Tech Ch1 PPT

T e a c h e r s D i s c o v e r i n g C o m p u t e r s

Integrating Technologyin the Classroom3rd Edition

Chapter 1

Introduction to Integrating Technology in Education

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CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

Explain the difference between computer, information, and integration literacy

Define and describe computers and their functions

Identify the major components of a computer Explain the four operations of the information

processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage

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CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

Explain how speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, and communications enable computers to be powerful tools

Differentiate among the various categories of software

Explain the purpose of a network Discuss the uses of the Internet and the

World Wide Web

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Explain why computer technology is important for education

Describe the National Educational Technology Standards (NETS-T) for Teachers

Provide examples of how computers are changing the way people teach and learn

CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

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CURRICULUM-SPECIFIC LEARNINGCURRICULUM-SPECIFIC LEARNING

Learning how to apply teaching principles, knowledge, and ideas to authentic and practical classroom lessons and projects that can benefit your students

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COMPUTER, INFORMATION AND INTEGRATION LITERACYCOMPUTER, INFORMATION AND INTEGRATION LITERACY

Computer literacy

• Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses

Information literacy

• Knowing how to find, analyze, and use information

Integration literacy

• The ability to use computers and other technologies combined with a variety of teaching and learning strategies

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Computers are present in every aspect of daily living – in the workplace, at home, in the classroom, and for

entertainment

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WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND WHAT DOES IT DO? An electronic machine

that can accept data (input), manipulate the data according to specified rules (process), produce results (output), and store the results for future use

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WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND WHAT DOES IT DO?WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND WHAT DOES IT DO? Data – collection of unorganized facts Information – organized data Input – data entered into a computer Processing – activity of organizing data Output – processed results from a

computer

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WHAT IS A COMPUTER AND WHAT DOES IT DO? Storage – holding data and information for

future use Information processing cycle – the cycle of

input, process, output, and storage User – a person who communicates with

the computer Hardware – the physical equipment that

makes up the computer Software – a series of instructions that tells

the hardware how to perform tasks

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Processing data into information

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THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTERTHE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

Variety of hardware components that work together with software to carry perform calculations, organize data, and communicate with other computers

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Input devices Output devices System unit Storage devices Communications devices

THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTERTHE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

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PERSONAL COMPUTERS

A computer designed for use by one person at a time

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MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES

Mobile Computers• Notebook computer• Tablet PC

Mobile Devices• Handheld Computer • PDA• Smart Phones

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WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL? Speed Reliability Accuracy Storage Communications

• Network• Electronic mail

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The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that links together millions of business, the government,

educational institutions, and individuals

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

Computer programs• A series of instructions that tells the

hardware of a computer what to do and how to do it

• Stored on various storage media• Installing programs• Running programs

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When you buy software, you receive media such as a CD-ROMs or a DVD-ROM that contains the software

program

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

System software• Operating system

– Microsoft Windows– Mac OS

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

System software• User interface

– Graphical user interface (GUI)– Microsoft Windows – Mac OS

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

System software• Utility programs• Application software

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application software• Software suites

– Word Processing– Spreadsheet– Database– Presentation graphics– Communication

AppleWorks is a popular suite used by teachers and

students primarily on Macintosh computers

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application software• Packaged software

Packaged software is available at computer stores, office

equipment suppliers, retailers, and the Internet

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COMPUTER SOFTWARECOMPUTER SOFTWARE

Application software• Custom software• Shareware, freeware, and public domain

software• Software development

– Computer Programmers– Systems Analyst

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NETWORKS AND THE INTERNETNETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

Network• A collection of computers and devices

connected together via communications media and devices– Local area network – LAN– Wide area network – WAN

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A local area network (LAN) enables two separate computers to share the same printer

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A wide area network (WAN) can be quite large and complex, connecting users in offices around

the country

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NETWORKS AND THE INTERNETNETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

The Internet• World’s largest network

– E-mail– Information– Shopping– Meeting people– Entertainment

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NETWORKS AND THE INTERNETNETWORKS AND THE INTERNET

Internet Service Provider (ISP) Online Service World Wide Web (WWW)

• Web pages• Web site• Web browser

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Technology is everywhere Technology can support learning Computers support communications

beyond classroom walls Support of national and international

organizations

WHY USE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION?WHY USE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION?

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The ISTE technology standards and performance indicators provide a framework for implementing

technology in teaching and learning

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Ridgedale High School

• All computers on a local area network• Three labs of 30 computers each

– PC and Macintosh

• Internet connection in each classroom

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Ridgedale High School’s Web site allows teachers, students, and parents to have direct access to

extensive and up-to-date school-related information

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Superintendent

• Technology plan• Committee members

can access the plan remotely

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Principal

• Sending several e-mail messages to teachers and staff

• Overseeing technology purchases and implementation

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS School secretary

• Automated phone system

• Database software• Desktop publishing

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Technology

coordinator• Supporting systems• Problem solving

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Cafeteria manager

• Purchasing and inventory

• Enrollment in school lunch program

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Media specialist

• Maintains online catalog

• Creates classroom activities

• Runs media center

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Teachers

• Create classroom presentations

• Research assignments

• Group laptop computers

• Monitor student progress

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Parent

• Web site links parents and school

• Keep track of events• School information

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AN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERSAN EXAMPLE OF HOW ONE SCHOOL USES COMPUTERS Community

• Links school and community

• Students teach senior citizens how to use a computer

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CHAPTER SUMMARYCHAPTER SUMMARY

Explain the difference between computer, information, and integration literacy

Define and describe computers and their functions

Identify the major components of a computer

Explain the four operations of the information processing cycle: input, process, output, and storage

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CHAPTER SUMMARYCHAPTER SUMMARY

Explain how speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, and communications enable computers to be powerful tools

Differentiate among the various categories of software

Explain the purpose of a network Discuss the uses of the Internet and the

World Wide Web

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Explain why computer technology is important for education

Describe the National Educational Technology Standards (NETS-T) for Teachers

Provide examples of how computers are changing the way people teach and learn

CHAPTER SUMMARYCHAPTER SUMMARY

T e a c h e r s D i s c o v e r i n g C o m p u t e r s

Integrating Technologyin the Classroom3rd Edition

Chapter 1 Complete

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Milestones inComputerHistory

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Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry design and build the first electronic digitalcomputer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer, or ABC, provides the foundation for advances inelectronic digital computers

During World War II, British scientist AlanTuring designs the Colossus, an electroniccomputer created for the military to breakGerman codes. The computer’s existenceis kept secret until the 1970s.

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Dr. John von Neumann writes a brilliant paperdescribing the stored program concept. Hisbreakthrough idea, where memory holds bothdata and stored programs, lays the foundation for all digital computers that have since been built.

Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Exkert, Jr.complete work on the first large-scale electronic,general-purpose digital computer. The ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)weighs 30 tons, contains 18,000 vacuum tubes,occupies a 30-by-50-foot space, and consumes 160kilowatts of power. The first time it is turned on,lights dim in an entire section of Philadelphia.

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William Shockley, John Bardeen, and WalterBrattaim invent the transfer resistance device,eventually called the transistor. The transistorwould revolutionize computers, proving much more reliable than vacuum tubes.

The first commercially available electronic digitalcomputer, the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal AutomaticComputer), is introduced by Remington Rand. Public awareness of computers increases when the UNIVAC I, after analyzing only 5 percent ofthe popular vote, correctly predicts that DwightD. Eisenhower will win the presidential election.

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Dr. Grace Hopper considers the concept of reusablesoftware in her paper, “The Education of a Computer.”The paper describes how to program a computer withsymbolic notation instead of the detailed machinelanguage that had been used.

The IBM model 650 is one of the first widely usedcomputer systems. Originally planning to produceonly 50 machines, the system is so successful thateventually IBM manufactures more than 1,000.With the IBM 700 series of machines, the companywill dominate the mainframe market for the nextdecade.

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The IBM 305 RAMAC system is the first to usemagnetic disk for external storage, This systemprovides storage capacity similar to magnetictape that previously was used, but offers theadvantage of semi-random access capability.

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), an efficient,easy-to-use programming language, is introducedby John Backus.

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Computers built with transistors mark the beginningof the second generation of computer hardware.

More than 200 programming languages have been created.

IBM introduces two smaller, desk-sized computers:the IBM 1401 for business and the IBM 1602 forscientists. The IBM 1602 initially is called theCADET, but IBM drops the name when campus wagsclaim it is an acronym for, Can’t Add, Doesn’t EvenTry.

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COBOL, a high-level business application language,is developed by a committee headed by Dr. GraceHopper. COBOL uses English-like phrases and runson most business computers, making it one of the more widely used programming languages.

The number of computers has grown to 18,000.

Third-generation computers, with their controllingcircuitry stored on chips, are introduced. The IBM System/360 computer is the first family ofcompatible machines, merging science and businesslines.

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Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introducesthe first mini-computer, the PDP-8. The machineis used extensively as an interface for time-sharingsystems.

Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth leads the developmentof the BASIC programming language.

Alan Shugart at IBM demonstrates the first regular useof an 8-inch floppy (magnetic storage disk).

In a letter to the editor entitled “GO TO StatementsConsidered Harmful,” Dr. Edsger Dijsktra introducesthe concept of structured programming, developingstandards for constructing computer programs.

Computer Science Corporation becomes the first software company listed on the NYSE.

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Under pressure from the industry, IBM announces thatsome of its software will be priced separately from thecomputer hardware. This unbundling allows thesoftware firms to emerge in the industry.

The ARPANET network, a predecessor of the Internet,is established.

Fourth-generation computers, built with chips that useLSI (large-scale integration) arrive. While the chipsused in 1965 contained as many as 1,000 circuits, theLSI chip contains as many as 15,000.

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Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops amicroprocessor, or microprogrammable computerchip, the Intel 4004.

MITS, Inc. advertises the first microcomputer, theAltair. Named for the destination in an episode ofStar Trek, the Altair is sold in kits for less than $400.Although initially it has no keyboard, no monitor,no permanent memory, and no software, 4,000 ordersare taken within the first three months.

Ethernet, the first local area network (LAN), isdeveloped at Xerox PARC (Polo Alto Research Center)

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Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs build the first Applecomputer. A subsequent version, the Apple II, is animmediate success. Adopted by elementary schools,high schools, and colleges, for many students theApple II is their first contact with the world of computers.

VisiCalc, a spreadsheet program written by BobFrankston and Dan Bricklin, is introduced. Originallywritten to run on Apple II computers, VisiCalc will beseen as the most important reason for the acceptanceof personal computers in the business world.

The first public online information services,CompuServe and the Source, are founded.

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Alan Shugart presents the Winchester hard drive, revolutionizing storage for personal computers.

IBM offers Microsoft Corporation co-founder, Bill Gates, the opportunity to develop the operating systemfor soon-to-be announced IBM personal computer. With the development of MS-DOS, Microsoft achievestremendous growth and success.

The IBM PC is introduced, signaling IBM’s entranceinto the personal computer marketplace. The IBM PCquickly garners the largest share of the personalcomputer market and becomes the personal computerchoice in business.

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3,275,000 personal computers are sold, almost 3,000,000 more than in 1981.

Hayes introduces the 300 bps smart modem. The modem is an immediate success.

Compaq, Inc. is founded to develop and market IBM-compatible PCs.

Lotus Development Corporation is founded. Itsspreadsheet software, Lotus 1-2-3, which combinesspreadsheet, graphics, and database programs in onepackage, becomes the best-selling program for IBMpersonal computers.

Instead of choosing a person for its annual award,TIME magazine names the computer Machine of theYear for 1982, acknowledging the impact of computerson society.

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IBM introduces a personal computer, called the PC AT, that uses the Intel 80286 microprocessor.

Hewlett-Packard announces the first LaserJet printer for personal computers.

Apple introduces the Macintosh computer, whichincorporates a unique, easy-to-learn, graphical userinterface.

Several personal computers utilizing the powerfulIntel 80386 microprocessor are introduced. Thesemachines per-form processing that once only largesystems could handle.

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Microsoft surpasses Lotus Development Corporationto become the world’s top software vendor

While working at CERN Switzerland, Tim Berners-Leeinvents an Internet-based hypermedia enterprise for information sharing. Berners-Lee will call thisinnovation the World Wide Web.

The International Society for Technology in Education(ISTE) is formed. The mission of ISTE is to help K-12classroom teachers and administrators share effectivemethods for enhancing student learning with new classroom technologies. Today, ISTE has more than6,000 members and a network of regional affiliateswith a membership that exceeds 40,000.

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AskERIC (Educational-Resources Information Center)starts up as a project of the ERIC Clearinghouse onInformation and Technology at Syracuse University.Today, the federally funded AskERIC provides anExtensive and searchable database of documentsand resources; educators can send questions on anyeducational topic to AskERIC and receive a responsewithin 48 hours.

Microsoft releases Windows 3.1, the latest version of its Windows operating system. Windows 3.1 offersimprovements such as TrueType fonts, multimediacapability, and object linking and embedding (OLE).In two months, 3,000,000 copies of Windows 3.1 aresold.

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Several companies introduce computer systems usingthe Pentium® microprocessor from Intel. The Pentium®

chip is the successor to the Intel 486 processor. Itcontains 3.1 million transistors and is capable of performing 112,000,000 instructions per second.

The International Society for Technology in Education(ISTE) introduces the first edition of “TechnologyStandards for Teachers,” containing 13 indicators.

Marc Andreessen creates a graphical Web browsercalled Mosaic. This success leads to the organizationof Netscape Communications Corporation.

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Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen found Netscape andlaunch Netscape Navigator 1.0, a browser for theWorld Wide Web.

The Clinton Administration creates the Telecommunications and Information InfrastructureAssistance Program (TIIAP), which supplies grantsto public institutions to fund the installation of advanced communications technologies. Over thenext four years, TIIAP awards 378 grants ofapproximately $118 million in federal grant funds,which are matched by more than $180 million innon-federal funds.

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Microsoft releases Windows 95, a major upgrade toits Windows operating system. Windows 95 consistsof more than 10,000,000 lines of computer instructionsdeveloped by 300 person years of effort. More than50,000 individuals and companies test the software before it is released.

Sun Microsystems launches Java, an object-orientedprogramming language that allows users to write oneapplication for a variety of computer platforms. Javabecomes one of the hottest Internet technologies.

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President Clinton launches a two-billion dollar, five-year Technology Literacy Challenge – a program designed to catalyze and leverage state, local, and private sector efforts so American schools can provide students with the skills they need to succeed in the next century.

U.S. Robotics introduces PalmPilot, a handheld personal organizer. The PalmPilot’s user friendliness and low price make it a standout next to more expensive personal digital assistants (PDAs).

An innovative technology called webtv combines television and the Internet by providing viewers with tools to navigate the Web.

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The Summer Olympics in Atlanta makes extensive use of computer technology, using an IBM network of 7,000 personal computers, 2,000 pagers and wireless devices, and 90 industrial-strength computers to share information with more than 150,000 athletes, coaches, journalists, and Olympics staff members, and millions of Web Users.

President Clinton signs the Telecommunications Act of 1996 into law. The Act’s Universal Service clause requires that schools and libraries are provided affordable telecommunication services.

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Intel introduces the Pentium® II processor with 7.5 million transistors. The new processor, which incorporates MMX™ technology, processes video, audio, and graphics data more efficiently and supports applications such as movie-editing, gaming, and more.

The Federal Communications Commission approves the Education Rate (E-Rate) discount program to provide K-12 schools and all public libraries with discounted telecommunications services. FCC Chairman Hundt describes the E-Rate program as, “the biggest single national effort to change education in K-12 classrooms in the history of the country.”

Deep Blue, an IBM supercomputer, defeats world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a six-game chess competition. Millions of people follow the 9-day-long rematch on IBM’s Web site

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DVD (Digital Video Disc), the next generation of optical disc storage technology, is introduced. DVD can store computer, audio, and video data in a single format, with the capability of producing a near-studio quality. By year’s end, 500,000 DVD players are shipped worldwide.

The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) releases the second edition of “Technology Standards for Teachers,” containing 18 indicators organized into three major categories.

Fifty million users are connected to the Internet and World Wide Web.

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Microsoft ships Windows 98, an upgrade to Windows 95. Windows 98 offers improved Internet access, better system performance, and support for a new generation of hardware and software. In six months, more than 10,000,000 copies of Windows 98 are sold worldwide.

E-commerce, or electronic commerce – the marketing of goods and services over the Internet – booms. Companies such as Dell, E*TRADE, and Amazon.com spur online shopping, allowing buyers to obtain everything from hardware and software to financial and travel services, insurance, automobiles, books, and more.

High school students began taking online courses at Florida High School Online.

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More than 10,000,000 people take up telecommuting, the capability of working at home and communicating with an office via computer. More and more firms embrace telecommuting to help increase productivity, reduce absenteeism, and provide greater job satisfaction.

Apple Computer introduces the iMac, the latest version of its popular Macintosh computer. The iMac abandons such conventional features as a floppy disk drive but wins customers with its futuristic design, see-through case, and easy setup. Consumer demand outstrips Apple’s production capabilities, and some vendors are forced to begin waiting lists.

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Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to Use Technology (PT3) – The U.S. Department of Education initiates a multi-year, innovative, $125 million grant program to create technology proficient educators at all levels: pre-service teachers, in-service teachers, and faculty in higher education.

Intel, with support from Microsoft, launches the Intel Teach to the Future program – a worldwide initiative to help teachers effectively integrate the use of computer technology into classroom curriculum.

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Intel releases its Pentium III processor, which provides enhanced multimedia capabilities.

Microsoft introduces Office 2000, its premier productivity suite, offering new tools for users to create content and save it directly to a Web site without any file conversion or special steps.

Governments and businesses frantically work to make their computer systems Y2K (Year 2000) compliant, spending more than $500 billion worldwide. Y2K non-compliant computers cannot distinguish if 01/01/00 refers to 1900 or 2000, and thus may operate using a wrong date. This Y2K bug can affect any application that relies on computer chips, such as ATMs, airplanes, energy companies, and the telephone system.

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Shawn Fanning, 19, and his company, Napster, turn the music industry upside down by developing software that allows computer users to swap music files with one another without going through a centralized file server. The Recording Industry of America, on behalf of five media companies, sues Napster for copyright infringement.

Intel unveils its Pentium 4 chip with clock speeds starting at 1.4 GHz. The Pentium 4 includes 42 million transistors, nearly twice as many contained on its predecessor, the Pentium III.

E-commerce achieves mainstream acceptance. Annual e-commerce sales exceed $100 billion, and Internet advertising expenditures reach more than $5 billion.

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The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) releases the National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) for teachers and K-12 students. The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education adopts the NETS for teachers (NETS-T) for accrediting teacher education programs.

According to the U.S. Commerce Department, Internet traffic is doubling every 100 days, resulting in an annual growth rate of more than 700 percent. It has taken radio and television 30 years and 15 years to reach 60 million people, respectively. The Internet has achieved the same audience base in 3 years.

Dot.com companies (Internet based) go out of business at a record pace – nearly one per day – as financial investors withhold funding due to the companies’ unprofitability.

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Telemedicine uses satellite technology and videoconferencing to broadcast consultations and to perform distant surgeries. Robots are used for complex and precise tasks. Computer-aided surgery uses virtual reality to assist with training and planning procedures.

Microsoft releases Microsoft Office 2001 suite for the Macintosh, which includes Word, Excel, Entourage, and PowerPoint.

Microsoft introduces Office XP Professional, which includes voice recognition and speech capabilities. Microsoft claims that Office XP is the ultimate set of business tools and that is a complete suite of software that is powerful enough to meet all personal and professional computing needs.

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Wireless technology, especially handheld computers, achieves significant market penetration. Prices drop, usage increases, and wireless carries scramble for new services, particularly for a mobile workforce that can access the Internet anywhere at any time.

More than 2.5 million computer users subscribe to America Online and take advantage of AOL Anywhere features, including Instant Messenger, e-mail, and customized news and information pages. AOL’s merger with Time Warner combines the strengths of the Internet, entertainment, and communications industries.

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Apple computers releases MacOS X, the latest version of its popular operating system. Apple claims that Mac OS X is the most advanced and easiest-to-use operating system in history.

Microsoft releases Windows XP Professional for business and advanced home computing and Windows XP Home edition for home use.

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The world of wireless communications, wireless notebook computers, and other wireless devices are breaking down traditional K-12 communication barriers worldwide and are opening new and exciting doors to a wireless world of learning.

Microsoft releases Pocket PC 2002 software that allows PDAs to interface with PCs and Microsoft software.

Handspring revolutionizes handheld devices by offering the first all-in-one device that has a built-in cell phone, Web-browsing, and e-mail features.

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The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) announces that by summer of 2003, 48 states will adopt, adapt, and align with, or reference one set of its National Educational Technology Standards (NETS).

The Tablet PC is introduced as the next-generation mobile PC. It runs Windows XP Tablet PC software and is designed like a notebook, is fully wireless, and includes note-taking and other new features.

Microsoft releases the latest version of its flagship Office suite in numerous versions, including a Microsoft Office Student and Teacher Edition that includes Word 2003, Excel 2003, and PowerPoint 2003.

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The federal Education Rate, or E-Rate program, invests more than $14 billion, since 1998, to connect libraries and K-12 classrooms to the Internet. As a result, virtually all U.S. students now have access to the Internet from school. FCC Chairman Powell states that one of the more successful broadband projects that exists is the E-Rate program.

By the end of 2004, experts predict that more than 1 billion people will send 244 billion e-mail messages monthly.