SPECIAL EDITION: MEMORIAL OF DWIGHT EISENHOWER’S PRESIDENCY MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA THE AMERICAN JOURNAL The end of Dwight Eisenhower's two-term presidency approaches. It has been an epoch of prosperity and peace in the United States, in a general aspect. There were many technological advances, as well as scientific, societal and economic. This edition of The American Journal will be dedicated to commemorating the most important events and changes that have shaped our country during this proliferous era up until this day in actuality. PAGE 3 RISING EXODUS TO THE SUBURBAN LIFESTYLE PAGE 4 KOREAN WAR ENDS PAGES 12 & 13 POLITICAL CARTOONS OF THE ERA PAGES 12 & 13 ENDING OF THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT RELATED TO ROSA PARKS
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SPECIAL EDITION:
MEMORIAL OF DWIGHT
EISENHOWER’S PRESIDENCY
MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
The end of Dwight Eisenhower's two-term presidency approaches. It has been an epoch of
prosperity and peace in the United States, in a general aspect. There were many technological
advances, as well as scientific, societal and economic. This edition of The American Journal
will be dedicated to commemorating the most important events and changes that have shaped
our country during this proliferous era up until this day in actuality.
PAGE 3RISING EXODUS
TO THE
SUBURBAN
LIFESTYLE
PAGE 4KOREAN WAR
ENDS
PAGES 12 & 13POLITICAL
CARTOONS OF
THE ERA
PAGES 12 & 13ENDING OF THE
MONTGOMERY
BUS BOYCOTT
RELATED TO
ROSA PARKS
SUCCESFUL DETONATION OF
THE FIRST HYDROGEN BOMB
Mike bomb exploded with a yield of 10.4
megatons, creating a three mile long
fireball. It was about 1000 times more
powerful than the atomic bomb.
Some scientists such as J. Robert
Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, and I.I. Rabi
have been opposed to this development,
partly because the weapon design, at its
beginnings, was uncertain and workable.
They also argued that it was immoral
because it would be used against large
civilian populations and cause a genocide.
On the other hand, scientists who favored
this creation argued that it was inevitable
and bound to happen for the protection of
the United States. Now that the Soviets had
their atomic bomb, the united States needed
to fight back with a larger bomb.
Nevertheless, the plans of the creation of
the hydrogen bomb persisted. After the
WWII, they created it.
Now that the detonation of the hydrogen
bomb has been successful, the United States
could advance in the nuclear arms race in
the Cold War.
FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1952 PAGE 2
By: Anna Mulero
Now that the Soviets’ atomic bomb had a
successful detonation, American scientist
have started to build new nuclear weapons to
compete with the Soviets. As recently as last
week, on November 1, the President Harry
Truman has ordered the conduction of the
first “hydrogen bomb”, which is bigger and
deadlier than the atomic bomb.
This new bomb uses fusion mechanisms,
unlike the atomic bomb that uses fission
techniques. Atomic bombs, like the ones
dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki around 7
years ago in the WWII, work by splitting an
atom’s nucleus. The hydrogen bomb, while
they start with a fission reaction, the high
temperature that it reaches causes the
hydrogen atoms to fuse. Thus releasing
neutrons, which split more atoms and
creating a larger chain reaction than the
atomic bomb. The creation of this bomb took
place on the island of Elugelab, part of the
Marshall Islands in the Pacific, by Dr.
Edward Teller, with the help of the Polish
mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. The first
structure of this bomb was called Mike,
designed to test the principles of the creators;
it was not intended to use in warfare. This
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
Dr. Edward Teller,
one of the
collaborators in the
making of the
hydrogen bomb
The hydrogen bomb’s successful detonation
on the island of Elugelab
SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
RISING EXODUS TO THE SUBURBAN
LIFESTYLE
TUESDAY, JUNE 14, 1953 PAGE 3
By: Anna Mulero
Suburban community on Long Island
Now that World War II has ended, the
economy has started to prosper, and people
feel safe again. This gives way to the so
called baby boom, where families are
starting to procreate. As a means to do this,
people no longer want to live in the city,
where there is loudness and dangerous
things going around. Thus, they have
started to move out of the city and into the
newly built suburban houses. Suburban
houses are built on the land at the outskirts
of the city. Unlike city apartments,
suburban houses offer spacious rooms,
family rooms, and backyards, making it
easy for numerous families to go around.
This movement is called the suburban
boom, which is a direct effect for the baby
boom.
Albeit expensive, living in city
apartments provides commodities those
who now live in the suburbs do not have.
For example, residents living in a suburban
home have to mow their lawns weekly
since the community as a whole needs to
look uniform. Nevertheless, the suburban
life is just beginning to be embraced by
Americans. Fast food restaurants and
shopping centers are beginning to be built
near suburban communities for the
residents’ convenience. William Levitt,
an American real-estate developer, has
developed Levittown, a series of seven
suburban developments, as an attractive
alternative to city apartments. They are
located near Long Island and are available for
buying. For more information, call the
number at the bottom of the page and
schedule a visit.
Even though it’s cheaper than living in the
city, the suburban life has its ups and downs.
Women who have previously fought for their
rights now feel confined to the suburban
lifestyle. The belief that a woman’s role in
society was to cook, clean, and raise kids has
risen, causing a dissatisfaction in American
women. Feminists, such as Betty Friedan,
have started writing books, arguing that the
suburbs were “burying women alive”. Not
only has the new suburban lifestyle started to
limit women’s rights, but also a new form of
segregating people has emerged, called
hypersegregation. This is extreme racial
segregation based on the geographical
grouping of the racial groups.
Everyone has their own lifestyle
preferences, and if you want a change in
yours, move out to the suburbs and live the
unique experience that is the suburban
lifestyle.
To schedule a visit
please call 1-800-
796-2453
LIFE IN THE U.S.
KOREAN WAR ENDS
Despite the fact that the armistice
suspends all forms of hostilities, it is not
meant to serve as a permanent peace
instrument. President Eisenhower
played a critical role in establishing
tranquility in the region, as he was fully
cognizant of the innumerable Americans
who served in the conflict and the
countless others who perished defending
our freedom. Shortly after signing it, the
president announced the agreement to
the American public via television,
stating “And so at long last the carnage
of war is to cease and the negotiation of
the conference table is to begin. . . . It is
this: We have won an armistice on a
single battleground—not peace in the
world.
MONDAY, JULY 27, 1953 PAGE 4
By: Andres Quijano
At long last, the fighting in the Korean
Peninsula has finally ceased! The Korean
War, which commenced on June 25, 1950,
when the North Koreans invaded South
Korea, officially today at 10 a.m., in
Panmunjom. Barely acknowledging each
other, U.S. Army Lt. Gen. William K.
Harrison, Jr., senior delegate, United Nations
Command Delegation; North Korean Gen.
Nam Il, senior delegate, Delegation of the
Korean People's Army and the Chinese
People's Volunteers, signed 18 copies of the
Korean Armistice Agreement in three
languages.
It finalized what had become the longest
negotiated armistice ever: 158 reunions
distributed across two years and 17 days.
Later on at 10 p.m. the truce went into effect.
The Korean Armistice Agreement is curious
in the fact that it is only a military document.
Therefore, no country is a signatory to the
armistice.
Moreover, the armistice agreement included
various ordinances. It suspends all forms of
open conflict. It calls for the withdrawal of
all military forces and equipment from a
4,000-meter-wide zone, which establishes a
Demilitarized Zone as a buffer between the
countries. It prevents both factions from
interfering in the air, ground, or sea areas
under the other's control. It arranges for the
release and repatriation of prisoners of war
and displaced persons. Finally, it establishes
the Military Armistice Commission and other
agencies.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
Delegates from both sides signing the
armistice treaty on the morning of July 27th.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
WEST GERMANY JOINS NATO
MONDAY, MAY 9, 1955 PAGE 5
By: Andres Quijano
The map of the NATO member states in
Europe, with West Germany included. West Germany signing to become part of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
At long last, 10 years after the decimation of
the Nazi reign in Europe in World War II,
West Germany formally joins the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, a
mutual defense pact aimed at deterring Soviet
influence through Europe. This milestone
marks the crucial step in West Germany's
integration into Western Europe's defense
system.
Germany has remained a divided nation since
the war. Our forces, along with those of
Britain and France, have held occupation
areas in West Germany and West Berlin, while
the Soviet forces control East Germany and
East Berlin. While both sides advocate for an
eventual reunification, it remains clear that
this has yet to happen, as it would have to
serve a side's specific interests.
In 1949 we combined the occupation zones
with our allies to create a new nation, the
Federal Republic of Germany. Meanwhile, the
Soviets responded by establishing the German
Democratic Republic in East Germany. Just
over four days ago, our allied forces ended out
military occupation of West Germany, leaving
it as an independent nation. The country was
expeditiously integrated into NATO, as a
period of four days have elapsed between the
two events.
For us, this serves as an essential move in the
defense of Western Europe. Despite the
opposition of some European nations,
remilitarizing West Germany is crucial in
establishing a defense perimeter for any
possible Soviet expansion. The coming days
shall reveal what the Soviet Union will regard
of this decisive move for freedom and
democracy.
ELVIS PRESLEY’S RAPID RISE
WITH FIRST BIG HIT
Elvis Presley has his share of talents
apart from music. He has appeared on
radio and television; his first appearance
was in a movie called "Louisiana
Hayride," released in 1955. He still
plans to continue pursuing his career of
actor. However, he has been most
proliferous as a singer, despite of the
little time he's been in the spotlight.
Critics say Elvis has arrived to innovate
the genre of rock and bring immense
change to the business.
Presley's most recent and popular single
"Heartbreak Hotel" is on its way to
reach the sales of one million copies, an
event that would award him with his
first gold record. If he keeps doing as
well as he is now, it is only a matter of
time before Elvis Presley rises to the top
of the music industry.
FRIDAY, JANUARY 27, 1956 PAGE 6
By: Darlene Ortega
You've heard the name, haven't you? Elvis
Presley, famous film actor and singer, was
given his first guitar on his 11th birthday. His
passion and affinity for music did not end
there. As of eight weeks ago, Presley
released his single "Heartbreak Hotel." The
song has been #1 in Billboard's pop singles
chart, #1 in the country chart and #5 on the
R&B chart since it was released.
Although he doesn't have much experience
still in the music business, having released
his first single barely a year ago, Presley has
been attracting hoards of fans. This may be
due to his unusual music style, provocative
gyrating hips and good looks. His particular
dance moves have caused an uproar of
people to be drawn to the singer. His music
portrays an innovative style denominated
rockabilly, which is an up-tempo, backbeat-
driven fusion of country music and rhythm
and blues. Even though this is not very
common nowadays, it looks like Presley is
on his way to popularize it.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
Elvis Presley (age 11) with his first guitar, a
gift from his mother.
The cover of Elvis Presley’s hit single
“Heartbreak Hotel”, which includes “I was
the one”
ARTS &
ENTERTAINMENT
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
ENDING OF THE MONTGOMERY BUS
BOYCOTT RELATED TO ROSA PARKS
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1956 PAGE 7
By: Darlene Ortega
The cover of Elvis Presley’s hit single
“Heartbreak Hotel”, which includes “I was
the one”
Picture of the Montgomery bus boycott in
1956, in which black people were united to
fight against segregation and demand
equality.
Earlier this day, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
that segregation on city buses is
unconstitutional, thus ending the Montgomery
bus boycott that has been going on for over a
year. All this commotion was caused by a
single black woman called Rosa Parks.
Approximately a year ago, on December 1st
1955, Rosa Parks was riding the bus home
from work when a white man demanded that
she give him his seat, and she denied. Parks
says that the rumors that claimed her refusal
was due to her being tired are false. "I was not
tired physically, or no more tired than I
usually was at the end of the day. I was not
old, although some people have an image of
me being old then. I was forty-two. No, the
only tired I was, was tired of giving in." For
her actions towards the "superior" white man,
Rosa Parks was arrested.
This event drove a number of leaders in
Montgomery to speak up and protest about the
unfair situation. They presented her good
behavior as an argument against her arrest,
stating that even though she was "morally
clean", she wasn't afraid of fighting for what
she thought was right. This protest is what
started the boycotting of the Montgomery
buses, which was conducted by 42,000 black
citizens. Rosa was arrested for a second time
because of her participation in the boycotts.
This time, the situation received more
attention to the point of attracting national
press coverage.
Today, the boycott has been put to an end and
Parks and her allies have been set free. Rosa
Parks still continues to be a very avid civil
rights activist.
LOCAL NEWS
AMERICA’S SURGING
ECONOMY
Another factor to which we owe our
great prosperity is the rise of
consumerism. One of the factors that
fueled the prosperity of the Fifties was
the increase in consumer spending.
Americans enjoyed a standard of living
that was inconceivable to the rest of the
world. It was an auspicious moment for
Americans to change their consumer
tendencies. The adult of the Fifties has
generally grown up in economic
scarcity, due to the Great Depression
and the rationing policies of World War
II. As consumer products became
available once again, people were eager
to buy. Even though we make up six
percent of the world population, we
consume a third of all the world’s goods
and services. America could afford to
produce products that only served to
meet people’s desires. This is how
Americans eventually turned into
"consumers.”
SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1958 PAGE 8
By: Andres Quijano
America’s economy today has been booming
like never before. While Europe has to
rebuild itself after the war, our standard of
living has surpassed what past generations
considered unfathomable.
We owe this great debt of prosperity to our
beloved Eisenhower, who allowed the
economy to steadily grow through the right
combination of low taxes, balanced budgets,
and public spending. The economy overall
has grown by 37%. By the end of the decade,
the median American family has 30% more
purchasing power than at the beginning.
Inflation, which had devastated our economy
immediately after World War II, was feeble
in part due to the fact that Eisenhower
persisted in efforts to balance the federal
budget. Unemployment has remained low,
staying at less than 4.5% in the middle of the
decade. Many factors have come together to
produce the Fifties boom. The G.I. Bill,
which has given military veterans affordable
access to a college education, adds a
productive pool of highly-educated
employees to the work force when American
businesses are willing to pay handsomely for
engineering and management skills. Cheap
oil from domestic wells have helped keep the
engines of industry running. Advances in
science and technology are spurring
productivity. At the same time, potential
competitors in Europe and Asia are still
recovering from their war-torn state.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
A middle-class American household enjoying
consumer commodities, such as televisions.
EDITOR’S NOTE: DANGERS OF
THE RED SCARE
SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1958 PAGE 9
By: Andres Quijano
The fear of communism here at home is
one that engulfs all of us. This perceived
threat of communists in the United States
has become known as the “Red Scare”.
This phenomenon led to a series of
actions which shaped U.S. society and
government. For starters, federal
employees were observed to determine
their level of loyalty to the government,
and U.S. senators such as Joseph R.
McCarthy investigated inquiries into
seditious elements in the government as
well as in the film industry.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
A middle-class American household enjoying
consumer commodities, such as televisions.
This perceived threat of communism
managed to unite the American
people under a common enemy. It
strengthened nationalism and
sympathy for capitalism. However, a
mass level of hysteria was caused to
spread throughout the country.
Tensions increased, false accusations
grew exponentially, and dissent
towards immigrants reached an all
time high. Many people supporting
the fight against communism
wouldn’t speak out without the
support of Senator McCarthy.
Therefore, this created a
phenomenon of mob mentality
across America, one that is not
beneficial to increased tolerance or a
better understanding of varying
perspectives.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
EDITOR’S NOTE: ROSA PARKS AND
THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 PAGE 10
By: Anna Mulero
Rosa Parks, Civil Rights leader and starter
of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
In the years 1955 to 1956, there was a
movement in Alabama called the
Montgomery Bus Boycott. It started with
several arrests of African-American women
who were arrested for violating the Alabama
bus segregation laws. The last of these women
was Rosa Parks who was arrested on
December 1, 1955. The arrest of these women
became the figurehead for the Boycott and
Civil Rights Movement. This boycott helped
the Civil Rights Movement and opened the
eyes of Americans to the atrocities that
African-Americans lived in.
The racial segregation standard called
“Separate but equal” has been used as excuse
for many atrocities white people caused
African Americans. Before this boycott,
African-Americans had to live by the state’s
segregation laws. These laws violated the
Fourteenth Amendment and forced African-
American to receive certain treatments just by
the color of their skin.
Although sometimes debatable by some
people, African-Americans do not benefit
from the same rights white people have in the
South, and the arrest of Rosa Parks changed
the rules to equal rights on the buses and
public facilities. With the Montgomery bus
boycott, Rosa Parks fought for African-
Americans’ ability to use the same restrooms,
fountains, and buses. This boycott was fruitful
in terms of gaining civil rights. Since April of
1956, several bus companies have begun to
implement desegregation in Several Southern
cities. Also, the US Supreme Court
dismantled the “Separate but Equal” racial
segregation standard.
With the arrest of Rosa Parks, a public
conscience has been created and people have
learned about how segregation is limiting the
civil rights of African-Americans. It is sad
that the only way the atrocities were known to
other people was when the news of the lack of
people riding the busses reached the news.
Before this being on the news, people were
ignorant and did not pay much attention to
how African-Americans were treated in the
South. This Civil Rights Movement keeps
flourishing and gaining more rights to those
African Americans who still can’t enjoy their
liberties.
EDITOR’S NOTE: REMEMBERING SCHOOL
INTEGRATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
A little over five years ago, the Supreme
Court established that segregation in public
schools of the United States is
unconstitutional. This was unanimously
decided in the Brown v. Board of Education
case.
Immediately after this, opposition was
strong. White people whom did not agree
with sharing their privileges with "inferiors"
started protesting for their beliefs. Virginia
Senator Harry Byrd declared "massive
resistance" which sought to unite white
leaders in order to prevent desegregation in
schools. They went to the extent of shutting
down schools to block the integration. A
particularly famous and recent incident was
that of Little Rock, Arkansas. The governor
of said state used the National Guard in
order to prevent nine black students from
attending Central High School. President
Dwight Eisenhower responded by sending
troops to escort the students- now known as
"Little Rock Nine." White people would do
anything and everything in order to maintain
themselves separated from blacks.
PAGE 11
By: Darlene Ortega
Fortunately, these attempts against school
integration were futile in the end. The
arguments presented by Thurgood Marshall in
favor of Brown were veridical and strong,
proving the unjust difference of treatment
between black and white people. He argued
with evidence from psychological and
scientific research that proved that black
students suffered from mental harm in
schools. Additionally, he presented the fact
that white schools had great facilities and
their teachers were paid significantly, while
black schools were mediocre and teachers
were paid much less. This evidently strong
proof of racism led to the unanimous
decision, and was enough to incite black
people to fight for equal rights. This included
the Montgomery bus boycott, which
unofficially started the Civil Rights
Movement. The Civil Rights Act of 1964
prohibited discrimination based on race in all
public facilities. Even though racism has not
come close to ending, black people are slowly
but surely gaining more rights and privileges,
as they should be. The biggest problem is the
prejudice and racism that white people have
against black people, which is solely based on
their skin color: a ridiculous argument, since
color does not determine the worth of a
person. Education is key on improving these
harmful, wrong views. White people may live
in better conditions than black people, but
they are certainly not capable of loving or
accepting others, and this has to change.
School integration was a very important step
towards a different societal view of black
people.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
Integrated classroom in Anacostia High
School, 1957.
MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
POLITICAL CARTOONS
PAGE 12MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959
Have a care, sir. Home!
Have a care, sir.
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
POLITICAL CARTOONS
PAGE 13MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959
The King and Ike
It’s Okay… We’re Hunting Communists You Mean I’m Supposed To Stand On
That?
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
CLASSIFIED
ADVERSTISEMENTS
PAGE 14
By: Darlene Ortega
MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
CLASSIFIED
ADVERSTISEMENTS
PAGE 15
By: Darlene Ortega
MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL
OBITUARIES: REMEMBERING
PASSED AWAY LOVED ONES
MONDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1959 PAGE 16
By: Anna Mulero
In loving memory of
Hattie McDaniel, age 57, who died this past October
26, 1953 of breast cancer. She was born in Wichita,
Kansas, on June 10, 1895 to Henry McDaniel and
Susan McDaniel. Survived by one sibling named
Sam McDaniel. She will forever be remembered as
the First African American actress to win an Oscar
for her role as Mammy in “Gone With The Wind.
Hattie has participated in nearly
100 other films, and her
superior acting ability is
said to transcend the role
she had to play again and
again.
“Putting a little time
aside for clean fun and good humor is very
necessary to relieve the tensions of our time”
In rememberance of
Physicist Albert Einstein,
age 76, who died the past
April 18, 1955 of abdominal
aortic aneurysm at the
Princeton Hospital. He is
survived by his wife,
Elsa Lowenthal.
Although being born
in Germany on March 14, 1879, Albert Einstein was
naturalized as a US citizen. Some of his most
famous works were his development of the theory of
spatial relativity, the quantum theory of light and his
contributions to the creation of an atomic bomb. He
was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
“Imagination is more important than knowledge.”
“Anyone who has never made a mistake has never
tried anything new.”
Remembering
Charles Holley (Buddy Holly), age 22, who died in
a plane crash on February 3. He was survived by his
wife, Maria Santiago. Buddy was born on
September 7, 1936 in Lubbock, Texas.
He died along with other rock and
roll musicians, including
Ritchie Valens and J.P. “The Big
Bopper” Richardson. At only
22 years of age, Buddy Holly
was the first to write and play
his own songs while being
able to incorporate a rhythm and
blues style to his music.
“If anyone asks you what kind of music you play,
tell him 'pop.' Don't tell him 'rock'n'roll' or they
won't even let you in the hotel”
In loving memory of
John Foster Dulles, age 71,
who died this past May 24.
He is survived by his wife
Janet Pomeroy. John was
born on February 25, 1888
in Washington, D.C.
As the US Secretary of State, John was a significant
figure in the early Cold War by advocating against
Communism around the whole world. He negotiated
numerous anti-communist treaties and alliances
including the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
One of his mayor awards was the person of the year