,aprojectundertakenbyLitaDiacopoulosofLaTrobeUniversity.Duringthe2003seasonthelastfourofthecemeteriesidentifiedsofarwerefullyrecorded,andalldataenteredintothedatabase.Thetotalnumberofgravesinthedatabasenowexceeds500.Thecemeteriesandgraveshaveallbeenplannedandphotographed,andnowexistindigitalformwithintheGIS.

Asmentionedabove,2003wasthelastofthefieldseasonsofthisphaseoftheAPKASproject.Whatisnecessarytobedonenowisthecompletionofthestudyofthecollectedmaterial,anditspreparationforpublication,whichinvolvesdrawingandphotography.Itishopedthatthisworkwillbecompletedoverthenextfewyears.Bythecarefulstudy,identificationandquantificationoftheover7,000artefactsdescribed,andbyrelatingthemtothespecificareasinwhichtheywerefound,itwillbepossibletoventureadiachronichistoryof


Figure 4: In the field, surveying at Phoinikies

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The2003ToroneStudySeason byStavrosPaspalas

The2003ToroneStudySeasonwasheld fromJune9until June28attheArchaeologicalMuseumofPolygyros,wherethefindsfromtheToroneexcavations are housed. It was led by the Deputy Director of the AAIA,Dr Stavros Paspalas, and the other core team members were Ms BeatriceMcLoughlinandMrRichardFletcher,postgraduatestudentsattheUniversityofSydney.DrIanMcPheefromLaTrobeUniversity,andDrHeatherJacksonfromtheUniversityofMelbourneeachcametoPolygyrosforaperiodoftheseasoninordertocarryoutspecialiststudies.

As was the case in past years, the efforts of the core team wereconcentratedonexamining thecontext tins fromtheexcavationyears1981,1982and1984.ThisisabasictaskneededinpreparingthematerialforstudyandpublicationintheprojectedvolumeTorone 2.

In 2003we concentrated on finds from trenches in the areas of theancientsiteknownasTerracesIVandV.TerraceVisbestknownfortheEarlyIronAgecemeterywhichwas excavated there;butoverlying this importantdiscoveryweretheremainsofhousesoftheClassicalperiod.Aprimaryconcernoftheteamwastoidentifyandinventorytheblackglazepotteryfromthesedeposits,asthiscategoryofceramicswillaidintheirmoreprecisedating,and-asaconsequence-thatoftheothermaterialfoundwithinthem.Concurrently,however,numerousfragmentsofcoarserwareswerealsoinventoried,andtheirstudywillallowustogainafullerpictureoflifeinthispartofthesiteduringthefifthandfourthcenturiesBC(Fig.1).Interestingly,somepotteryfragments

Figure 1: Coarseware pottery fragments


northernKythera,whichwillaccountforthedevelopmentswithintheareathatisbeingstudiedaswellasforthearea’slinkswiththewiderworld.

The APKAS project was made possible thanks to the permissiongranted by the Greek Ministry of Culture. The participants of APKASwould like to thank the Director of the 26th Ephorate of Prehistoric andClassicalAntiquities,DrGeorgiosSteinhauerandMrArisTsaravopoulos,thearchaeologist-representative of that Ephorate onKythera. Their thanks arealsoduetotheDirectorofthe1stEphorateofByzantineAntiquities,DrEleniGkini-Tsophopoulou,andtoMsMarinaPapademetriou,thearchaeologistwhoisresponsiblefortheByzantineantiquitiesontheisland.TheteammembersoftheprojectareespeciallyindebtedtotheNicholasAnthonyAroneyTrustforitsgenerousandcontinuingsupport.

Volume 1, 2003

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datingbacktotheseventhandsixthcenturieswerealsofoundonTerraceV,and theymay testify topoorly-representedactivitiesof theseperiods in thisarea.

BetterpreservedbuildingsoftheclassicalperiodwerefoundonTerraceIV(Fig.2).Theyextendoutwardsfromaretainingwall,whichsupportsthehigherterrace.SimilarceramicmaterialtothatfromTerraceVwasfoundhereaswell,but ingreaterquantityand inabetter stateofpreservation.Specialmention may be made of some black-figure sherds, previously un-noted(Fig.3).Theybelongtothesamecategoryasagroupdescribedinthe1999Newsletter.While some human forms appear in the scenes borne by thesefragments,variousbird-likecreaturesandsirenspredominate.Theinterestinthisgroupoffragmentslies inthefact thatparallelsfor themhavenotbeenpublishedfromothersites.AsfarasisknowntheyareuniquetoTorone,butitisasyettooearlytosayiftheywereproducedlocally.

Figure 2: Excavated sections of a Classical period building on Terrace IV, with Dr John Tidmarsh

Figure 3: Black-figure fragments


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InadditiontotheexaminationofmaterialfromTerracesIVandV,thecontexttinshousingthefindsfromthelastofthetrenchesfromtheLowerCitytobestudiedwerealsoexamined.Ashasbeendeterminedinpreviousyearsasubstantial,thoughveryfragmentary,bodyofArchaicperiodpotteryhadbeenexcavated in this area. This pottery includes a considerable amount of finewareseitherimportedfromEastGreece(thewesterncoastofmodernTurkeyandtheislandsoppositeit)orinfluencedbythepotteryofthatregion(Fig.4).Herewemaynote the fragments fromthe lipofa trefoil-mouthedwine jug(oinochoe)ofatypeconventionallycalledthe“WildGoat”style(Figs.5-6).

Figure 4: Late Geometric and Archaic period fine ware pottery fragments

During the 2003 season, Dr Ian McPhee started his study of thered-figured pottery found during the 1981, 1982 and 1984 excavations. DrMcPheemadeimportantprogressinpiecingtogethersomehithertodisparatesherds, excavated over consecutive years and in some cases from differenttrenches,andsorecreatedanumberofvessels.Someofthesecarryinterestingmythologicalscenes,forwhichseeDrMcPhee’sarticleinthisissue(pp.33-36).

Dr Heather Jackson in 2003 undertook the study of the terracottafigurines excavated during the 1981, 1982 and 1984 seasons (Fig. 7). Sheexamined, drew and photographed over sixty figurines, in various states ofpreservation.HerstudywillthrowlightontherangeoffigurinetypesfoundinwhatarebelievedtobeprimarilydomesticareasofancientTorone.

Of course, the team was also concerned with the preservation andproperstorageofthefinds.Consequently,in2003athoroughprogrammewasundertaken inwhich all themetal objectswere repacked in containerswithreactivated silica gel. This time-consuming but necessary task will ensurethesafestorageofobjectsrangingfromweaponstocoins,fromagriculturalimplementstojewellery.

Figure 6: East Greek oinochoe (jug) from Samos with the same “eye” decoration as

the fragment illustrated in Figure 5

Figure 7: Terracotta figurine of two comic actors

Figure 5: Oinochoe spout fragment excavated at Torone


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Background Towards the end of the 1980s the University of Melbourne began

archaeological investigations in north-eastern Anatolia with a view tounderstanding better the cultural developments in the mountainous regionbeyondnorthernMesopotamia.LocatedbetweenTrans-CaucasustotheeastandtheUpperEuphratesbasintothewest,fieldworkofferedtheprospecttoredressourpoorunderstandingoftheancienthumansettlementintheregionbyprovidingatrustworthysequenceofchangeandcontact.

* This paperwas delivered for theAustralianArchaeological Institute atAthens byAntonioSagona,22May2003.ItisbasedonamoredetailedarticlewrittenbyClaudiaSagona,“DidXenophon take theAras high road? Observations on the historical geography of north-eastAnatolia,”inA.Sagona(ed.),A View from the Highlands: Archaeological Studies in Honour of Charles Burney,(Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement12,Louvain2004),pp.299-333.

WewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetoProfessorAlexanderCambitoglouandtheAustralianArchaeological Institute at Athens for giving us this opportunity to present some of thesignificantdiscoveriesrecentlymadebytheUniversityofMelbourneinnorth-easternTurkey.SpecialthanksalsotoDrStavrosPaspalasandMsJaniceCassonMedhurstforbeingthemostconsiderateofhostswhilewewereinAthens.

BeginningintheprovinceofBayburt,thefocusmovedin1994tothePasinler Plain (Erzurum). In both areaswe have undertaken field surveyscoupledwith excavations at BüyüktepeHöyük inBayburt province and atSosHöyükinthePasinlerplain.�Thepotentialitiesofthismulti-disciplinaryprojectwereclearandsignificantsomefifteenyearsago,andremainso,andanumberofimportantpublicationshavealreadybeenproducedfromtheresultsof ourwork there.� We have also been able to define a cultural sequence

� For the preliminary results of the Bayburtsurvey and excavations atBüyüktepeHöyükseeA.Sagona,E.PembertonandI.McPhee,“Excavations at Büyüktepe Höyük, 1990:First Preliminary Report,”Anatolian Studies 41 (1991), pp. 145-58; “Excavations atBüyüktepeHöyük,1991:SecondPreliminaryReport,”Anatolian Studies42(1992),pp.29-46;“ExcavationsatBüyüktepeHöyük,1992”,Anatolian Studies 43 (1993), pp. 69-83 and“Excavation and Survey in the BayburtRegion, North-Eastern Anatolia: 1988-92,”Meditarch5/6(1992/1993),pp.171-174.Forthe preliminary results of the survey carriedout in the ErzurumProvince seeC. Sagona,“An Archaeological Survey of the ErzurumProvince, 1999: The Region of Pasinler,”Ancient Near Eastern Studies 36 (1999),pp.108-131.FortheresultsoftheexcavationsatSosHöyükseeA.G.Sagona,C.SagonaandH. Özkorucklu, “Excavations at Sos Höyük1994: First Preliminary Report,” Anatolian Studies45(1995),pp.193-218;A.G.Sagona,M. Erkmen, C. Sagona and I. Thomas,“Excavations at Sos Höyük 1995: SecondPreliminary Report,” Anatolian Studies 46(1996),pp.27-52;A.G.Sagona,M.Erkmen,C. Sagona and S. Howells, “Excavationsat Sos Höyük, 1996: Third PreliminaryReport,” Anatolica 23 (1997), pp. 181-226and A.G. Sagona, M. Erkmen, C. Sagona,I.McNiven andS.Howells, “Excavations atSosHöyük,1997:FourthPreliminaryReport,Anatolica24(1998),pp.31-64.� E.g. E.M Parr, C. Briggs andA.G. Sagona, “Physical AnthropologicalAnalysis of Skeletons from Sos Höyük,”Ancient Near Eastern Studies 36 (1999),pp. 150-168 and L. Hopkins, Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier VI : An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Sos Höyük and Yiğittaşi Village (Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Supplement 11;Louvain2003)

Figure 1: North Eastern Anatolia

EasternAnatoliaduringtheTimeofXenophon

byClaudiaSagonaandAntonioSagona*

Feature Articles

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of considerable resolution, well anchored by some 80 radiocarbon dates,extendingfromtheLateChalcolithic(ca.3500BC)totheLateMediaevel(ca. fourteenthcenturyAD).3

This paper will concentrate on the IronAge period, which we havecalledSosPeriodII(1000-200BC):specificallyIIA(1000-800/750BC)andIIB(800/750-300BC).4

To understand fully the cultural developments in this period, indeedduring any stretch of time in eastern Anatolia, we need to appreciate itsgeographical complexity. So before we focus on the archaeology, therefollowsabriefoutlineontheenvironment.

The Geographical Setting(Figs.1-2) The most conspicuous single geographical feature of north-eastern

Anatolia is division, the result of a complex terrain that is partitioned bycomplicatedmountainchains. ThemostimportanttrafficaxisinthisregionisthelongitudinalKelkit-Çoruhtrough,whichstraddlesthesouthernfoothillsofthePonticranges,aformidablemountainchainthatfilterscommunicationto theBlackSeacoastal fringe. Further south,beyonda tangled stretchofhighlandterrain,thereisanothernaturalcorridorthatfollowstheheadwatersoftheEuphrates(ortheKaraSuasitsheadwatersareknown).Ontheotherside of theDeveBoyunRidge,whichwe shall seewas amost significantfrontierjusteastofErzurum,aretheheadwatersoftheAras(orAraxes)River.FurthereasttheArasRiverbecomesthemodernpoliticalboundarybetweenTurkeyandArmeniaandeventuallydischargesintotheCaspianSea.

Despite their rugged geography and extremes of temperature (anaverageofonlyca.–10˚Cinwinter),theselargemountainmassesofTrans-CaucasusandeasternAnatoliaofferedarangeofecologicaloptionsforbothpastoralistsandfarmers.TheenclosedbasinsofeasternAnatoliawerealsoafocusofagriculturalpractice, thoughasmodern land-usestatistics indicate,muchofthismountainousterritoryisunsuitableforthecultivationofcereals.Stockbreeding,on theotherhand,hadmorepotential in this environment,andpromotedtheadoptionofanomadicelementinsubsistenceeconomies,asitstilldoestoday.Vasttractsoftimber,mostlypine,birchandoakforests,anabundanceofmineralsandmetals,andaplentifulsupplyofobsidianmusthavealsoattractedtheattentionofancientpeoples.

Thereisoneotheraspectofnorth-eastAnatoliathatshouldbenoted,namelythewayiteasilysatisfiedanydefinitionofafrontier. Essentially,afrontierisanenvironmentofchange.Itisazoneoffusionorminglingthatisboundedonbothsidesbytheextremeperipherallimitsofneighbours.During

3A. Sagona, “Sos Höyük and the ErzurumRegion in Late Prehistory: A ProvisionalChronology for Northeastern Anatolian,”in C. Marro, and H. Hauptmann, (eds.),Chronologies des pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe - IIIe millenaires (Actes du colloque d’Istanbul, 16-19 décembre 1998) (Varia Anatolica XI; Paris 2000), pp. 329-372.4 Ibid,p.349,fig.3.

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Roman times north-eastAnatolia incorporated a most sensitive frontier ofitsEmpire, forcing theestablishmentof theupperpartof theeastern limes,defendedbySatala,nowlocatedinthemodernprovinceofBayburt.

WenowhavereasonalsotobelievethatevenbeforetheRomansnorth-eastAnatoliaactedasadivide.Aftersomefifteenyearsoffieldworkinthehighlands,itseemscleartousthattheDeveBoyunRidge,separatingErzurumand Pasinler plains, the Euphrates and Aras rivers, acted as a significantpointofcontactatleastasearlyastheAchaemenidperiod.UnderDariusitdistinguishedthesatrapyof‘Armina’(westoftheDeveBoyunRidge)fromthesatrapyof ‘Media’ (eastof theDeveBoyunRidge).5 Later,at the timeofXerxes andArtaxerxes, the ridge became the administrative, though notcultural, division between West (nineteenth satrapy) and East (eighteenthsatrapy)Armenia (see below). A long-term consequence of this notion offrontiercontactzonewasthegrowthofErzurum,gatewaytotheEast.KnownasTheodosiopolis and fortified in thefirsthalfof thefifthcenturyAD, thetown’spurposewastoprotecttheeasternendoftheErzurumPlainagainsttheincursionsofthePersianArmenians.6

The Discovery of the Road

In1999,oursurveyteamledbyClaudiaSagonadiscoveredasegmentofanancientroad.Whathadatfirstseemedsomundanehasturnedouttobeoneofthemostsignificantfindseverintheregion.7Forwearenowcertainthat the road formed an essential routewithin the PersianEmpire. Indeedthe roadwasmost likely established in theMedian period. Moreover,weare equally certain thatXenophon trudged through thePasinlervalleywith10,000troopsin401BC,ontheirwaybacktotheBlackSeaandhome.WhenwecombinethevitalpiecesofinformationXenophondocumentedwithourfieldworkresults,weareabletocommentonbothbroadregionalnamesinthisonceneglectedarea,andalsospecificnamesofancienttribesandplaces.Whatisbecomingincreasinglyevidentisthatthestoryoftheroadhasamuchlongerhistorythatisonlyjusttakingshape.

Background to Xenophon

Weneedtogobackbeyond401BCtotheninthandeighthcenturies,whentheNeo-AssyrianEmpireandtheUrartianKingdomheldswayinthehighlands.

The Urartians were fortress builders. Although the majority of theUrartian population lived in farmsteads on the valley floor, much of ourknowledge of Urartu comes from fortified cities, which were strategically

5A listof theprovincesunder thecontrolofDariusispreservedonthefamousmonumentalinscription at Behistun (Bisitun), where thetwoseparateprovincesArminaandMediaarelistedsidebyside:DBI§6.1.12-17,R.Kent,Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon (2nd editionrevised,NewHaven,1953),p.119.6On the fortificationsofTheodosiopolisandthe strategicnatureof its surrounding regionsee J.D. Howard-Johnston, “Procopius,RomanDefencesNorthoftheTaurusandtheNew Fortress of Citharizon” inD.H. Frenchand C.S. Lightfoot (eds.), The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire. Proceedings of a Colloquium held at Ankara in September 1988, Volume I (BAR International Series 553(i);Oxford,1989),216-218,andespeciallyProcopiusCaesariensis,de Aedidficiis 3.5.1-11.7 The significance of the road and itsimplications in regard to the topographicaland territorial identifications is discussed infull in C. Sagona, “Literary Traditions andTopographic Commentary” and “Culturaland Historical Implications of the LiteraryTraditions andTopographicCommentary” inA.andC.Sagona, Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier I. An Historical Geography and a Field Survey of the Bayburt Province, (Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement14;Louvain:Peeters, in press).

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placedonpointedridges.ThebestknownisTušpa(VanKale),theircapital,built upon a conspicuous limestone outcrop near LakeVan. However, themostspectacularUrartiandiscoverieshaveundoubtedlybeenmadeatAyanis,alsoontheshoreofLakeVan,foundedbyRusaIIintheseventhcenturyBC.Infact,theprecisionofdendrochronologyandhistoricalanalysisenableustodeterminethefoundationtoabout673/72BC.8

It is clear from the contemporary texts that both theAssyrians,whospokeaSemitic language, andUrartians,whose languagederived from theCaucasus, hankered after control of the Euphrates andAras River valleys,theErzurumandPasinlerplainsrespectively.Thesevalleysbeckonedasthegateways,whichwouldopenupresourcesandtrade,inparticulartotherichmetaldepositsinthemountainousregionsclosetotheBlackSea.ButtheyhadonlylimitedsuccessininfiltratingthesevalleysbecausetheywerethwartedbythefiercelocalwarlordsofahighlandtribeknownastheDiauehi.9

8 A. A. Çilingiroğlu and M. Salvini (eds.),Ayanis I: Ten Years’ Excavations at Rusahinili Eidurukai (Rome2001).9 For a general introduction to Urartu seeB.B. Piotrovsky,Urartu (London 1969) andmore recently A. Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East: c. 3000-330 BC volume2(London/NewYork1995),pp.548-562.10 A. and C. Sagona, “Excavations at SosHöyük, 1998 and 2000: Fifth PreliminaryReport,” Ancient Near Eastern Studies 37(2000),pp.67and125-127,figs.60-65.

Figure 2: The Ezurum and Pasinler plains showing key excavated sites and modern towns

A monumental inscription found in the Pasinler Plain, written in

Urartian, informsusof thesubjugationof this landbyMenua in theeighth

centuryBC.SosHöyükislocatednotfarfromhere,rightintheheartlandof

Diauehiterritory.ExcavationoftheIronAgelevelsatSosHöyükhasafforded

usatantalisingglimpseofaDiauehianhamletdwelling,includingtheburnt

remainsfromanEarlyIronAgeroomsealedbythecollapseoftheburntroof

beams.Beneaththeroofbeamswefoundremarkablywellpreservedbasketry

andwovenitems,objectsthatnormallyperish.10Thesefindsofferglimpses

of local domestic life that counter-balance ourmilitaristic viewof the Iron

AgereflectedbyUrartianfortressesandweaponry. TheIronAgeremained

relativelyunchangedfromthistimethroughtothetimeofXenophon.

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The Road (Fig.3)

Segments of the ancient road thatClaudiaSagona discoveredduringthesurveyof thePasinlervalleyarepavedwith large,andflat,basaltslabsarepreservednorthofthevillageofÖvenlerandpossiblyeastofYiğittaşı,themodernvillageinwhichoursiteofSosHöyükissituated.Thepavedareasofroadimprovepassagethroughlowlyingandswampyareas.Intriguingwasthefactthatsuchasubstantialroadsegmentlaysoclosetothenorthernmountainrangeandfarfromthecentreofthevalleywherethemodernroadnowruns.Wearecertain that thisroad,whatwecall theArasRoad,was theone thatXenophonused.Buthowcanwedatetheroad,whenwasitestablishedandhowlongwasitsperiodofuse?

ItisgenerallyheldthatmoststonepavedroadsinTurkeyareHellenisticorRoman.Thesehavebeenwelldocumentedinvariousstudies.Buttodate,ourworkhasrevealedverylittleLateHellenistic/EarlyRomanpotteryeastoftheDeveBoyunRidge.��Ontheotherhand,overthemountainstothewestandintheBayburtprovincethereisaconsiderableamountofLateHellenistic/EarlyRomanmaterial.TheceramicsofthisperiodcollectedduringoursurveyofBayburtarebeingstudiedbyElizabethPembertonandIanMcPhee.��

IncontrasttothescarcityofLateHellenistic/EarlyRomanmaterialinPasinler there is an abundanceof IronAgematerial. In fact, the IronAgewitnessedthemostintenselevelofoccupationinthenorth-easternAnatoliabeforemoderntimes.13

Hence,wehaveestablishedthroughfieldworkthatfirstly,north-eastAnatolia,bothintheprovinceofBayburtandintheprovinceofErzurum,wasintensely settled during the IronAge. Secondly, thatLateHellenistic/EarlyRomanmaterial is common in theBayburt province (westernmost), but notinPasinler(easternmost). Accordingly, throughaprocessofeliminationwesuggestthatthesegmentofroadinPasinlerislikelytobeIronAgeindateandnotHellenistic/Roman,andcertainlynotMediaevel.Withthatassumptionwethenreturnedtothewrittensources.

Background on Xenophon’s TrekOftheancientwrittensources, it isXenophonwhohasleftuswitha

uniquerecordofmonthsoftravelthattookhim,andtheTenThousand,througheasternAnatolia to the Black Sea. If you open any study onXenophon’sjourney,youwillfindthatscholarshaveofferedaplethoraofpossibleroutes.WebelievethatthroughourfieldworkandanalysisofXenophon’sAnabasis wehavecomeupwithamoreplausibleroute—onethatincludestheArasvalley,pastSosHöyük.

�� On the scarcity of Hellenistic and EarlyRoman pottery from this region see C.Sagona, “An Archaeological Survey of theErzurum Province, 1999: The Region ofPasinler,” Ancient Near Eastern Studies 36(1999),p.114.�� For a preliminary summary on the natureof theHellenistic and EarlyRoman potteryrecovered from the Bayburt region seeA. Sagona, E. Pemberton and I. McPhee,“Excavation and Survey in the BayburtRegion, North-Eastern Anatolia: 1988-92,”Meditarch 5/6 (1992/1993), pp. 173-174.For a full discussion of the Hellenistic andEarlyRomanpottery see the contributionbyPembertonandMcPheeinA.andC.Sagona,Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier I,op. cit. n.7.13 For the IronAge pottery recovered fromsurvey in the Pasinler plain see C. Sagona,op. cit. n. 13, pp. 113-114 and figs 3:3-4:5. On Iron Age pottery recovered fromtheexcavationsatSosHöyük, seeA.andC.Sagona,“ExcavationsatSosHöyük,1998and2000:FifthPreliminaryReport,”Ancient Near Eastern Studies 37 (2000), p. 67, figs. 18:4and22:3.

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Figure 3: Proposed route followed by Xenophon and the Ten Thousand through the Deve Boyun pass

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Xenophon’staleofhowhecametobeinthisremotepartofTurkeyis fascinating, touchedwithadventure, intrigueandnosmallamountofbadluck. ItreadslikeastoryfromaBoy’sOwnAnnual.TheAthenianEmpirelayintattersaftertheprolongedPeloponnesianWar.Spartanforces,withtheassistanceofCyrustheYounger,werevictorious.Cyrus,whowasthePersiansatraporgovernorofLydia,PhrygiaandCappadocia,hadampletimetoassessGreekmilitarycapabilities.In401BC,hemusteredanarmyofmercenaries,drawingheavilyuponGreeksoldiers,newlyreleasedfromservice,tomarchagainsthisbrotherArtaxerxesII,kingofPersia(404-359BC).However,theassaultonthePersianthronewascutshortwhenCyruswaskilledinthebattleatCunaxa,northofBabylon.

TheGreekmercenaries found themselves inland at cross roads deepwithinthePersianEmpireandclosetohostile,mountaintribestothenorth.Worsestill, theywerewithoutthefullcomplementofgeneralsandcaptainswhohadbeencapturedorexecutedbythePersians.Atthistime,Xenophonwaselected,alongwithfourothers,asgeneral.

Notwithstanding the problems of his flawed recording of names,especiallyrivernames,thelocationwhereheandthetroopsstarttheirjourneyis absolutely criticaltounderstandingtheirroutetakenthereafter.BookIIIofXenophon’sAnabasiscloseswiththegeneralsdiscussingthepossiblepathsthatcouldbe taken.14 According toourcalculations, theywereonamajorcrossroad,butnottheRoyalRoad,ashasbeensuggested.TheywereinfactsouthofthemoderncityofMuş,westoftheformerUrartianheartlandaroundLakeVanandfacinganincredibleclimbthroughthemountainpasslandsofthePalendökenRange.

BookIIIhasaratherstrangeandformalbeginning,whereXenophonintroduces himself once again: “There was a man in the army namedXenophon, anAthenian”.15 This indicates that he hadoriginally begunhisworkatthispoint.Anyanomaliesconcerningthetroops’journeypriortothatpointcanbeexplainedbyXenophon’sdisjointedwritingofthetext.

Thegenerals’ basic strategicplan is clear.16 They tooka course thatlednorth,onethatpromisedabundantsupplies,becausetheyhadexhaustedtheprovisionsofvillagesontheirwayin,alongtheEuphratesRiver.Timingwasoftheessenceandtheirswasrunningout.Tomaximisetheirspeed,theydecidetoshedbothgoodsandpeople.Theytooktheradical,andsomewhatfoolhardy,measureofburningtheirwagons,andtheirtentsaswellasleavingbehind all other superfluous baggage, excess animal and human entourage.Amazingly, the troops were forced to cull even further in the days ahead.BecauseitwasNovember,andtheweatherwasalreadytakingaturnforthe

14III.v.14-18.15 III.i.4: ῏Ην δέ τις ἐν τῇ στρατιᾷ Ξενοφῶν Ἀθηναῖος.16III.iipassim.

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worst,theycarriedthisdecisionheavily.OneaspectisclearfromXenophon’saccount;thelinesofcommunicationwerespeedyandeffectivethroughoutthePersianprovinces.Theirenemieswerealwayswaitingforthem.

Their path took them west of Lake Van, over the slopes of thePalendökenMountain.InXenophon’stime,themountainswerestilloccupiedbyanotoriouslyhostiletribeknownastheCarduchians.Truetotheirform,they subjected the troops toguerrillawarfare andambushes as they inchedtheirwaythroughthenarrowgorges.17Overall,severaldaysofmarchinghadpassedbeforetheyemergedfromthehighlandstotheopenplainoftheArasRiver,whichXenophondocumentsastheCentritesRiver.Atthispoint,theGreekswereonlyaboutoneandahalfkilometresfromtheriver.

TheCentritesRiver,whichXenophonrecordsseparatesArmeniafromtheterritoryoftheCarduchians,wassuchanimportantterritorialborderthatneitherthetroopsoftheArmeniansatrapytothenorthnortheCarduchiansbitingat theGreeks’heels to the southshowedany inclination tocross theriver into each other’s territories.18 We believe that Xenophon’s itineraryhadbroughthimandthe10,000GreektroopsveryclosetothemoderndayÇobandedeford.Infact,thisistheonlysectionoftheriverthathasbluffsthatfitXenophon’sdescription.

Todaythefordisrecognisablebyaremarkablethirteenthcenturybridge,theÇobandedeBridge,butinancienttimes,onlythecontinuationoftheroad,upintothefoothillsontheopposite(northern)bank,suggestedsafecrossing.Thoughnormallyasafecrossingpoint,Xenophonrecordedtwodaysofheavyrainthatmayhaveswollentheriver.

Xenophon’s description of the spectre that he faced is chilling: thecombined forces of theArmenian Satrap Orontas and the Persian generalArtuchas,whohaddrawnuponthenorthernbankreadytomeettheGreeks.TwovitalpiecesofinformationarepreservedinXenophon’saccount.First,andmostimportant, is thementionofan‘artificial’roadthathesawontheothersideoftheCentrites,19whichclearlyindicatesthattheterritorynorthoftheriverhadasystemofmanufacturedroadways.Second,isthecontinuedMedianpresenceinthisterritoryasindicatedbytheinclusionoftheMardiansinXenophon’slistofthealliedforceswithOrontesandArtuchas.20

Asnotedabove theprovince thatbordered“Armina” inDarius’ timewascalledMedia,��anditcanbearguedthat theMatieni,whoarelistedinHerodotusas livingadjacent to theArmenians,��wereaMedian tribe. ThementionofMardianforcesfightingalongsidetheArmeniantroopssuggestsacontinuationofthisMedianpresencein401BC.23

17III.v.15-17;IV.i.10-11;iipassim.18IV.iii.1-2.19 IV.iii.5: ὁδὸς δὲ μία ὁρωμένη ἦν ἄγουσα ἄνω ὥσπερ χειροποίητος.20 IV.iii.4: ἧσαν δ’ οὗτοι Ὀρόντα καὶ Ἀρτούχα Ἀρμένιοι καὶ Μάρδοι καὶ Χαλδαῖοι μισθοφόροι.�� op. cit. n.6.��Herodotus,The Histories,V.49.23Forafulldiscussionofthecomplexissuesinvolved in this identificationseeC.Sagona,op. cit. n.8.Foramoregeneral introductiontotheidentificationandhistoryoftheMedesseeO.W.Muscarella,“MiscellaneousMedianMatters”inH.Sancisi-Weerdenburg,A.Kuhrt,and M.C. Root (eds.), Achaemenid History VIII. Continuity and Change. Proceedings of the Last Achaemenid History Workshop, April 6-8, 1990, Ann Arbor, Michigan(Leiden1994),pp.57-64,esp.pp.60-62.

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Afterthecrossing,Xenophon’sdescriptionoftheplainsandrollinghillscorrespondswith the regionwest of theÇobandede ford. Here therewere“no villages near the riverbecauseof thewarsbetweentheArmeniansandCarduchians.”Andwhen“they finally reached a village it was a large one”.Thisremarkableobservationismatchedbythesurveyfinds.24

Thisiscrucialinformationandonethattallieswiththedearthofancientsettlementsbetweenthefordandtheroad.MostoftheIronAgesettlementsinthenorthofthePasinlerPlainareclosetothelowerfoothills(notinthefloorofthevalleyitself)correspondingtothedescriptiongivenbyXenophon.

When they do come to a settled area, he describes houses that areclusteredaroundapalace.Thesehouseshadtowers,oraformoffortification,implying that the site had special significance within the defence networkofthesatrapy. Webelievethatitwasakeymilitarypost,asitwasthelastinstallationwithintheeighteenthsatrapyofeasternArmenia.

TheytravelforafewdaystotheTeleboasRiverandXenophonrecordsanothervitalclue,that“This region was called western Armenia”.25Thatis,theyhadwalkedintothenineteenthprovinceofthePersianEmpire,westernArmenia.26Inordertohavedoneso,Xenophonmusthavebeeninthewesternextreme of the eighteenth province, easternArmenia, when he crossed theCentrites (theAras) River.27 This important border was the Deve BoyunRidge,whichwecrosseachdayfromErzurumtooursiteatSosHöyük.

AfterthefordingoftheCentritesRiver,theweatherturnedbad.Whenthey could travel, in some sectors they managed only five hours of slowwalking,inchingtheirwaythroughdeepsnow.Inotherplacestherearelongspellsheldupinvillages,oroutintheopenduringblizzards.28Hamilton,atravellertotheregionin1836,offersausefulcomparisoninreferencetothemountainpassessouthofTrabzon.

“...wefoundseveralgreattractsofsnow,whichcausedusmuchdelay,as thehorseswereconstantlybreakingthroughthecrust,andsinkinguptotheirgirths,whenthedriverswereobligedtorelievethemoftheirburdens,beforetheycouldbeextracted.”29

HisaccountofhorsessinkingdeepinthesnowdriftsofeasternTurkeyechoesthepainfullyslowprogressofthe10,000.

Once out of the Erzurum Plain, the troops marched over anothermountainpasstotheErzincanvalley,thefloodplainoftheFıratRiver,whichXenophonnames thePhasis, or inotherwords, theEuphratesRiver.30 We knowthatthoughXenophoncametowithinanhouroftheseatorpalaceofthenineteenthsatrapofWesternArmenia,whichhasrecentlybeenidentifiedasAltınTepe,eastofErzincan,hekeptarespectabledistancefromthecapital,andthepeopletherefromhim.31

24IV.iv.1-2.25 IV.iv.4: ὁ δὲ τόπος οὗτος Ἀρμενία ἐκαλεῖτο ἡ πρὸς ἑσπέραν.26 For the identification of the 19th satrapyas western Armenia see G.D. Summers,“ArchaeologicalEvidencefortheAchaemenidPeriod in Eastern Turkey,” Anatolian Studies43(1993),pp.93-96.27 For further discussion on the intricaciesof the historical geography of Armenia inthe period of theAchaemenidEmpire see P.Briant,From Cyrus to Alexander. A History of the Persian Empire,(WinonaLake,IN2002)p.627andesp.pp.741-742.28IV.iv.8–v.21.29 William J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and ArmeniaI(London1842),pp.165-166.30IV.vi.4-21.31 For the identification ofAltınTepe as theseat of the 19th satrapy see G.D. Summers,op. cit.n.26.

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Conclusions

Atthispoint,wecanreturntothequestionofthedateoftheArasHighRoad,andwhywesuggestthatitwasnotRoman,butratherMedianandlaterAchaemenid.Thereasonsaresimple:

1.Archaeologically,wehave foundno significantHellenistic/RomanmaterialinthePasinlerPlain,thatis,onthePersianArmeniansideofthe border. We have, however, found themon the other side of theborder.

2. Through a detailed process of historical geography there is goodreasontobelievethattheMatieni(Xenophon’sMardians)ofHerodotuswerelocatedinthePasinlerPlain,andastheirnamesuggests,theywereprobablyMedes.ThisalsoaccordswellwithXenophon’sdescriptionofthepeoplelocatednorthoftheCentritesRiver,thatis,wheretheroadislocated.

3.Wewill recall that in 401BCXenophon said he enteredwesternArmenia,andsohemusthavecrossedwhatweidentifyasthepoliticalfrontierbetweenthePersiansatrapiesofEastandWestArmenia.ThiswenowknowisspecificallytheDeveBoyunRidge.Thisidentificationis crucial in our reconstruction. The border was one of the mostimportantandlong-livedfrontiersoftheancientAnatolia.Itcontinuedtobesointhecenturiesthatfollowed.TheRomanEmpireeventuallycameuptothispointandtheDeveBoyunRidgeformeditseasternmostboundary.In387ADitwasthepointwhereChristianByzantiummetZoroastrianPersia.

Allthispointstoaninevitableconclusion:ifwearetoidentifytheroadbuilderscapableofconstructionon thescaleof theArasroad thatwehavediscovered,wemustlookamongtheadministratorsoftheregion,namelytheMedesandthePersians.AnditseemstousthattheyweretheroadengineerswhoprecededXenophon.FurtherresearchintotheconsiderablequantityofIronAgematerial remainswill no doubt enrich our understanding of theirpresenceinthisregion.

AnobservationofthisvitalpasslandmadebythenovelistJohnBuchanis very pertinent. In his FirstWorldWar thriller and sequel to the novelThirty Nine Steps, calledGreenmantle, the intrepid hero, Richard Hannay,hadescapedonto theroofofa lock-upon theoutskirtsofErzurum. Inhisreconnoitreshestates,

“Looking north I saw the city in a haze of morning smoke, and, beyond, the plain of the Euphrates and the opening of the glen where the river left the hills. Up there, among the snowy heights, were [the fortresses] Tafta and Kara Gubek. To the east was the ridge of Deve Boyun, where the mist was breaking before the winter’s sun. On the roads up to it I saw transport moving, I saw the circle of the inner forts, but for a moment the guns were silent. South rose a great wall of white mountain, which I took to be the Palantuken. I could see the roads running to the passes, and the smoke of camps and horse-lines right under the cliffs.”32

32J.Buchan,Greenmantle (ThomasNelson&Sons1946),ChapterXVIII:“SparrowsontheHousetops,”p.301.

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TheRed-figuredPotteryfromTorone1981-1984: APreliminaryReport*

ByIanMcPhee

* Abbreviations Ergon To ergon tes archaiologikes

Etaireias

PAE Praktika tes en Athenais Archaiologikes Etaireias

Torone 1 Alexander Cambitoglou, JohnK.Papadopoulos,OlwenTudorJones (eds.), Torone I: The Excavations of 1975, 1976 and 1978(Athens2001)

BSA The Annual of the British School at Athens

� Ian McPhee, ‘The Red-figured Pottery,’ inTorone1,pp.353-390.

Despitethepassageofhundredsofyears,thesignificanceoftheDeveBoyunRidgehasnotbeendulled.Itwas,andis,ineverysenseafrontier.

Figure 1: Fragments from one side of an Attic Type A skyphos from Terrace IV at Torone (inv. nos. 82.493 + 82.633 & 82.394)

TheAustralianexcavationsatTorone,directedbyProfessorAlexanderCambitoglou,haveproducedaconsiderablequantityofred-figurepotteryofthe5thand4thcenturiesBC.Thefragmentsunearthedduringthefirst threedigging-seasons(1975,1976and1978)werepublishedinTorone1.�Thestudyoftheartefactsfoundduringtheexcavationsin1981,1982and1984hasnowbegun inpreparation for theirpublication ina secondvolume,Torone 2.AtthegenerousinvitationoftheDirector,IwasabletospendsometendaysinPolygyrosattheendofJune2003examiningandpreparingacatalogueofthe

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red-figurefragmentsfromToronestoredintheArchaeologicalMuseum.�

Atpresenttherearesome200itemsinmypreliminarycatalogue,andmanyof these individualentriesconsistof twoormorejoiningsherdsoroffragmentsthatdonotjoinbutclearlybelongtoonevase.Abriefglanceataconcordanceoffind-spotsrevealsthatthemajorityofthered-figurefromthe1981,1982and1984seasonscamefromTerracesIVandV,whereanumberofhousesofthe5thand4thcenturieswereexcavated.SmallerquantitiesderivefromtheLowerCityandPromontory2.Bywayofcontrast,two-thirdsofthered-figurerecoveredinthe1970scamefromtheareaoftheIsthmus.3

Mostof this red-figurewasmade inAthens, theprincipalcentre fortheproductionof this typeoffine-wareduring theClassical period.Duringthesecondhalfofthe5thandduringthe4thcenturycommercialconnectionsbetweenAthensand thecitiesof thenorthernAegean(Chalkidike,Thraciancoast)andtheBlackSeawereveryimportant,inpartbecauseofAthens’needfor grain. The cities of the Chalkidike seem to have produced grain, wine,timberandothercommodities.4InsofarasToroneisconcerned,thereareonlyoneortwored-figurefragmentsthatmaybedatedbefore480BC.Itwasonlywith thedefeatof thePersians, the establishmentof theDelianLeagueandeventuallyAtheniannavalhegemonyintheAegeanthatAtticred-figurevasesbegantoreachToroneinanyquantity.Infact,mostofthered-figureseemstobelongtotheyearsfromabout450to350BC,aperiodwhenToronewasattimes(ca.454-424,422-405,ca.364-357BC)underthecontrolofAthens.ButeventhecaptureofToronein348byPhilipIIandtheextensionofMacedoniancontroltothecitiesoftheChalkidikedidnotbringanendtotheoccasionalimportofAtticred-figure,fortherearefragmentarykratersthatmaybedatedtothethirdquarterofthe4thcentury,andarethereforelateexamplesofAthenianproduction.

AlthoughtheAthenianred-figurecoversabroadrangeofshapes,itisnoticeablethatwine-mixingbowls,inparticularbell-kratersandcalyx-kraters,predominate.Theskyphosisthepreferredformofdrinking-vessel,whereasthecup,whetherwithelegantstemorstemlessfoot,hardlymakesanappearance.GiventheimportanceofthevinetotheeconomyofTorone,itisnotsurprisingthattheseAtheniankratersandskyphoishouldbepresent-shapeanddecorationmusthaveensured that theywereappreciatedasappropriatedisplaypieces.Otherred-figuredshapesincludepelikaiandhydriai-containersfor liquids;oilvesselssuchasthelekythos,squat-lekythosandalabastron(white-ground),whichmayallbeassociatedwithathleticactivity;and,inthe4thcentury,theaskos(anotheroilvessel),thelekanis(aceramicjewellery-box),andeventhefish-plate.

� I would like to express my gratitude toProfessor Cambitoglou for his generousinvitation to continue my study of the red-figurepotteryfromTorone.Iwouldalsoliketoextendmyparticular thanks toDrStavrosPaspalas and Ms Beatrice McLoughlin forhelpingmeineverywayandthusmakingmybriefstayinPolygyrosmostenjoyable.3ForTerracesIVandVseeErgon1982(1983),p.26;figs.43-46;PAE1982(1984),pp.69-73,fig.3,pls.53-55a;Ergon1984(1985),pp.27-28, pl. 34 andPAE 1984 (1988), pp. 53-65,figs.3,4,14,15and16,pls.62-74. FortheLowerCityseeTorone 1,pp.236-253;Ergon 1981(1982),pp.17-18,figs.19-20;PAE1981(1983), pp.33-36;Ergon 1982 (1983), p. 26andPAE1982(1984),p.69.ForPromontory� see Ergon1982(1983),p.27andPAE1982(1984),pp.77-78,pp.70-71figs.1-2,pl.56.FortheIsthmus,seeTorone1,pp.170-236.4AclearandsensibleaccountofthehistoryofToroneanditscommercialactivities isgivenbyA.CambitoglouandJ.K.PapadopoulosinTorone1,pp.45-65.

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Thequantityofred-figurethat,ongroundsoffabricandstyleofdrawing,canbeclaimedtobenon-Athenianisrelativelysmall.Itconsistsoffragmentsofskyphoi,askoi,andafewclosedshapessuchas the lebesgamikos(type2)and thehydria.All thesepieces seem tobedatable tothefirsthalfofthe4thcentury,whenafewofthetypicallyAttic shapes, decorated in the red-figure technique,wereproduced at one or more centres in the Chalkidike, oneofwhichwasprobablyOlynthos.5At present there is noevidence that red-figured pottery was manufactured atTorone.

Through a careful study of the red-figure fromthe1981,1982and1984seasonsithasoccasionallybeenpossible to bring together fragments which, though not

5 The Chalkidic red-figure from Torone isbriefly dealt with by myself in Torone 1,pp. 353-390, withmore extended discussionin BSA76(1981),pp.297-308.

joining,probablycomefromasinglevase.PerhapsthemostimportantinstanceistheskyphosshowninFigs.1-3.Weseeabeardedandbaldingman,heavyinthetorso,withhairyabdomen,whowasseatedtoright,hishandsraised.Wemightbehard-pressedtoidentifyhimwithcertainty,wereitnotthataboveandtotherightofhisheadappearthe“ghosts”offivelettersoriginallypaintedinredorwhiteΣ Κ Ι Ρ Ο ,nodoubtSKIRO[N,theviciousrobberwhopreyeduponlonelytravellersalongthecoastroadnearMegara(Fig.2).Skironwouldforcehishaplessvictimtowashhis feet ina largebronzebasin,andwouldthenkickthekneelingpersonovertheclifftotherocksbelow,wherealargetortoisewaitedtodevourhisflesh.Therobberfinallymethisdoomat

The Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens BULLETIN · other German colleagues including Eberhardt Frömter and Rainer Greger at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics in

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