TH12/20/12; W12/8/10; M 12/8/08

TH12/20/12; W12/8/10; M 12/8/08

Reconstruction Overview(Ch. 16.1 & 16.2; pp. 441-457)

I. Intro• pivotal period for civil rights (1865-77)• established legal equality between races • rebuild South (economy & society) and country

(unity)• 2 big Q’s: – 1. freemen• equality? economy?

– 2. southern states• punish or forgive • Cong. or Pres.

II. Competing PlansA. Lincoln’s Plan• Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction - 1863– 10% Plan– oath of loyalty

• Secession not legal– never legally left

• 4 states already returned – TN, AR, LA, VA– later rejected by Congress– FORGIVE

II. Competing Plans (cont.)

B. Congressional Plan• Wade-Davis Bill -1864– 50% Plan– secession = state suicide– reapply – Cong. decides

• pocket veto by Lincoln– Never ratified– PUNISH

• Henry Winter Davis (MD) & Benjamin Wade (OH)

II. Competing Plans (cont.)

C. Lincoln’s Assassination• John Wilkes Booth– Ford’s theater– “sic semper tyrannus”

• “accidental President”– Andrew Johnson

• unclear future– esp. b/c Lincoln great accomodater

III. Presidential ReconstructionA. Background • Andrew Johnson– TN – Sen. – Union– Union ticket– poor – tailor– “rags to riches”– illiterate– distrusted planters

III. Presidential Reconstruction (cont.)

B. Johnson’s Plan• similar to Lincoln’s – 10% plan– excluded planter class– no black suffrage

• pardons most Confed. – Confed. back in power • Alex Stephens – VP of Conf.

• during Cong. Break– Congress refuses to seat S

III. Presidential Reconstruction (cont.)

C. Black Codes - 1865• state laws – restricted blacks– homeless – work– bond – indentured serv.

• recreates slavery• “home rule”• ****later abolished by Congress****• Q: Why did North win war, if Confederates back

in power? Who really won war?

IV. Johnson vs. CongressA. Congress• refuse to seat S• states must reapply• Johnson wants S back ASAP• Confrontation w/ Congress begins

IV. Johnson vs. Congress(cont.)

B. Vetoes• Freedmen’s Bureau– O.O. Howard– welfare – freed slaves; poor whites

• Civil Rights Act of 1866– Will need something more permanent

• Congress overrides both – 1st major legislation to override veto

IV. Johnson vs. Congress(cont.)

C. 14th Amendment• guarantees civil rights• Cong. requirement for statehood

– TN rejoins when accepts 14th – prior to other states

D. Election of 1866• Cong. Election/Midterm Election• Congress vs. Pres.• Overwhelming victory for Reps

– 2/3 in H.O.R. 4/5 in Sen• AJ alienates moderate Reps.• create Joint Committee on Reconstruction

V. Congressional ReconstructionA. Reconstruction Act of 1867• Feb. ‘67 veto; March ’67 override• military districts• disfranchised many Confed. – Congress pardon

• 14th Amendment

V. Congressional Reconstruction (cont.)

B. Radical Republicans• Thaddeus Stevens – PA• Charles Sumner – MA• Johnson alienated moderate Reps.

V. Congressional Reconstruction (cont.)

C. Impeachment Battle• Senate vs. Pres. power• Tenure of Office Act – March ’67– Cong. approval to remove cabinet

• Edwin M. Stanton – Sec. War removed• AJ impeached – March to May– 1 vote short (35-19)– “lame duck”– [discussion of power fight – Cong. vs. Pres.]

V. Congressional Reconstruction (cont.)

D. 15th Amendment• guarantee black vote• permanent b/c afraid of later restriction• woman’s suffrage?

No, for now – focus on black rights

VI. Republican Coalition• want to establish Rep. party in S• 3 parts to coalition

– 1. freedmen• 15th Amend.

– 2. scalawags• S Republicans• many loyal to Union• often POPB

– 3. Carpetbaggers • N Republicans• moved to S• “outsiders”• about 20K

• Disfranchisement of Confederate leaders– ~10-15% of voters– changed w/Amnesty Act – 1872

VII. White Resistance• several groups – esp. KKK– formed in TN – 1866– intimidate, beat, kill

• Enforcement Acts, 1870-71– 3 separate laws– federal supervision of elections– limited suspension of habeas corpus– ended widespread terror

• role of federal gov’t– state rights = Confed./white rule– federal rights = Rep./“black” rule

• must have federal troops to enforce laws