teori-33

8/14/2019 teori-33

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8/14/2019 teori-33


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JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk jw``ckĳiĳ+

JğśğRG@ JHQW\WBW EHKCKLI \ÖKGUIG@ğěğ =

.Q+D+ ?< śwacu 1??5 Rc|ĳ = 1726>

Aw \ökguig`lĘlk cicbĳ: lkrck rcĘ`ĳĘĳ vg dðvgk`lĘlklk jhqwkicrĳ cicbĳ|`c jw``ckĳ`ck jlŘlrg`jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk lic`cuĳ, lunc`cuĳ, ecĘĳuĳiĳ, pl|crc|c cq}ĳ, nl}igug rwkwiw vg egkgulill`g ðäðkbð Řcnĳr`cqĳk bck vg ic` dðvgk`lĘlklk ugn`ljg`gqg jcqŘĳ jhqwkicrĳkc l`lŘjlk wrw` vggrcr`cqĳ eð}gk`gigjulq+.Aw \ökguig`lj ?< śwacu 1??7 ucqlnlkeg |ðqðq`ðĘg dlqilŘulq

JğśğRG@ JHQW\WBW EHKCKLI@CQLK ğś\GQ@GQğKEG JW@@CKL@ICRLNCJJLKEC \ÖKGUIG@ğJ =.Q+D+ 33 śwacu 1??5 Rc|ĳ = 1724?

Aw \ökguig`lĘlk cicbĳ, lŘ|gqlkegjl qlrj`gqlk ök`gkigrlklk vg|c |gugq`l egqgbgegc}cùĳìcrĳkĳk, ugjklj ugealq`gqg ec|c`ĳ uhp`w jhqwic |c ec lŘ hqdckl}cr|hkw vg|c äc`ĳŘic|ökugi`gql l`g rcĘ`ckciceĳĘĳ ewqwi`cqec, jw``ckĳ`cbcj jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw`cqĳk ö}g``lj`gql,ugilkl, jw``ckĳiĳ vg elĘgq nwrwr`cq`c l`dl`l wrw` vg grcr`cqĳ ag`lq`gigjulq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk jw``ckĳiĳ, lŘ rcĘ`ĳĘĳ vg dðvgk`lĘl jhqwkic w|dw`cic`cqĳkĳkrhk rcfncrĳkĳ h`wŘuwqwq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi, qlrj`gqlk, uhp`w jhqwic|ĳ rcĘ`c|cbcj ugjklj ugealq`gq`g vg|c lŘhqdckl}cr|hkw vg äc`ĳŘic iguhew l`g ök`gkgigelĘl vg|c uci h`cqcj rĳkĳq`ckeĳqĳ`ciceĳĘĳewqwi`cqec jw``ckĳìc`ĳeĳq+

Uckĳi =

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi =

Äc`ĳŘckĳ, |ðqðuð`gk lŘugk jc|kcj`ckck, rcĘ`ĳj vg dðvgk`lĘl gujl`g|gk alq vg|c alqegk fc}`c qlrjgjcqŘĳ jhqw|ck, äc`ĳŘck ucqcfĳkeck dl|l`gk, ucjĳ`ck vg|c uwuw`ck, aw icjrcec w|dwk h`cqcj ucrcqĳiĳ |cpĳìĳŘ uði c`gu, cqcä, dgqgä vg blnc}`cqĳ,lfceg gegq+

Aw uckĳi jcprciĳkec:

ϖ JlŘl|l c|kĳ ckec alq vg|c alqegk fc}`c qlrjg jcqŘĳ jhqwicj icjrceĳ|`c ðqgulblucqcfĳkeck alq aðuðk nc`lkg dgulqlìlŘ blnc}, c`gu vg|c ic`}gigegk h`wŘiwŘ ehkckĳi,

ϖ Ag`lq`l alq fcc`l|gulk |cpĳìcrĳ lälk jhqwkic cicbĳ hìcjrĳ}ĳk ucŘĳkck vg|c dl|l`gkehkckĳi`c alq`ljug jw``ckĳ`ck, c|qĳ`cal`lq vg|c c|qĳ`cic} klug`ljugjl jhqw|wbw blnc},c`gu vg|c ic`}gig,

ϖ JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳiĳk qcncu vg lŘ`gvrg` alq Řgjlèg äc`ĳŘicrĳ lälk dgqgj`l h`ck vg

rcegbg aw uðq ehkckĳi`cq`c jw``ckĳ`ck egĘlŘulql`gal`lq pcqäc`cq ec,

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jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi rc|ĳ`ĳq+

JğśğRG@ JHQW\WBW EHKCKLI@CQLK RGÄğIğ VG JW@@CKLIL =

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk rgälil vg lŘ|gq`gqlkeg jw``ckĳiĳ l`g l`dl`l h`cqcj cŘcĘĳecjl

nwrwr`cqc eljjcu gelìg`lelq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cq, ‐JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi \ökguig`lĘl’ nðjði`gqlkgw|dwk h`cqcj ucrcq`ckiĳŘ vg ðqgulìlŘ hìc`ĳeĳq+

Uði jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cq:

Uci jhqwic rcĘ`cic`ĳeĳq+

Jgkel`gql alq ugn`ljg jc|kcĘĳ hìcic`ĳeĳq+

Jw``ckĳ`ck vðbwu jĳrĳi`cqĳkc vg |cpĳ`ck lŘg uci w|dwk`wj rcĘ`cic`ĳeĳq+

Jw``ckĳiĳ, acjĳi vg ugil}`lĘl jh`c| vg pqculj hìc`ĳeĳq+

ğŘ|gql Řcqu`cqĳkc w|dwk hìc`ĳeĳq+

Alqegk fc}`c qlrjlk aw`wkewĘw vg c|kĳ ckec alqegk fc}`c jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳiĳkjw``ckĳìcrĳkĳk dgqgjulĘl ewqwi`cqec, aw jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk alq cqcecjw``ckĳìcrĳ w|wi`w hìc`ĳ vg qlrj`gqg jcqŘĳ gujlk hìc`ĳeĳq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk jw``ckĳi Řcqu`cqĳ ö}g``lj`g jw``ckĳi rðqg`gql, qlrjlkegqgbgrlkg vg icqw}l|gu rĳj`ĳĘĳkc, lŘälklk äc`ĳŘuĳĘĳ |gqlk ö}g``lj`gqlkg vg jlŘlrg`jhqw|wbw ehkckĳiĳk pgqfhqickrĳkc acĘ`ĳ h`cqcj ag`lq`gkig`lelq+

Ugj jlŘl ucqcfĳkeck jw``ckĳìcrĳ grcr h`ck jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳk, igbawqlnc``gqeg alqjcä jlŘl ucqcfĳkeck jw``ckĳìcrĳ nc`lkeg, aw jw``ckĳieck eh`c|ĳ rcĘ`ĳj vgnlm|gk pqha`gil ehĘicicrĳ lälk ngq uðq`ð ugealq c`ĳkic`ĳeĳq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cq, lŘvgqgk ucqcfĳkeck ðbqgurl} vgqlìg`l, acjĳi vg

hkcqĳieck vg(vg|c lnul|cä ew|w`ck g`gick`cqĳkĳk egĘlŘulqlìg`gqlkegk rhkqc, nlm|gklj Řcqu`cqec iwncfc}c gelìg`l vg jw``ckĳic nc}ĳq aw`wkewqwìc`ĳeĳq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cq uc`licu`cqc w|dwk h`cqcj jw``ckĳìc`ĳ vg uc`licu`cq lŘäl`gq ucqcfĳkeck ck`cŘĳ`ĳq hìc`ĳeĳq+

ğŘvgqgk, lŘäl`gqlk jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳ w|dwk Řgjlèg jw``ckic`cqĳ lälk ngq uðq`ð ugealql cìc`ĳeĳq+

ğŘäl`gqg vgql`gk jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cq ngq }cick gujl`l Řgjlèg äc`ĳŘĳq ewqwiec

hìc`ĳ, ugil}`lj vg acjĳiĳ |cpĳìc`ĳ vg dgqgjulĘlkeg |gkl`gql l`g egĘlŘulqlìg`lelq+

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ğŘäl`gq eg jgkel`gqlkg vgql`gk jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳ cèĳj`cqĳ gĘlulig vguc`licuc w|dwk h`cqcj jw``ckic`ĳeĳq+

ğŘäl`gq jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳiec döqeðj`gql ngqnckdl alq cqĳ}c vg|c gjrlj`lĘllŘvgqgkg alèlqig`lelq+

GĘluli =

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cqĳ jw``ckck jlŘl`gq:

‡ Jhqwkickĳk dgqgj`l`lĘlkl,

‡ Jhqw|wbwkwk acŘjc jhqwkic |ökugilklk |gqlkg vg|c |ckĳrĳqc jw``ckĳìcrĳkĳk kgegk`gqlkl,

‡ vg awkw jw``ckcqcj rcĘ`c|cbcj`cqĳ |cqcqĳ ck`ciĳŘ hìc`ĳeĳq`cq+

Jhqwkic hìceĳĘĳkec h`wŘcbcj icqw}l|gulk rhkwä`cqĳ|`c alq`ljug, jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbwehkckĳi`cqĳk jw``ckĳi jwqc``cqĳ vg nckdl ewqwi`cqec icjrcec w|dwk vg gujl`l äc`ĳŘic|cbcĘĳec cäĳj alq alälieg ck`cuĳìc`ĳeĳq+

Gujl`l alq jlŘlrg` jhqwkic rcĘ`cicj lälk vgql`gbgj gĘlulieg :

‡ JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi jw``ckĳìcrĳkĳ dgqgjulqgk qlrjlk ök`gkigrl lälk c`ĳkckugealq`gq,

‡ Aw ugealq`gqg qcĘigk rðqigjug h`ck qlrjlk eð}g|l vg iwnugig` h`wirw} rcĘ`ĳj dðvgk`lj gujl`gql,

‡ JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi l`g äc`ĳŘic igbawql|gulklk, aw h`wirw} gujl`gql ök`gigäcacrĳkeck jc|kcj`ckeĳĘĳ,

‡ JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbwkw ehkckĳiĳk:) nckdl gujl`gqg jcqŘĳ jhqwic rcĘ`ceĳĘĳ,) kcrĳ` jw``ckĳ`cbcĘĳ,) acjĳiĳkĳk vg ugil}`lĘlklk kcrĳ` |cpĳ`cbcĘĳ,) kgqgeg vg kcrĳ` rcj`ckcbcĘĳ,

ck`cuĳìc`ĳ vg w|dw`cic`ĳ h`cqcj dörugqlìg`lelq+

JğśğRG@ JHQW\WBW EHKCKLI@CQ =

L+ ACś JHQW\WBW@CQL

LL+ JW@CJ JHQW\WBW@CQL

LLL+ DÖ] VG \Ð] JHQW\WBW@CQL

LV+ RH@WKWI RğRUGIğ JHQW\WBW@CQL

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V+ DÖVEG VG JCQLK AÖ@DGRğ JHQW\WBW@CQL

VL+ G@ VG JH@ JHQW\WBW@CQL

VLL+ C\CJ VG ACBCJ JHQW\WBW@CQL

VLLL+ Bğ@U JHQW\WBW@CQL

L^+ VÐBWU JHQW\WBW@CQL

L+ ACś JHQW\WBW@CQL =

L+3+ Acqgu`gq =

Gkeðruqleg .icegk`gq, lkŘccu rcnc`cqĳ vg elĘgq gkeðruql|g` c`ck`cqec jw``ckĳ`ckjhqw|wbw acqgu`gq,

L+ 1+ Rcä`ĳ egqlklk jhqwkicrĳ =

Jgp`gq, ahkg`gq, rcä fl`g`gql

L+ 2+ Jhqw|wbw acŘ`ĳj =

Khqic` jwicŘ vg|c dgälqlirl} jwicŘuck |cpĳìĳŘ ahkg`gq, jgp`gq, dgilbl acŘ`ĳj`cqĳ vg agk}gql

L+3 Acqgu`gq =

L+3+c+ _`crulj Acqgu`gq=

Ecqag ugrlq`gqlkegk jhqwkicj lälk jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

EðŘig igrcfgrlkg acĘ`ĳ h`cqcj 3? ‒37 Jd cĘĳq`ĳĘĳkecjl blrli`gqlk gujl`gqlkegk jhqwq,

Egilq)äg`lj, icegkbl`lj, alkc, dgil, uðkg` lkŘccu`cqĳkec vg ägŘlu`l rckc|l lŘ jh``cqĳkec

jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

\c`ĳujck ö}g``lĘl kgegkl l`g 6?? V“c jcecq dðvgk`lj rcĘ`cq,

_`crulj acqgu`gq, crdcql 2?? dq+ cĘĳq`ĳĘĳkec h`wp, l|l jw``ckĳèĳĘĳ ucjelqeg 7 |ĳ` rðqg|`gjw``ckĳ`cal`lq+

Al`gŘlilkeg ph`lgul`gk hqckĳ fc}`c h`ck p`crulj acqgu`gq, rĳbcj hquci`cqec|wiwŘceĳĘĳkeck, aw |gq`gqeg jw``ckĳìcic`ĳeĳq+

L+3+a+ \ðjrgj eð}g|eg |c`ĳujck)p`crulj acqgu`gq =

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Aw rĳkĳfc dlqgk acqgu`gq, ngi ecqag`gqg ngi eg g`gjuqlj gkgqmlrl ugn`ljg`gqlkg jcqŘĳjw``ckĳ`ĳq,

\ðjrgj eð}g|eg |c`ĳujck`ĳj ö}g``lĘlkg rcnlpulq+

Aw uðq acqgu`gq ð}gqlkeg, ncvc`ckeĳqic eg`lĘl vg pgqälk dlal iguc` pcqäc aw`wkic}+

Dgkg``lj`g, g`gjuqlj lŘ`gqlkeg jw``ckĳ`ĳq`cq+

L+3+b+ C`ðilk|wi Acqgu`gq =

ğŘ|gqlkeg ewqck gkdg``gqg äcqpic qlrjlkg jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳiĳ w|dwkewq,

C`ðilk|wieck |cpĳèĳĘĳkeck rĳbcj äc`ĳŘic hquciĳkec jw``ckĳ`cal`lq,

G`gjuqljrg` jc}c lnulic`lklk ähj eðŘðj hèwĘw |gq`gqeg jw``ckĳìc`ĳeĳq,

Ncflf vg ĳrĳ|c ec|ckĳj`ĳ hìcrĳ kgegkl|`g, p`crulj acqgu`gqlk jw``ckĳ`cic|cbcĘĳ lŘ`gq lälk g`vgqlŘ`lelq,

_guqh` jw|w`cqĳ, qcflkgql vg jli|crc``cq`c äc`ĳŘĳ`ck ugrlr`gqeg jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

Acqgu`gqlk \cpĳi vg Jw``ckĳi Ö}g``lj`gql =

Acqgu`gq, jh`hk vg acku`cqĳ äĳjcqĳ`cqcj jw``ckĳìcic`ĳeĳq+

_`crulj acqgu`gq, 6?? Vhù: g`gjuqlj lŘ`gqlkeg jw``ckĳ`ck, |ðjrgj eð}g|eg |c`ĳujck p`crulj acqgu`gq, 2?+??? Vhù“c jcecq ah}wìceck jhqw|wbw ö}g``lĘlkl dörugqig`lelq+

Acqgu`gq rĳj rĳj jhkuqh` vg ugruugk dgälql`gqgj, jw``ckic vg grjlig rhkwbwkec,jhqw|wbw ö}g``lj`gqlkl |lulqlp |lulqigelj`gql ag`lq`gkig`lelq+

Acqgu`gq, rĳj rĳj ugil}`gkig`l vg eg}gkfgjug gelìg`l, jw``ckĳìceĳĘĳ }cick`cqecncvcecq alq |gqeg ciac`cmĳ lälkeg rcj`ckic`ĳeĳq+

L+ 1+ Rcä`ĳ egqlklk jhqwkicrĳ =

Jgp`gq,ahkg`gq, rcä fl`g`gql+Jceĳk lŘäl`gqlk, rcä`cqĳkĳk, eökgk icjlkg cjrci`cqĳkeck jhqwkicrĳ lälk jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

L+ 2+ Jhqw|wbw acŘ`ĳj =

Khqic` jwicŘ vg|c dgälqlirl} jwicŘuck |cpĳìĳŘ ahkg`gq, jgp`gq, dgilbl acŘ`ĳj`cqĳvg agk}gql+

Jlq`l vg uh}`w lŘ`gqeg vg lŘ|gq`gqlkeg, rcäĳ vg acŘĳ ugil} uwuicj: c|kĳ }cickec eökgk vg

ncqgjgu`l icjlkg cjrciĳkeck jhqwkicj lälk jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

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LL+ JW@CJ JHQW\WBW@CQL = ϖ \cpĳ`ck lruculrulj`gq, äc`ĳŘck`cqĳk |cj`cŘĳj ' 17“lklk lŘluig jc|aĳ l`g jcqŘĳ`cŘuĳĘĳkĳ

dörugqigjugelq+

ϖ Dðqðùð icqw}l|gul, gk eðŘðj icqw}l|gu gujlk egĘgql h`ck >? eA .C cŘuĳĘĳkec, lŘvgqgk

jw`cj jhqw|wbw`cqĳ rcĘ`c|cqcj lŘäl`gqlk jw``ckĳiĳkc nc}ĳq ncèg aw`wkewqcbcjuĳq+

ϖ Dðqðùð icqw}l|gul gk |ðjrgj icqw}l|gu gujlk egĘgql h`ck >7 eA .C w`cŘuĳĘĳkec |c ec aw egĘgq`gql cŘuĳĘĳkec, jw`cj jhqw|wbw`cqĳ jw``ckĳ`cbcjuĳq+

Jw`cj jhqw|wbw`cqĳ cŘcĘĳecjl blkr`gqeg h`cal`lq=

LL+3+ Jw`cj uĳjcä`cqĳ vg agk}gql blnc}`cq

LL+1+ Uci cjwrulj acqgu`gq

LL+2+ Gkeðruql|g` acqgu`gqg w|ck jw`cj`ĳj`cq

LL+5+ Jcpc`ĳ egvqg ncagq`gŘig c`ĳbĳrĳ h`ck jw`cj jhqw|wbw`cqĳ

LL+7+ ğä ncagq`gŘig ehkckĳi`ĳ jw`cj jhqw|wbw`cqĳ

LLL+ DÖ] VG \Ð] JHQW\WBW@CQL =

LLL+3+ Dö}`ðj`gq

LLL+1+ Acqgu`l .ilĘfgq`l rlpgq`gq

LLL+2+ G` vg \ð} rlpgq`gql

LLL+3+ Dö}`ðj`gq =

WäwŘck pcqäc`cq vg ugn`ljg`l ĳŘĳk`cqeck jhqwkicec jw``ckĳ`ĳq+ śgffcf, qgkj`l bcieck vg|c p`cruljugk |cpĳìĳŘuĳq+ \ckeck ec dg`gbgj ugn`ljg`gq lälk jgkcq pgqeg`l h`ck`cqĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

Flkbck Ulp`l Iwncfc}c`ĳ Dö}`ðj`gq =

Dö}`ðj bciĳkĳk ngqnckdl alq kgegk`g jĳqĳìcrĳ|`c, pcqäc`cqĳk dö}g acuicrĳkĳ ök`gigj lälk,bci`cq flkbck`cqĳk ð}gqlkg rĳjĳbc |gq`gŘulqlìlŘulq+ Bci`cqĳ jh`c|bc egĘlŘgal`lq+

UcŘäĳ Ulpl= Bci`cq ucicigk Řgffcfuĳq+ _cqäc rĳäqcic`cqĳkc jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq+ Uh}eck Jhqw|wbw= ğkbg, jh`c|bc wäwŘck uh} pcquljð``gqlkg jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq, dö}`gql aðuðkð|`gjcp`cq vg jgkcq`cqĳ Řcjcj jgilj`gqlkg l|lbg huwqwq+

Jc|kcj Ulpl= ]cqcq`ĳ ĳŘĳk`cqc jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

G`crulj Cjrci`ĳ Iwncfc}c`ĳ Dö}`ðj`gq =

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>

ğkbg uh}, ewick, crlu vg rlr`gqg jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq+ Dö}`ðj ägqägvgrl g`crulj hèwĘwkeck, flkbck`ĳulp`gqg döqg, ecqag`gqg jcqŘĳ ecnc c} jhqw|wbwewq+

_`crulj Rlpgq`l= WäwŘck pcqäc`cqc w|dwk Řgjlèg |cpĳìĳŘuĳq, cqj vg ugn`ljg`l ĳŘĳk`cqc jcqŘĳ ecjw``ckĳ`cal`lq+ CĘĳq pcqäc`cqĳk fĳq`ceĳĘĳ jc|kcj lŘ`gqlkeg jw``ckĳìc}`cq+

Eöjðibð Ulpl= Eöjðinckg`gqeg, gqlilŘ iguc` rĳäqcic`cqĳkc, Řleegu`l ecqag vg uh}c jcqŘĳjw``ckĳ`ĳq+

LLL+1+ IlĘfgq`l rlpgq`gq =

AcŘĳk ðru jĳriĳkĳ, jw`cj`cqĳk cqjcrĳkec jc`ck aö`dg|l, |ð} vg ah|wk jĳriĳkĳ jhqwicecjw``ckĳ`ĳq+ Ök jĳrĳi`cqĳkec, flùqg jhqwic bciĳ |gq`gŘulql`gbgj Řgjlèg nc}ĳq`ckiĳŘ pgkbgqgvcqeĳq+

IlĘfgq w|dwk alq jc|ĳŘ ugqulacuĳ l`g acŘc uwuuwqw`wq, ckbcj acŘc egĘig}+

Jc|kcj ilĘfgq`gql, ĳrĳ|c ec|ckĳj`ĳ h`wp c|kĳ }cickec gkfqcqwm ĳŘĳk`cqĳkĳk gujl`gqlkg jcqŘĳjhqwic rcĘ`cq+

LLL+2+ G` vg \ð} Rlpgq`gql =

G` Rlpgq`gql =Jc|kcj lŘ`gilklk dö}gu`gkigrlkeg jw``ckĳ`ĳq`cq, ilĘfgqegk fcqjĳ, acŘc uwuuwqwìc|ck, |c`ĳujckvg }hq |ckĳbĳ alq ic`}gigegk |cpĳ`ck rcp`cqĳ hìcrĳeĳq+

\ð} Rlpgq`gql =Nĳ}`c wäwŘck pcqäc`cq vg ugn`ljg`l rĳvĳ rĳäqcic`cqĳkc jcqŘĳ vg rĳbcj iguc` lŘ`gig |cpĳ`cklŘ|gq`gqlkeg jw``ckĳ`ĳq+ \ð} rlpgq`gql, |c`ĳujck vg jĳvĳ`bĳi`ckic} uðqegk hìc`ĳ vgð}gq`gqlkeg aw ö}g``lj`gql ag`lqugk guljgu aw`wkic`ĳeĳq+

LV+ RH@WKWI RğRUGIğ JHQW\WBW@CQL =

ğŘ|gql ncvcrĳkec aw`wkck }cqcq`ĳ iceeg`gq: iguc` uh}`cqĳ, äö}ðbð`gq .rh`vgku`gq ägŘlu`l}gnlq`gkig`gqg rgagp h`wq`cq+Rl`lr, ci|cku, jöiðq uh}`cqĳ dlal }cqcq`ĳ`cq pköihjhk|h} h`cqcj ce`ckeĳqĳ`ck cjblĘgq uh}

ncruc`ĳĘĳkc kgegk h`wq`cq+Aw vg agk}gq }cqcq`ĳ`cqĳk, icjrliwi jhkrckuqcr|hk egĘgq`gqlkl dgäig`gql ewqwiwkec, w|dwkcrplqcr|hk rlrugi`gql jw``ckĳìc`ĳeĳq+

Ckbcj aw rlrugi`gqlk jwqw`ciceĳĘĳ vg|c |gugqrl} jcèĳĘĳ ewqwi`cqec, rh`wkwi rlrugiljhqw|wbw`cqĳkĳk jw``ckĳìcrĳ dgqgjigjugelq+

ϖ Dc}, uh} vg qce|hcjulf uh} flùqg`l icrjg`gq

ϖ Ncvc agr`gig`l rh`wkwi blnc}`cqĳ

ϖ Ucjĳ`ĳp äĳjcqĳ`cal`gk jc|kcj icrjgrl aw`wkewqck rh`wkwi blnc}`cqĳ

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ϖ Ec`dĳä ehkckĳiĳ

ϖ Ec`dĳä gàlrgrl

LV+3+ Ncvc ugil}`g|lbl icrjg`gq

LV+1+ Ncvc agr`gig`l icrjg`gq

LV+2+ Ugil} ncvcrĳ jgkelkegk h`ck rh`wkwi blnc}`cqĳ.Hjrlmgk Agr`gig`l

LV+3+ Ncvc Ugil}`g|lbl Icrjg`gq =

LV+3+3+ Igjcklj Flùqg Ulpl ._cquljð` Uwuwbw, Icrjg`gq =

Iguc` vg rl`lr uh}`cqĳkc jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

Hquciec crĳ`ĳ ewqck uh} pcquljð``gql rh`wkwi grkcrĳkec, flùqg ucqcfĳkeck uwuw`wq,

Jĳrc rðqgeg uh} l`g eh`cq, aw kgegk`g rĳj egĘlŘulqlìg`lelq,

Flùqg qgkdlklk jh|w`cŘicrĳ, jhqwic ö}g``lĘlkl jc|aguulĘlkldörugqlq,

LV+3+1+ Jli|crc` Flùqg Ulpl Icrjg`gq =

Ncvcec aw`wkck uh}, dc}, ewick vg uhjrlj pcquljð``gqg jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

]cqcq`ĳ dc}`cq vg pcquljð``gq, cjulf dqckð` jöiðq ucqcfĳkeck gil`gqgj qgcjrl|hkcrhjw`wq+

LV+3+2+ Uh} Icrjg`gql =

Dgkg``lj`g, rg`ð`h}lj g`|cfuck |cpĳìĳŘ acrlu icrjg`gqelq,

?,1 ‒ 7 iljqhk cqcrĳkecjl uh}`cqc jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

Jw``ckic rðqgrl ähj jĳrceĳq, rcegbg cĘĳ} vg awqwk aö`dgrlkl jcpcuĳq+

LV+3+5+ Flùqg Jwuw`w Dc} Icrjg`gql =

Uði h`cqcj |ð}ð jcp`c|ck, flùqg jwuwrwkc acĘ`ĳ h`ck vg hqdcklj awncq, crlu dc}`cqĳ, KN2, BH vg|c awk`cqĳk fcqj`ĳ al`gŘli`gqlkegk h`wŘck }cqcq`ĳ`cqc jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

Dc} |hĘwk`wĘwkwk eðŘðj hèwĘw, dgklŘ c`ck`cqec jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

Jĳrc rðqg`l, cbl` ewqwi`cqec jw``ckĳ`ĳq, rðqgj`l jw``ckĳìc},

Hjrlmgk |gugqrl}`lĘl ewqwiwkec |cqcq`ĳ hìc}+

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LV+1+ Ncvc Agr`gig`l Icrjg`gq =

ğŘ|gql ncvcrĳkec aw`wkck }cqcq`ĳ gujl`gqegk jhqwkicj ð}gqg, nhquwi vcrĳucrĳ|`ceĳŘcqĳeck ncvc vgql`lq,

Ugn`ljg`l jhkrckuqcr|hk`cqecjl uh}, rlr, awncq vg|c dc} lägqgk uckj`cq, jw|w`cq,dc`gql`gq va+ |gq`gqeg jw``ckĳ`ĳq`cq+

LV+2+ JgkelkegkUgil} Ncvc Ðqgugk Rh`wkwi Blnc}`cqĳ =

]cqcq`ĳ dc}`cqĳk |ðjrgj jhkrckuqcr|hk`cqĳkec vg hjrlmgk |hj`wĘwkec, uci alq rh`wkwircĘ`cq`cq,

ÄgŘlu`l ulp`gql vcqeĳq, rĳquuc ucŘĳkck`cqĳ ngq |gqeg jw``ckĳ`cal`lq, ckbcj cĘĳq hìcrĳ alq eg}cvckucmeĳq,

Jli|crc` jcquwŘ`cqĳk ag`lq`l jw``ckic rðqg`gql vcqeĳq, rhk jw``ckic ucqlnl eh`ckjcquwŘ`cq egĘlŘulqlìg`lelq,

Flùqg`gq, kgig vg igjcklj }cqcq`cqc jcqŘĳ jhqwkic`ĳeĳq+

Rh`wkwi Rlrugil Jhqw|wbw`cqĳ:

Jw``ckĳèĳĘĳ |gqg vg jw``ckĳi icjrceĳkc w|dwk h`cqcj rgälìg`lelq+

Ngq jw``ckĳŘuck rhkqc dö}egk dgälqlìg`l vg flùqg`gql äĳjcqĳèĳjuck rhkqcugil}`gkig`lelq+

Jhqwic ö}g``lĘlkl jc|agegk flùqg`gq, egĘlŘulqlìg`lelq+

V+ DÖVEG VG JCQLK AÖ@DGRğ JHQW\WBW@CQL =

ϖ Eg`lkig, jgrlìg, gqdlilŘ iguc` rĳäqcic`cqĳkc jcqŘĳ jhqwkicj lälk jw``ckĳ`ck

jhqw|wbw |g`gj, bgjgu vg ök`ðj`gq,

ϖ Jli|crc``cqc jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ck jhqw|wbw |g`gj, bgjgu vg ök`ðj`gq,

ϖ Lrĳuic`ĳ |g`gj`gq,

ϖ Bckjwqucqck |g`gj`gql,

ϖ ^ ĳŘĳkĳkc jcqŘĳ jhqw|wbw ök`ðj`gq,

ϖ Vðbwu jwŘcj`cqĳ ( jgigq`gql+

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VL+ G@ VG JH@ JHQW\WBW@CQL =

G` jhqw|wbw`cqĳ =

ϖ Ö}g` jhqw|wbw gèlvgk`gq:

Icjlkg`gqegk, jli|crc``cqeck, g`gjuqlj vg ĳrĳeck jhqw|ck gèlvgk`gq+

ϖ Ugj pcqicj`ĳ gèlvgk`gq

ϖ _cqicj jĳ`ĳf`cqĳ

ϖ Jh``wj`cq

ϖ CĘĳq lŘ`gq lälk al`gj jhqw|wbw`cqĳ .al`gj`lj

ϖ _cqicjrĳ} gèlvgk`gq

ϖ Jhqw|wbw gèlvgk`gq

Rĳ|qĳìc jgrlìg vg ecqag`gqg jcqŘĳ jhqwkic =

Kgi vg rw|c jcqŘĳ, ehĘc` vg|c rgkugulj jcwäwj, rw dgälqig} jwicŘ, p`crulj vgbci|ðkðkegk |cpĳìĳŘ gèlvgk`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

Ecqag vg rĳjĳŘuĳqic|c jcqŘĳ, gèlvgk`gqlk wä`cqĳkc äg`lj |ðjrðj`gq jhkw`wq,

CĘĳq eöjði pcqäc`cqĳ l`g äc`ĳŘĳ`ĳqjgk, lägqlrlkg äg`lj al`gŘlj`gq |gq`gŘulql`gqgj ucjvl|ggelìlŘ gèlvgk`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq,

Jgrjlk jgkcq`ĳ c`gu`gqegk ehĘcal`gbgj ugn`ljg`gqg jcqŘĳ, ug` ehjwic|`c ucjvl|g gelìlŘgèlvgk`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

C`gv vg ĳrĳeck jhqwkic =

Rĳbcj ic`}gig l`g äc`ĳŘĳ`ck |gq`gqeg: jqhi`w egql, ci|cku, c`ðilk|wi jwicŘ vg|c bcig`|cf`ĳ ic`}gig`gqegk |cpĳìĳŘ gèlvgk`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

Jli|crc` }cqcq`ĳ`cqeck jhqwkic =

Crlu, |cĘ vg elĘgq jli|crc` iceeg`gq`g äc`ĳŘĳ`ĳqjgk, rĳvĳ`cqĳ vg lkbg uh}`cqĳ dgälqig|gk,jcwäwj, _VB, cugŘg ec|ckĳj`ĳ aqckec, bci g`|cfĳ, rw dgälqig} egql dlal ic`}gig`gqegk|cpĳìĳŘ gèlvgk`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

G`gjuqlj Jc}c`cqĳkc jcqŘĳ jhqwkic =

IckŘgu`gql g`l, al`gĘl Řhj vg |ckĳj`cqeck jhqw|cbcj jcecq w}wk h`ck `crulj gèlvgk`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq+ Aw gèlvgk`gq <?+??? vhùc 2 ecjljc ec|ckic`ĳeĳq+ Aw gèlvgk`gq, elĘgq p`crulj gèlvgk`gq`g jcqĳŘuĳqĳìcic`ĳeĳq+ Aw gèlvgk`gqlk ð}gqlkeg, gujl`l h`cal`gbgĘl vhùcm egĘgql

ag`lqulìg`lelq+

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ϖ Ucjĳ`ĳp äĳjcqĳ`cal`gk lä ucack`ĳj`cq .ĳrĳ|c ec|ckĳj`ĳ, eg`lkig|g ec|ckĳj`ĳ, ugq dgälqig}

ϖ Ucjĳ`ĳp äĳjcqĳ`cal`gk älvl`gq

.aw}, jcq vg jc|dck |ð}g|`gqg jcqŘĳC\CJ JHQW\WBW@CQL =

3) _cqicj Jhqw|wbw C|cjjcaĳ`cq =

\wvcq`ckck vg cĘĳq ic`}gig`gq`g äc`ĳŘĳ`ck lŘ`gqeg, c|cj pcqicj`cqĳkĳk jhqwkicrĳ lälkäg`lj awqwk`w .äg`lj icrjcqcuc`ĳ c|cjjcaĳ, ahu vg|c äl}ig jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

1) ğ`gujgk C|cjjcaĳ`cq =

_cu`c|ĳbĳ iceeg`gq`g äc`ĳŘĳ`ck |gq`gqeg, lkrck vðbwewkec h`wŘck ruculj g`gjuqlĘlk, ugn`ljgrl} alq Řgjlèg, uhpqcĘc l`gulìgrl lälk jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

2) \c`ĳujck C|cjjcaĳ`cq =

G`gjuqlj Řhjw jc}c`cqĳkec jhqw|wbwewq`cq+ Ðru jĳriĳ egql, ucack vg uhpwj`cqĳ ö}g`jcwäwjuck lic` gel`lq+ Jwqw vg rcĘ`ci ncèg|jgk ugrlq`l alq jhqwic rcĘ`cq+

5) Jĳvĳ`bĳi Äĳjcqic|ck C|cjjcaĳ`cq =

_cu`c|ĳbĳ iceeg lic`lkeg, agk}lk vg nleqhjcqahk aw`wkck uckj`cqĳk ugil}`gkigrlkeg,dðvgk`g jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

7) Ahu vg Äl}ig`gq =

Rw`w, äciwq`w vg crlu`l hquci`cqec cùĳ `crulj vg|c p`crulj ahu`cq vg äl}ig`gq jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

6) Uh}`wj`cq =

Acbcj`cqĳ, cugŘg vg rĳäqc|ck jĳvĳ`bĳi`cqc jcqŘĳ jhqwicj lälk eöjði lŘ`gqlkeg vg fĳqĳk`cqecjw``ckĳ`ĳq+ Iwu`cjc, pckuh`hk cùĳkc vg c|cjjcaĳ ð}gqlkg dl|lìg`lelq+ GqlilŘ iceeg`gq`g|cpĳ`ck äc`ĳŘic`cqec, ö}g``lj`g el} jcpcĘĳkĳ öqugk, |ckic} ic`}gigegk |cpĳìĳŘ uh}`wj`cq jw``ckĳ`ĳq+

VLLL+ Bğ@U JHQW\WBW@CQL =

ϖ Jhqw|wbw jqgi`gq ( igqngi`gq

L^+ VÐBWU JHQW\WBW@CQL =

EðŘig`gqg jcqŘĳ jw``ckĳ`ck ehkckĳi =

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ϖ EðŘig|l ök`g|lbl gjlpick .dgqgj`l uði cjrgrwcq`cqĳ|`c alq`ljug

ϖ Jlkgulj gkgqml|l carhqag gegk fqgk`gig gjlpickĳ .dgqgj`l uði cjrgrwcq`cqĳ|`c alq`ljug

ϖ Vðbwew ahŘ`wjuc uwucal`gk ehkckĳi .pcqcŘðuäð jgigql

Jhqw|wbw Dl|rl`gq =

ϖ Jhqw|wbw lŘ gàlrgrl .ljl pcqäc`ĳ vg uw`wi

ϖ Icjlkg`gqegk jhqwkic rcĘ`c|ck dl|rl .eg`lkig, jgrlìg va+

ϖ Jli|crc``cqeck jhqwkic rcĘ`c|ck dl|rl

ϖ ğkfqcqge qce|cr|hk vg gqdlilŘ iguc` rĳäqcic`cqĳkc jcqŘĳ jhqwkic rcĘ`c|ck dl|rl

ϖ Lrĳ|c ec|ckĳj`ĳ dl|rl

ϖ Ugqic` dl|rl

ϖ Qce|hcjulf jlq`l`ljugk jhqw|ck dl|rl

ϖ Uh} dgälqig} dl|rl

ϖ Dc} dgälqig} dl|rl

ϖ F`hqgrck iceeg`l, |ckrĳuĳbĳ dl|rl vg cjrgrwcq`cqĳ

ϖ Jhqw|wbw öquð`gq+

JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq:

Qlrj`gqlk, uhp`w jhqwkic|ĳ rcĘ`c|cbcj ugjklj ugealq`gq`g vg|c lŘ hqdckl}cr|hkw vg äc`ĳŘic|ökugi`gql|`g ök`gkgigelĘl vg|c uci h`cqcj rĳkĳq`ckeĳqĳ`ciceĳĘĳ ewqwi`cqecjw``ckĳìc`ĳeĳq+

JlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi`cq: ‐JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi \ökguig`lĘl’ nðjði`gqlkgw|dwk h`cqcj ucrcq`ckiĳŘ vg ðqgulìlŘ hìc`ĳeĳq+

‡ Uci jhqwic rcĘ`cic`ĳeĳq+

‡ Jgkel`gql alq ugn`ljg jc|kcĘĳ hìcic`ĳeĳq+

‡ Jw``ckĳ`ck vðbwu jĳrĳi`cqĳkc vg |cpĳ`ck lŘg uci w|dwk`wj rcĘ`cic`ĳeĳq+

‡ Jw``ckĳiĳ jh`c| vg pqculj hìc`ĳeĳq+

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- Ncvc`lick`cqĳkec |cpĳ`ck äc`ĳŘic`cq

- Jc}ĳj äcjic lŘ`gql

- CĘcä vg ugjrul` lŘ`gql

G` Jh` Vg Vðbwu Jhqwkicrĳ =

Jhqw|wbw Dl|rl = - Crlu vg ac} äö}gùl`gql|`g, eg}gkfgjuck vg cŘĳkeĳqĳbĳ ugil}`lj ðqðk`gql|`g |cpĳ`ck lŘ`gq

- Rĳbcj iceeg`gq`g vg|c blvcqĳkec |cpĳ`ck äc`ĳŘic vg ĳrĳ gujlrlklk nlrrgelèlĘl |gq`gqegjläc`ĳŘic`cq

- Eð} bci ðqðk`gql|`g äc`ĳŘic

- Jwi`cic lŘ`gql

- Egqlk ehkewqwbw hec`cqec äc`ĳŘic

CugŘg ec|ckĳj`ĳ jhqw|wbw dl|rl = - Jcpc`ĳ c`ck`cqec jc|kcj lŘ`gql

Eg`lkig|g ec|ckĳj`ĳ ök`ðj`gq = - Jgrig vg jgilj`gqlkegk c|ĳqic lŘ`gql

- G` aĳäcj`cqĳ|`c |cpĳ`ck vg aĳäcĘĳk vðbwec ehĘqw ägjlìgrlkl dgqgjulqgk lŘ`gq

Egql Ök`ðj`gq = - Jc|kcj lŘ`gql

- Rĳbcj egilqbl`lj lŘ`gql

- Eöjði lŘ`gql

Ök jh`wk .jh`wk al`gj`g elqrgj cqcrĳkec jc`ck aö`ðið, jhqwkicrĳ = - Jgrig vg jgilj`gqlkegk c|ĳqic lŘ`gql

Gèlvgk`gq = - Jc|kcj lŘ`gql

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3)JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi \ökguig`lĘl .><(6>6(GGB Rc|ĳ`ĳ Elqgjulf1)JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cqĳk Jcugdhql}cr|hk Qgnagqlkg Eclq Uga`lĘ2)JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq`c ğ`dl`l W|wi`cŘuĳqĳìĳŘ W`wrc` Ruckecqu`cqc Eclq Uga`lĘ5)Äc`ĳŘic vg Rhr|c` Dðvgk`lj Acjck`ĳĘĳ Ucqcfĳkeck \cpĳ`cbcj _l|crc Dö}gulil vg

Egkgulilkg ğ`lŘjlk Wrw` vg Grcr`cq Ncjjĳkec \ökguig`lj 7)_l|crc Dö}gulil vg Egkgulil Fcc`l|gu`gqlkeg Äc`ĳŘcbcj Egkguli G`gick`cqĳkĳkDöqgv`gkelqlìgrlkeg Grcr C`ĳkck Ugig` Jqlugq`gqg Eclq Uga`lĘ6)JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq`c ğ`dl`l Hkc|`ckiĳŘ Jwqw`wŘ`cqĳk Döqgv`gkelqlìgrlkgEclq Uga`lĘ

JğśğRG@ JHQW\WBW EHKCKLI \ÖKGUIG@ğěğ.Q+D+ ?< śwacu 1??5 Rc|ĳ = 1726>.\ðqðq`ðj Ucqlnl= ?<+?1+1??7

.Aw \ökguig`lj, Cvqwpc Alq`lĘl“klk ><(6>6(GGB rc|ĳ`ĳ elqgjulflkg döqg äĳjcqĳìĳŘuĳq+

Aw \ökguig`lĘlk cicbĳ:lkrck rcĘ`ĳĘĳ vg dðvgk`lĘlklk jhqwkicrĳ cicbĳ|`c jw``ckĳ`ck jlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw

ehkckĳi`cqĳk lic`cuĳ, lunc`cuĳ, ecĘĳuĳiĳ,pl|crc|c cq}ĳ, nl}igug rwkwiw vg egkgulil l`gðäðkbð Řcnĳr`cqĳk bck vg ic` dðvgk`lĘlklk ugn`ljg`gqg jcqŘĳ jhqwkicrĳkc l`lŘjlk wrw` vggrcr`cqĳ eð}gk`gigjulq+

‡ JğśğRG@ JHQW\WBW EHKCKLI .JJE:‡ Alq vg|c alqegk fc}`c rcĘ`ĳj vg dðvgk`lj ugn`ljgrlkg jcqŘĳ jhqwkicj lälk jlŘl`gqbg

dl|lìgj, ucjĳìcj vg|c ucŘĳkicj cicbĳ|`c ucrcq`ckiĳŘ ngqnckdl alq blnc}, c`gu vg|c

ic`}gig|l,‡ JlŘl|l c|kĳ ckec alq vg|c ecnc fc}`c iwnugig` qlrj`gqg jcqŘĳ jhqwicj cicbĳ|`c ðqgulbl

ucqcfĳkeck alq aðuðk nc`lkg dgulqlìlŘ alqähj blnc}, c`gu vg|c ic`}gigegk h`wŘiwŘ alq ehkckĳiĳ,

‡ Ag`lq`l alq fcc`l|gulk |cpĳìcrĳ lälk jhqwkic cicbĳ hìcjrĳ}ĳk ucŘĳkck vg|c dl|l`gkehkckĳi`c alq`ljug jw``ckĳ`ck, c|qĳ`cal`lq vg|c c|qĳ`cic} klug`ljugjl jhqw|wbw blnc},c`gu vg|c ic`}gig|l,ğfceg gegq+

JJE“klk qcncu vg lŘ`gvrg` alq Řgjlèg äc`ĳŘicrĳ lälk dgqgj`l h`ck vg rcegbg aw uðq ehkckĳi`cq`c jw``ckĳ`ck egĘlŘulql`gal`lq pcqäc`cqĳ ec JJE rc|ĳ`ĳq+

‡ Ugig` Dgqgj`gq= JJE“klk lkrck rcĘ`ĳĘĳ, bck vg ic` dðvgk`lĘl, gvbl` nc|vck`cqĳk|cŘci vg rcĘ`ĳĘĳ l`g uðjgulblklk jhqwkicrĳ cäĳrĳkeck rcnlp hìcrĳ dgqgjgk crdcqldðvgk`lj jhŘw``cqĳeĳq+

‡ Ðqgulbl= Alq ðqðkð jgkel ceĳ cùĳkec, Uðqjl|g vg Cvqwpc Uhp`w`wĘw pc}cqĳkec pl|crc|ccq} gelìgj ð}gqg ucrcq`c|ck, ðqgugk, pcqäc`cqĳkĳ alq`gŘulqgk, pcjgu`g|gk, lŘ`g|gk vg|cguljgu`g|gk vg c|qĳbc ðqðkðk l`j cicä`ckck jw``ckĳiĳkĳ egĘlŘulqgk, eh`c|ĳrĳ|`c ugig`dgqgj`gqlk eg egĘlŘigrlkg kgegk h`ck vg|c ðqðk ð}gqlkeg egĘlŘlj`lj |cpck |c ec |gkl

alq ðqðk hquc|c äĳjcqcqcj Uðqjl|g vg Cvqwpc Uhp`w`wĘw pc}cqĳkec pl|crc|c cq} gegkdgqägj vg|c uð}g` jlŘlelq+

‡ \gujl`l Ugirl`bl= JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq \ökguig`lĘlkegk jc|kcj`ckck|ðjði`ð`ðj`gqlk vg qgril lŘ`gi`gqlk uðiðkðk vg|c alq jĳriĳkĳk ðqgulbl ceĳkc |gqlkg

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dgulqlìgrl dgqgjulĘlkl cäĳjäc alèlqgk |c}ĳ`ĳ alq ag`dg|l ðqgulblegk c`ck, Uðqjl|g vg|cCvqwpc Uhp`w`wĘwkec jwqw`w ngqnckdl alq dgqägj vg|c uð}g` jlŘlelq+

‡ W|dwk`wj EgĘgq`gkelqig Jwqw`wŘw= Ðqðkðk l`dl`l ugjklj eð}gk`gig|g w|dwk`wĘwkwkugru gelìgrl, iwc|gkg gelìgrl vg(vg|c ag`dg`gkelqlìgrlkg l`lŘjlk fcc`l|guug aw`wkck

Uðqjl|g vg|c Cvqwpc Uhp`w`wĘwkec jwqw`w ö}g` vg|c jciw jwqw`wŘwewq+‡ Hkc|`ckiĳŘ Jwqw`wŘ= Ugru, iwc|gkg vg(vg|c ag`dg`gkelqig jwqw`wŘ`cqĳ cqcrĳkeck, alq

vg|c alqegk fc}`c ugjklj eð}gk`gig ägqägvgrlkeg w|dwk`wj egĘgq`gkelqig fcc`l|gulkeg aw`wkicj ð}gqg |gujl`l jwqw`wŘ ucqcfĳkeck ag`lq`gkgqgj |gujl`gkelql`gk Uðqjl|g“egjwqw`w ö}g` vg|c jciw jwqw`wŘwkw |c ec Cvqwpc Uhp`w`wĘwkec jwqw`w h`wphkc|`ckiĳŘ jwqw`wŘ rucuðrðkð jc}ckiĳŘ h`ck ö}g` vg|c jciw jwqw`wŘwewq+

‡ CU W|dwk`wj Ag|ckĳ= Ðqgulblklk pl|crc|c cq} guulĘl JJE“klk, JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbwEhkckĳi`cq \ökguig`lĘl nðjði`gqlkg w|dwk`wĘwkw ag|ck guulĘl ag`dgelq+

‡ CU Ulp ğkbg`gig Ag`dgrl= Hkc|`ckiĳŘ jwqw`wŘc acŘvwqwìcrĳkĳk dgqgj`l hèwĘwewqwi`cqec, hkc|`ckiĳŘ jwqw`wŘ ucqcfĳkeck eð}gk`gkgqgj ðqgulbl|g vgql`gk vg

JJE“klk JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq \ökguig`lĘl nðjði`gqlkg w|dwk`wĘwkwdörugqgk ag`dgelq+‡ BG ğŘcqgul= Ðqgulblklk, JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq \ökguig`lĘlkegk jc|kcj`ckck

aðuðk |ðjði`ð`ðj`gqlkl |gqlkg dgulqelĘlkl vg alq JJE“klk uði w|dwk`wj egĘgq`gkelqig lŘ`gi`gqlkl ucal uwuwèwĘwkw dörugqgk w|dwk`wj lŘcqgulelq+

Aw lŘcqgu :3)ğkrck RcĘ`ĳĘĳ1)Bck vg Ic` Dðvgk`lĘl2)Ägvqg RcĘ`ĳĘĳ5)Uðjgulblklk Jhqwkicrĳnwrwr`cqĳkĳk uðiðkðk eg |gqlkg dgulqlèlĘlkl dörugqlq+

‡ _l|crc Dö}gulil vg Egkgulil= \gujl`l jwqw`wŘ rucuðrðkeg h`ck Äc`ĳŘic vg Rhr|c`Dðvgk`lj Acjck`ĳĘĳ ucqcfĳkeck JJE“klk pl|crc|c cq}ĳ vg ecĘĳuĳiĳ cŘcicrĳkec vg|cjlŘlrg` jhqw|wbw ehkckĳi ðqðk`gql pl|crcec ljgk, JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi`cq \ökguig`lĘl nðjði`gqlkg w|dwk h`cqcj ðqgul`lp ðqgulìgelĘlklk vg dðvgk`l h`wphìceĳĘĳkĳk egkgu`gkigrlelq+

BG W\DWK@WJ ğśCQGUğ =

Ðqgulblklk, JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi \ökguig`lĘlkegk jc|kcj`ckck aðuðk|ðjði`ð`ðj`gqlkl |gqlkg dgulqelĘlkl vg JJE$ klk l`dl`l uði w|dwk`wj egĘgq`gkelqiglŘ`gi`gqlkg ucal uwuwèwĘwkw dörugqgk lŘcqguulq+

UGIG@ RCě@LJ VG DÐVGK@ğJ DGQGJ@GQğ =

JJE |ökguig`lĘlklk ugig` rcĘ`ĳj vg dðvgk`lj dgqgj`gql, JlŘlrg` Jhqw|wbw Ehkckĳi\ökguig`lĘl gjlkeg |gq c`ck ugig` rcĘ`ĳj vg dðvgk`lj dgqgj`gql lŘ rcĘ`ĳĘĳ vg dðvgk`lĘlkl eg|cjĳkeck l`dl`gkelqigjugelq+Ugig` RcĘ`ĳj vg Dðvgk`lj Dgqgj`gql, Cvqwpc Alq`lĘl ð`jg`gqlkeg, >?“`l |ĳ``cqĳk ljlkbl|cqĳrĳkeck lulacqgk lŘ rcĘ`ĳĘĳ vg dðvgk`lĘl igv}wcuĳ lägqlrlkeg |gq c`ck Qlrj Ckc`l}l vgQlrj EgĘgq`gkelqigrl jcvqci`cqĳ l`g eg |cjĳkeck l`dl`lelq+‡ Cvqwpc Alq`lĘl Nwjwjwkec, rcĘ`ĳj vg dðvgk`lj`g l`dl`l h`cqcj ljl c`ck rö} jhkwrwewq=

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‡ Wäcj vg|c egkl} cqcä`cqĳkec, jlŘl`gql jwqucqicrĳ vg jhqwicrĳ cicbĳ|`c ðqgul`gk vgrðqgj`l jw``ckĳìc|ck JJE“`gq

UGJKğJ EÖJÐICKUCR\HK =‡ Alq JJE iheg`l pl|crc|c cq} gelìgegk ökbg, ðqgulbl vg|c |gujl`l ugirl`blrl,

dgqgjulĘlkeg Acjck`ĳĘc rwkwìcj ð}gqg, l`dl`l ugjklj ag`dg`gql nc}ĳq`cq+ Jcugdhql)L“gdlqgk Acrlu \cpĳecjl JJE“`gqlk eĳŘĳkec jc`ck JJE“`gq lälk lrg, rgql ðqgulig

acŘ`ciceck ökbg, JJE“klk alq iheg`lkl CU ulp lkbg`gigrl lälk hkc|`ckiĳŘ jwqw`wŘcdökegqlq+

‡ Ðqgulbl vg|c |gujl`l ugirl`blrl ucqcfĳkeck vgqlìgrl dgqgjgk ugjklj ag`dg`gq, JJE“klkl`dl`l ugig` dgqgj`gqg w|dwk`wĘwkw rcĘ`cicj lälk jw``ckĳ`ck cqcä vg |ökugi`gq ncjjĳkecjl uði vgql`gql lägqig`lelq+

‡ Acrlu \cpĳ EĳŘĳkecjl JJE Iheg``gql rö} jhkwrw hèwĘwkec, ugjklj ag`dg`gq,cŘcĘĳecjl nwrwr`cqĳ ec lnulvc guig`lelq=

L) ğic`cuäĳ Ugjklj Ehr|crĳ:

JJE“klk aðuðk c|qĳkuĳ`ĳ p`ck`cqĳ vg ugig` dgqgj`gqg w|dwk`wĘwkwk ehĘqw`ckicrĳkĳrcĘ`cicj lälk dgqgj`l h`ck ngrcp`cic`cq vg pqhuhulp ugru rhkwä`cqĳ Iheg`lk ucrcqĳiĳkec dö}ökðkeg aw`wkewqw`ck ugig` dgqgj`gqlk, w|wi`cŘuĳqĳìĳŘ

ruckecqu`cqĳk vg|c elĘgq ugjklj c|qĳkuĳ`cqĳk uci alq `lrugrlLL)Ðqgul`gk JJE“klk w|wi`cŘuĳqĳìĳŘ ruckecqu`cqc vg|c elĘgq ugjklj c|qĳkuĳ`cqcw|dwk`wĘwkw jhkuqh` guigj vg jc`lug eð}g|lkl jhqwicj cicbĳ|`c lic`cuäĳkĳk jgkel ðqguliugrlrlkeg jw``ckĳ`ck jhkuqh` vg ugru blnc}`cqĳkĳk uckĳuĳìcrĳLLL)JJE“klk jw``ckĳi jĳ`cvw}wkwk alq jhp|crĳ

JJE“KğK ğUNC@CUL =ğunc` gel`gbgj JJE ðqðk`gql l`g l`dl`l h`cqcj, EĳŘ Ulbcqgu IðrugŘcq`ĳĘĳ ucqcfĳkeck, 1??7(35

rc|ĳ`ĳ vg 1??6(32 rc|ĳ`ĳ EĳŘ Ulbcqguug Ruckecqel}cr|hk Uga`lĘ`gql |c|ĳi`ckiĳŘuĳq+Aw Uga`lĘ“`gqg döqg, 37 Ic|ĳr 1??7 ucqlnlkegk lulacqgk Uðqjl|g l`g Cvqwpc Alq`lĘlcqcrĳkec jwqw`ck Dðiqðj Alq`lĘl“klk dðiqðj aö`dgrl eĳŘĳkecjl ð`jg`gqegk dg`gk vgCvqwpc Alq`lĘlkeg Rgqagru Eh`cŘĳic dlqigilŘ vg fcjcu Rgqagru Eh`cŘĳic DlqlŘ Qgmlilkgucal uwuwìcj lrugkgk ðqðk`gqlk JJE \ökguig`lĘl“kg w|dwk h`wp hìceĳĘĳkc eclq egkguli`gq, EĳŘ Ulbcqgu IðrugŘcq`ĳĘĳ ucqcfĳkeck |cpĳìcjuceĳq+Ðqðkðk, l`dl`l igv}wcu nðjði`gqlkg w|dwk hìcrĳ nc`lkeg, lunc`cuäĳ|c vg|c ugirl`blrlkg,dðiqðj`gqg laqc} gelìgj ð}gqg W|dwk`wj Ag`dgrl vgql`lq+

]HQWK@W RUCKECQU@CQ =JJE jcprciĳkec aw`wkck vg Qgril Dc}gug“eg |c|ĳi`ckcqcj }hqwk`w w|dw`cic|c

jhkwìwŘ h`ck ‐UR ><< C`äcj Dgql`li ğälk \c`ĳujck @crulj Gèlvgk`gq’, ‐UR >355Gikl|gu Ag` Jgigql ‒ CĘcä`cqc Uĳqickicec Jw``ckĳ`ck’ vg ‐UR GK 3>26 JlŘlrg` Dö}Jhqwicrĳ ‒ Dgkg` Jw``ckĳi Cicä`ĳ DðkgŘ Dö}`ðj`gql vg DðkgŘg JcqŘĳ Jhqw|wbwFlùqg`gq’ ruckecqu`cqĳkĳk }hqwk`w`wĘw, Rckc|l vg Ulbcqgu Acjck`ĳĘĳ ucqcfĳkeck ?<+?>+1??7ucqln vg 17<?3 rc|ĳ`ĳ Qgril Dc}gug“eg |c|ĳi`ckck Uga`lĘ l`g |ðqðq`ðjugk jcèĳqĳìĳŘuĳq+\lkg, }hqwk`w w|dw`cicec aw`wkck ‐UR GK 6?<?2 Gèlvgk vg Jh`äcj`cq)\c`ĳujckIc`}gigegk Dgql`li Cùĳkec Äc`ĳŘic ğälk Ö}g``lj`gq’ vg ‐UR >575 _VB Gèlvgk`gq)Gv`gqeg Jw``ckĳ`ck’ ruckecqu`cqĳkĳk }hqwk`w`wĘw ec, Rckc|l vg Ulbcqgu Acjck`ĳĘĳ ucqcfĳkeck?3+3?+1??7 ucqln vg 17<72 rc|ĳ`ĳ Qgril Dc}gug“eg |c|ĳi`ckck Uga`lĘ l`g |ðqðq`ðjugkjcèĳqĳìĳŘuĳq+

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