The American Civil War 1861-1865

The American Civil War1861-1865

Lincoln’s First InaugurationMarch 4, 1861

Confederates Took Fort SumterApril 4, 1861

Confederates Took Fort SumterApril 4, 1861

Lincoln Calls For Volunteers

April 14, 1861

VIRGINIA SECEDEDAPRIL 17, 1861

Three More States Seceded•Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina•West VA seceded from VA•Border States

•Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, and Delaware•Slave states that remained in the Union

Resources of Each Side

Northern• 21 states• Over 21 million people• Superior manufacturing and

food production• 2/3 of country’s railroad

mileage• Superior Civilian Leadership

Southern• 11 states• 9 million people

– 4 million were slaves• Defending own soil• Superior Military Leadership• More accustomed to guns

and horses• Cotton

Marching to Manassas• July 18, 1861 – 1st battle – Bull Run –

(Manassas)– people from DC came in carriages and had picnics to

watch the fight

Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)

Union – 30,000 troops Confederates 20,000

First Battle of Bull Run•First Manassas•July 21, 1861•Attempt to capture Richmond•Union met with resistance at Bull Run Creek•Union had initial advantage•Confederate forces led by Thomas Jackson turned the tide

•Stonewall•Union Army forced to retreat back to Washington

Stonewall Jackson

• General Thomas Jackson CSA – gets nickname “Stonewall”– His troops held their position while southern army

retreated– Inspired Confederate soldiers to keep fighting

Rebel Yell

Southerners counter attacked with “rebel yell”drove back Yanks

Union line broken and retreatSouth did not chase

Effects of the First Battle of Bull Run

• Taught north it would be a long fight

• Lincoln call up 1 million man army

• Southerners felt more confident

Effects of the First Battle of Bull Run

Effects of the First Battle of Bull Run

McClellan made General of the Northern Army

The Anaconda Plan•Three Pronged Union Strategy•Capture Richmond•Blockade the Confederacy•Divide the Confederacy

Union Generals

Fired after defeat at Bull Run

General McDowell

Union Generals

General McClellan

Replaces McDowell

Naval War

Union blockaded the South

As war continued blockade became more effective

• South developed fleet of blockade runners to try to continue trade

• USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack)

• Both were iron clad ships

• USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia (Merrimack)

• Both were iron clad ships

First fight ever between iron ships

Battle was a draw

First fight ever between iron ships

Marks the beginning of modern naval warfare

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McClellan (Union) led several campaigns to

attack Richmond

Was very cautious with his plans

Peninsula Campaign

General Robert E Lee used JEB Stuart to lead cavalry to stop McClellan

Confederates win Seven Days Battle

Lee defeated Union Army at 2nd Battle of Bull Run

Puts Confederates close to Washington DC

Lee’s Invasion of North

Lee’s Invasion of North

Goals of Lee’s Invasion•Force Lincoln to talk peace

•Farmers get to harvest food in VA

•Show Europe South can win

• South need Europe for military and financial support

Lee plans to attack Sharpsburg, Maryland

North discovers Lee’s plan and launches a surprise attack against the Confederates

Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)

• North and South fight all day

• Antietam– One of the Bloodiest battles of the war– 23,000 killed or wounded

• Antietam– One of the Bloodiest battles of the war– 23,000 killed or wounded

McClellan (Union) allows Lee and Confederates to escape following the battle

Union Generals

General McClellan

Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee

Union Generals

General Burnside

Replaces McClellan

Effects of Antietam

Europe does not ally with CSA

Lincoln originally fought war only to preserve the Union

After Antietam

Lincoln decides to issue Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

Frees all slaves in REBELLING states on January 1, 1863

Old South will be destroyed and replaced with new values

Emancipation Proclamation

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North?

Emancipation Proclamation

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North?

Freeing slaves in South seen as military action

As Commander in Chief (head of military) Lincoln can take military actions

Emancipation Proclamation

Why does Lincoln free slaves in South not the North?

Freeing slaves in South seen as military action

As Commander in Chief (head of military) Lincoln can take military actions

Can’t free slaves in north because of Constitution

Government can’t take property without due process

Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri might secede

Black Americans Join Up• Emancipation Proclamation

also allows blacks into US Army

• Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties

• Used them for support work

• 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Black Americans Join Up• Emancipation Proclamation

also allows blacks into US Army

• Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties

• Used them for support work

• 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Black Americans Join Up• Emancipation Proclamation

also allows blacks into US Army

• Fought under white commanders and had unequal pay and duties

• Used them for support work

• 54th Massachusetts – Glory

Western Front

Mississippi River Ohio River

Union Army based in Cairo Illinois

Union Army based in Cairo Illinois

Union is able to get control

over rivers that lead into South

War in the West

General GrantWestern Commander

US Army

War in the West

Fort Donelson

Fort Henry

Victories give US control over Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers

Gets US access to Deep South

Battle of Shiloh52,000 Union Soldiers

41,000 Confederate Soldiers

• General Johnston (CSA) killed – Beauregard takes over

• Union wins on counter attack by Grant

Battle of Shiloh - Dead13,000 Union Soldiers

11,000 Confederate Soldiers

Admiral Farragut (USA) takes New Orleans

Gives control of Mississippi River to Union

except for Vicksburg Mississippi

Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee

General McClellan

General Burnside

Fired after Fredericksburg for

losing to Lee

General Hooker

Fired after Chancellorsville for

losing to Lee

Union Generals

Fired after Antietam for not pursuing Lee

General McClellan

General Burnside

Fired after Fredericksburg for

losing to Lee

General Hooker

Fired after Chancellorsville for

losing to Lee

Union Generals

General Meade given control of Union Army

Summer 1863 Lee goes north again--- Out of supplies--- Wanted to force peace

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Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near

Gettysburg

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Confederates attack Buford’s Cavalry at Cemetery Hill near

Gettysburg

Buford holds off superior CSA forces until Union reinforcements arrive

Armies compete for control of high grounds

Little and Big Round Top become major objectives

Armies compete for control of high grounds

Little and Big Round Top become major objectives

Pickett’s Charge

15,000 Confederate soldiers attack Union positions

Confederates make it to Ridge, but are driven back

Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy

Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War

Confederates never go on the offensive again

Gettysburg marks the “high water” point of the Confederacy

Gettysburg is the turning point of the Civil War

Confederates never go on the offensive again

Meade does not pursue Lee

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln gives speech at dedication of a military cemetery in Gettysburg

States that the Union is fighting to save democracy for the World

Gettysburg Address

“It is … for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us … that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain --- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom --- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

Battle of Vicksburg

• Union wanted to divide South at Mississippi River

• Union had total control except Vicksburg MS and New Orleans

Battle of Vicksburg

• Ulysses Grant led Union attack against Vicksburg from river and land

Battle of Vicksburg

• Grant wins and gets complete control of Mississippi for Union

Civil War Battle Hospital

220,000 die from disease in North

Didn’t have antiseptics (anti germ drugs) or anesthetics (pain killers)

Doctors would performsurgery withoutanesthetics

Women in the War• Women joined to cook and take care of

men

• Women passed as men to fight in the war

• Women served as nurses

• Worked farms and businesses at home

Clara Barton Served as a nurse during warCreated aid society to support soldiers

Elizabeth Blackwell

Created Soldiers Aid Society– Inspected health

conditions of hospitals in war