HIS 2020 American Promise Ch 21_Notes

8/9/2019 HIS 2020 American Promise Ch 21_Notes

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1Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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6:00-6:15 quiz, roll6:15-6:45 Stones River and African Americans Elizabeth Goetsch6:45-7:10 Primary source exercise, Booker T. Washington's 1898 address7:10-7:20 break7:20-8:10

lecture8:15-9:00 film: TR part 2



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Quiz



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1. T or F Jane Adams, a 29 year old college graduate, founded a settlement housecalled Hull House in Chicago in 1889.

2.________________gospel was a movement that sprung out of the urban

industrialism of the late nineteenth century. Its teachings contrasted sharply withthe gospel of wealth espoused by Andrew Carnegie.

3.What does a progressive of this period believe?

4.Give 2 examples of causes important to progressives of this era.

5.__________________________was the first truly progressive president.

6.___________________ Canal was completed in 1914.

7. T or F William Howard Taft won the election 1908 without Theodore Rooseveltssupport.

8.Name three candidates who ran for president in 1912?

9.Was Wilson a progressive?

10.What issue did activist Margaret Sanger campaign for?



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1. T or F Jane Adams, a 29 year old college graduate, founded a settlement housecalled Hull House in Chicago in 1889.

2. Social gospel was a movement that sprung out of the urban industrialism of thelate nineteenth century. Its teachings contrasted sharply with the gospel of wealth

espoused by Andrew Carnegie.

3.What does a progressive of this period believe?They leave social Darwinism behind and push toward scientific management ofhuman systems to create a better life for all.

4.Give 2 examples of causes important to progressives of this era.

a. better working conditions for laborers through legislation; b. education; c.social problems; d. government corruption; e. child labor; f. Conservation; g.womens suffrage; h. large cities

5. Theodore Roosevelt was the first truly progressive president.

6. The Panama Canal was completed in 1914.

7. T or F William Howard Taft won the election 1908 without Theodore Rooseveltssupport.

8.Name three candidates who ran for president in 1912?Woodrow Wilson,Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Eugene Debs

9.Was Wilson a progressive?Yes--a reluctant progressive

10.What issue did activist Margaret Sanger campaign for? Birth Control



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Progressivism

The Progressive Era unfolded as a response tothe social and political conditions of the Gilded

Age. It is also a response to the negativeimpact of industrialism. Progressives believedthat science is a tool applicable to many typesof human systems such as business, socialconstructs, and government with a goal ofmaking them more virtuous, efficient andprofessional.



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Progressive Theory

The active, interventionist approach ofprogressives directly challenged social

Darwinism, with its insistence that the worldoperated on the principle of survival of thefittest and that human beings should not standin the way of the law of natural selection.

A new group of sociologists argued thatevolution could be advanced if men andwomen used their intellect to alter the

environment.7Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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Progressive Theory

This new theory, reform Darwinism,

condemned laissez-faire, insisting that theliberal state should play a more active role insolving social problems.

Key words: Efficiency and expertise

The theory was heavily influenced byphilosopher, William James and John Dewey.



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Grassroots Progressivism

1.Civilizing the City

2.Moving the Working Class forward

Progressivism was a response tocultural, labor, and demographicchanges throughout the country.



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Notes on Progressivism

Churches and settlement houses were at the forefrontof the movement.

The confronted the social problems by enunciating anew social gospel, one that saw its mission not simply

to reform individuals but also to reform society.

Ministers played an active role in the social puritymovement, the campaign to attack vice.

Attacks on alcohol went hand in hand with the pushfor social purity.

Nativism ran through the move for prohibition, as it

did in a number of progressive reforms10Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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Settlement House Movement

The Settlement House Movement began inEngland and migrated to New York City in

1886. College educated women formed the backbone

of the movement.

Settlement houses were designed to helpimmigrants acclimate to America and givewomen tools to find meaningful work andpractical support once they did.



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Population increase was

another impetus for theProgressive Era



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U.S.Population Growth

Year Total Pop Total Born in US Total

in outlying

areas

of American

parents

Foreign-born

Popluation

1990* 248,709,873 228,942,557 225,695,826 3,246,731 1,382,446 1,864,285 19,767,316

1980* 226,545,805 212,465,899 210,322,697 2,143,202 1,088,172 1,055,030 14,079,906

1970* 203,210,158 193,590,856 191,329,489 2,261,367 891,266 1,370,101 9,619,302

1960* 179,325,671 169,587,580 168,525,645 1,061,935 660,425 401,510 9,738,091

1950* 150,216,110 139,868,715 139,442,390 426,325 329,970 96,355 10,347,395

1940 131,669,275 120,074,379 119,795,254 279,125 156,956 122,169 11,594,896

1930 122,775,046 108,570,897 108,304,188 266,709 136,032 130,677 14,204,149

1920 105,710,620 91,789,928 91,659,045 130,883 38,020 92,863 13,920,692

1910 91,972,266 78,456,380 78,381,104 75,276 7,365 67,911 13,515,886

1900 75,994,575 65,653,299 65,583,225 70,074 2,923 67,151 10,341,276

1890 62,622,250 53,372,703 53,362,371 10,332 322 10,010 9,249,547

1880 50,155,783 43,475,840 43,475,498 342 51 291 6,679,943

1870 38,558,371 32,991,142 32,990,922 220 51 169 5,567,229

1860 31,443,321 27,304,624 27,304,624 - - - 4,138,697

1850 23,191,876 20,947,274 20,947,274 - - - 2,244,602

SOURCE: U.S. CENSUS DEPARTMENT

Native population



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Total Population

1880 1890 1900 1910 1920



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1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

Immigration chart

immigrants

Total

immigrants

Total

immigrants

Total

immigrants

Total

immigrants

Total



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Jane Adams and Hull House

A settlement house established in Chicago in1889 by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Star, hercollege roommate.

Armed with statistics, the activists of HullHouse aimed to improve housing, end childlabor, fund playgrounds, mediate between

labor and management, and lobby forprotective legislation.

She was intent on bridging social class

through Hull House.16Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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A young Jane Adams



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Hull House Nursery20Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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Progressives & Working Class

Settlement house workers were particularlysympathetic to labor unions.

Progressives unsuccessfully attempted to pushreform in the private sector, and as a result turned togovernment as a vehicle for pushing workplacechange.

Change also came after workplace catastrophesdemonstrated the need for safety measures such ashappened in the Triangle Shirtwaist Companys fire

that killed more than a hundred workers.



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Progressives & Working Class

Protective legislation won a major victory in

1908 when the U.S. Supreme court upheld anOregon law that limited the hours womencould work to a ten hour day.

Labor unions joined progressive activists topush for better working conditions and betterpay.



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Triangle Shirtwaist November 1909, the Womens Trade Union League

(WTUL) initiated a strike to protest low wages,dangerous and demeaning working conditions, and lackof recognition by the management at the Triangle

Shirtwaist Company.

The strike failed, but in March 1911, a little over a yearafter the strike ended, a disastrous fire sent the buildingup in flames killing 146 workers and injuring scores of

others.

The owners were tried for negligence, but were freedafter it was established that the fire was started by acareless smoker.



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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory24Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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Progressives in Politics

Politicians were generally the followers rather

than the leaders in the Progressive Movement. Key players were:

Thomas Lofton Johnson, Mayor of Cleveland

Robert M. La Follette, Gov and Senator, WIHiram Johnson, Gov. and Senator, CA



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National Politics

McKinley is killed by an anarchist in 1901,and Theodore Roosevelt becomes president.

Roosevelt is the first Progressive Era president



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Roosevelts Square Deal

TR believed that the most vital question facing thecountry was if the government could control the

trusts. Thus he used his power to attack abuse by JP Morgan

and the railroads.

He mediated between labor and management in the1902 coal strike.

He won the 1904 election with 57.9% of the vote bycampaigning on his Square Deal for the people.



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Roosevelt the Reformer

Railroad Reform-Created the InterstateCommerce Commission to regulate railroads

He was a master mediator in getting hislegislative agenda through congress.

He was committed to conservation of natural

resources, fought western cattle barons,lumber kings, mining interests, and powerfulleaders in congress.



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Roosevelt the Diplomat

He worked to actively promote the UnitedStates as a world power.

Guarded the Monroe Doctrine.

Earned a Noble Peace Prize in 1906 for hisrole in negotiating an end to the Russo-

Japanese War. He maintained the Open Door policy in

Asia.



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William Howard Taft

Was TRs hand chosen successor in the election of1908. He handily won.

He was a diplomat not a mediator and he soon fellprey to the old guard Republican powers incongress. His choices regarding tariffs alienated the

public.

He was an inactive president--described asparalyzed in office, thus stalling Progressivereforms.

By the 1910, Roosevelt had become a vocal critic.30Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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Election of 1912

Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republicannomination, but had lost control of the partymachine. Taft was nominated on theconvention floor.

A hastily organized Progressive party met tonominate Roosevelt.

The Democrats delighted at the split in theRepublican ranks, and nominated WoodrowWilson.



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Wilsons The New Freedom

Promised to use antitrust legislation

to get rid of big corporations andgive small businesses and farmersbetter opportunities in themarketplace.



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Roosevelts New Nationalism

Enunciated his belief in federalplanning and smart regulationbased on the core beliefs of the

Progressive Movement.



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Wilson won

Wilson and Roosevelt fought it out,but in the end, the Republican votewas split while the Democrats

remained united.



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Wilsons Reforms

Wilson got legislation passed that lowered tariff rates by15%.

Established a new banking system with a FederalReserve in 1913. This was the most significant domesticlegislation during his presidency.

Tackled the trusts by supporting the Clayton Antitrust

Act, which outlawed price discrimination andinterlocking directorates.

Established the Federal Trade Commission withinvestigatory powers and the power to prosecute

corporations.35Wednesday, February 17, 2010


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Wilson, Reluctant Progressive

Progressives watched in dismay as Wilsonrepeatedly obstructed or obstinately refused toendorse further progressive reforms.

The Republican Party, no longer split, wonsignificant gains in the congressional elections of1914, signaling to Democrats that voters wantedfurther progressive reforms.

Wilson responded belatedly to this politicalpressure by championing reform in the monthsleading up to the presidential election of 1916.



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Limits of Progressivism

Radical Alternatives flourished during these years:Socialist Party and Eugene Debs; Unions-particularly

the International Workers of the World (IWW); birthcontrol advocates-led my Margaret Sanger.

Progressivism for White Men only:Women had to waituntil 1920 for the right to vote.

The Progressive era also witnessed the rise of JimCrow legislation across the South.

Plessy v. Fergeson (1896) upheld separate but equal

HIS 2020 American Promise Ch 21_Notes

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